US20020079149A1 - Adaptive fuel strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle - Google Patents
Adaptive fuel strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle Download PDFInfo
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- US20020079149A1 US20020079149A1 US09/746,492 US74649200A US2002079149A1 US 20020079149 A1 US20020079149 A1 US 20020079149A1 US 74649200 A US74649200 A US 74649200A US 2002079149 A1 US2002079149 A1 US 2002079149A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
- B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
- B60W20/15—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
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- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
- B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
- B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D11/00—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated
- F02D11/06—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance
- F02D11/10—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance of the electric type
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- F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D41/003—Adding fuel vapours, e.g. drawn from engine fuel reservoir
- F02D41/0042—Controlling the combustible mixture as a function of the canister purging, e.g. control of injected fuel to compensate for deviation of air fuel ratio when purging
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- F02D41/04—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
- F02D41/08—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for idling
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- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
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- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2451—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
- F02D41/2454—Learning of the air-fuel ratio control
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- B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
- B60L2240/48—Drive Train control parameters related to transmissions
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- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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- F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
- F02M25/08—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding fuel vapours drawn from engine fuel reservoir
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
- Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
- Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), and specifically to a method and system to optimize emissions using an adaptive fuel strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle
- ICEs Internal Combustion Engines
- HEVs Hybrid Electric Vehicles
- HEV is described in a variety of configurations. Many HEV patents disclose systems where an operator is required to select between electric and internal combustion operation. In other configurations, the electric motor drives one set of wheels and the ICE drives a different set.
- a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV) configuration is a vehicle with an engine (most typically an ICE) connected to an electric motor called a generator.
- the generator provides electricity to a battery and another motor, called a traction motor.
- the traction motor is the sole source of wheel torque.
- the engine most typically an ICE
- the motor can be used as a generator to charge the battery from the power produced by the ICE.
- a Parallel/Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle has characteristics of both PHEV and SHEV configurations and is sometimes referred to as a “powersplit” configuration.
- the ICE is mechanically coupled to two electric motors in a planetary gear-set transaxle.
- a first electric motor, the generator is connected to a sun gear.
- the ICE is connected to a carrier.
- a second electric motor, a traction motor is connected to a ring (output) gear via additional gearing in a transaxle.
- Engine torque can power the generator to charge the battery.
- the generator can also contribute to the necessary wheel (output shaft) torque if the system has a one-way clutch.
- the traction motor is used to contribute wheel torque and to recover braking energy to charge the battery.
- the generator can selectively provide a reaction torque that may be used to control engine speed.
- the engine, generator motor and traction motor can provide a continuous variable transmission (CVT) effect.
- CVT continuous variable transmission
- the HEV presents an opportunity to better control engine idle speed over conventional vehicles by using the generator to control engine speed.
- HEV engine operations In an HEV, the engine has many functions. Its primary function is to provide drive torque. Other functions can include the following: charging the battery, purging a vapor canister, learning the shifts in the fuel delivery system to an adaptive fuel table, powering an air conditioning (“A/C”) compressor if the compressor is mechanically driven by a front end accessory drive (FEAD) belt, replenishing vacuum to a vacuum reservoir, maintaining catalyst temperature (for optimal emissions), and maintaining engine temperature (for climate control system to provide heat to the passenger compartment). While performing these functions, the HEV engine must optimize emissions and fuel consumption without negatively impacting drivability and performance.
- A/C air conditioning
- One of the techniques available in an HEV to reduce emissions and fuel consumption is to turn the engine off when it is not needed. If the engine is not running, the electric motor provides the required driving torque.
- HEV High Efficiency Vehicle
- Adaptive fuel tables are known in the prior art to optimize emissions from internal combustion engines. See generally, Fuel Controller with an Adaptive Adder, U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,000 to Pursifull, et al. (Ford Motor Company).
- a typical prior art closed loop fuel controller determines the proper amount of fuel to deliver to the engine cylinders as follows. First, the airflow entering the engine is measured and then converted to an estimate of the amount of air charge entering each cylinder. This estimate is then modified by the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gas (as measured by an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor). The oxygen content of the exhaust gas directly reflects the A/F ratio of the previous combustion event so that, if the A/F ratio was not near stoichiometry, a correction factor can be applied to the fuel amount delivered for the next combustion event. For example, if the EGO indicates a rich A/F mixture (less then stoichiometry), then the fuel amount will be reduced for the next combustion event. If the EGO indicates a lean A/F mixture, then the fuel amount will be increased for the next combustion event.
- EGO exhaust gas oxygen
- the adaptive fuel control feature enhances the closed loop fuel controller by learning the long-term “shifts” in the fuel delivery system.
- the amount of fuel required during closed loop fuel operation varies from engine to engine within a given engine configuration. The variation is due to differences in fuel system components such as fuel injectors and mass airflow sensors, the different degrees to which these components age, and the conditions under which the vehicle is driven.
- the adaptive fuel controller “learns” these long-term fuel adjustments for the many combinations of engine speed and engine air charge (or airflow) that can occur in the operation of an engine.
- the adaptive fuel controller learns a fuel shift if the actual A/F ratio is outside of a calibratable range relative to stoichiometry.
- the amount of the adjustment learned is proportional to how far from stoichiometry the actual A/F was and how quickly the gains used for adaptive corrections are calibrated. These learned or “adapted” adjustments in A/F are then stored in an adaptive fuel table for future use by the closed loop fuel controller when those same engine speed and air charge conditions are encountered again. Once the actual A/F returns to stoichiometry, the adaptive fuel cell is considered to be “mature”.
- the adaptive fuel table is a KAM (keep alive memory) type table.
- KAM keep alive memory
- One type uses a matrix and a number of columns for engine speed on the x-axis and a number of rows for airflow on the y-axis.
- Another method uses engine “load” instead of airflow.
- Load is a normalized engine air charge defined as the current amount of air charge inducted into the cylinder divided by the maximum amount of air charge possible at that given engine speed.
- Yet another method uses the airflow dimension only and disregards the effect of engine speed. Regardless of the adaptive fuel table used, the result is the same.
- the system is “adapting” to a particular airflow cell, the cell is updated with the air/fuel shift amount. That amount is used the next time the system is at that airflow point.
- Adaptive fuel table strategies in the prior art operate while the engine is running because they need to spend a period of time at a given airflow condition in order to adapt the fuel shift to the appropriate fuel cell in the table until that cell is “mature”.
- Adaptive fuel strategies typically do not run while the vapor canister is being purged or while some on-board diagnostic monitors are running. Therefore, adaptive fuel, purge, and monitoring strategies tend to compete for engine running time to accomplish their tasks. This situation is exacerbated in an HEV because the vehicle's ICE is not always on. Therefore, the HEV's ability to quickly mature its adaptive fuel table is diminished. A new method and system for an HEV to quickly learn the adaptive fuel table must be developed.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method of maturing the adaptive fuel table within one FTP (Federal Test Procedure) emissions test preparatory cycle for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- FTP Federal Test Procedure
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- FTP Federal Test Procedure
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- FIG. 1 illustrates a general hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) configuration.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a partial and simplified schematic diagram of an HEV idle mode flow chart for an HEV.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of the HEV adaptive fuel strategy for an HEV.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an adaptive fuel table.
- the present invention relates to Electric Vehicles and, more particularly, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs).
- FIG. 1 demonstrates just one possible configuration, specifically a Parallel/Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (powersplit) configuration.
- a Planetary Gear Set 20 mechanically couples a Carrier Gear 22 to an Engine 24 via a One Way Clutch 26 .
- the Planetary Gear Set 20 also mechanically couples a Sun Gear 28 to a Generator Motor 30 and a Ring (output) Gear 32 .
- the Generator Motor 30 also mechanically links to a Generator Brake 34 and is electrically linked to a Battery 36 .
- a Traction Motor 38 is mechanically coupled to the Ring Gear 32 of the Planetary Gear Set 20 via a Second Gear Set 40 and is electrically linked to the Battery 36 .
- the Ring Gear 32 of the Planetary Gear Set 20 and the Traction Motor 38 are mechanically coupled to Drive Wheels 42 via an Output Shaft 44 .
- the Planetary Gear Set 20 splits the Engine 24 output energy into a series path from the Engine 24 to the Generator Motor 30 and a parallel path from the Engine 24 to the Drive Wheels 42 .
- Engine 24 speed can be controlled by varying a split to the series path while maintaining a mechanical connection through the parallel path.
- the Traction Motor 38 augments the Engine 24 power to the Drive Wheels 42 on the parallel path through the Second Gear Set 40 .
- the Traction Motor 38 also provides the opportunity to use energy directly from the series path, essentially running off power created by the Generator Motor 30 . This reduces losses associated with converting energy into and out of chemical energy in the Battery 36 and allowing all Engine 24 energy, minus conversion losses, to reach the Drive Wheels 42 .
- a Vehicle System Controller (VSC) 46 controls many components in this HEV configuration by connecting to each component's controller.
- An Engine Control Unit (ECU) 48 connects to the Engine 24 via a hardwire interface.
- the ECU 48 and VSC 46 can be based in the same unit, but are actually separate controllers.
- the VSC 46 communicates with the ECU 48 , as well as a Battery Control Unit (BCU) 50 and a Transaxle Management Unit (TMU) 52 through a communication network such as a Controller Area Network (CAN) 54 .
- the BCU 50 connects to the Battery 36 via a hardwire interface.
- the TMU 52 controls the Generator Motor 30 and Traction Motor 38 via a hardwire interface.
- the main function of the ECU 48 in this HEV system is to operate the Engine 24 in a manner that delivers requested Engine 24 torque by the VSC 46 in a manner that minimizes exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. This is accomplished partly through the ECU 48 control of the air/fuel ratio, including the use of an adaptive fuel control strategy.
- HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 FIG. 2
- the present invention provides a method and system to mature an HEV's Adaptive Fuel Table 92 as quickly into a new drive cycle as possible where the new drive cycle is initiated with a “key on” start following a vehicle inactive, or “key off”, period.
- FIG. 2 is a partial and simplified flow chart of a possible Engine 24 “on” idle arbitration method, located inside the VSC 46 .
- the HEV Engine 24 “on” idle arbitration method is the subject of Ford Global Technologies, Inc. patent application filed Nov. 14, 2000, Ser. No. 09/712,436.
- the purpose of such a method is to determine if the Engine 24 needs to be running at a vehicle idle condition, and if so, for what purpose. The method then can initiate different actions from the Engine 24 (and/or other HEV components) based on the reason for Engine 24 to be running.
- FIG. 2 demonstrates just one possible sequence of steps and, for illustrative purposes only, it only shows steps prior to the determination of whether the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 (FIG. 4) needs to be updated.
- Step 70 the vehicle checks for low vehicle speed and accelerator position at Step 70 . If vehicle idle conditions are not met, the vehicle remains in the current drive mode at Step 72 .
- the VSC 46 determines if any vehicle operations require the Engine 24 to remain running during vehicle idle mode. If not, the Engine 24 may be shut down. At Step 74 , the VSC 46 determines whether Battery 36 state of charge (“SOC”) is too low. If the SOC is lower than a calibratable threshold level, the VSC 46 commands the Engine 24 to remain on during idle mode at Step 76 and initiates other actions to handle this task.
- SOC Battery 36 state of charge
- Step 78 determines whether the vacuum needs to be replenished in a vehicle's climate control and brake system reservoir. If the vacuum needs to be replenished, the VSC 46 commands the Engine 24 to remain on during idle at Step 80 and initiates other actions to handle this task.
- the VSC 46 moves to step 82 and determines if a Vapor Canister 58 (FIG. 1) requires purging. If the Vapor Canister 58 requires purging the VSC 46 commands the Engine 24 to remain on during idle at Step 84 and initiates other actions to handle this task. If the Vapor Canister 58 does not need to be purged the VSC 46 moves to step 86 to determine if the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 has reached a mature state for this drive cycle.
- a Vapor Canister 58 (FIG. 1) requires purging. If the Vapor Canister 58 requires purging the VSC 46 commands the Engine 24 to remain on during idle at Step 84 and initiates other actions to handle this task. If the Vapor Canister 58 does not need to be purged the VSC 46 moves to step 86 to determine if the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 has reached a mature state for this drive cycle.
- the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 provides this maturity determination at Step 86 .
- a flag called HEV_ADAPT_DONE is initialized to 0 (indicating the HEV adaptive fuel routine has not been completed for this drive cycle) and a pointer called ADAPT_CELL_PTR is initialized to 1 (referencing the first airflow cell of the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 ).
- This strategy is the subject matter for the present invention and the preferred embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 3.
- the HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 illustrated more completely in FIG. 3, uses vehicle idle modes early in the drive cycle to force the Engine 24 to operate at airflow conditions used as reference cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 , thereby maturing the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 more quickly.
- a key “on” 68 initiates a new drive cycle
- the VSC 46 commands the Generator Motor 30 to control the Engine 24 speed at a typical speed used when the engine is “on” during vehicle idle modes (i.e., an idle speed). This allows use of the typical idle speed to sweep through the airflow cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 (shown more specifically in FIG. 4) so that a driver's perception of Engine 24 speed when the vehicle is at idle will not be disrupted.
- the VSC 46 commands the Engine 24 to run at a brake torque level that represents a certain throttle position to achieve the Engine 24 airflow specified by ADAPT_CELL_PTR.
- ADAPT_CELL_PTR a brake torque level that represents a certain throttle position
- the Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 points to the first adaptive fuel table row 130 , and corresponds to an airflow of 1.0 lbs/min.
- the VSC 46 would control the Engine 24 torque in order to achieve 1.0 lbs/min of airflow and update that particular airflow cell of the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 .
- the Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 requires an electronic throttle controller (not shown in FIG. 1) to perform a torque-based Engine 24 control strategy. This type of control strategy converts a desired Engine 24 torque into an equivalent throttle position.
- Step 106 checks whether Engine 24 throttle has enough range of authority to deliver the desired airflow for the current Engine 24 speed. Most engines are able to achieve higher airflows for the same throttle position if the engine speed is raised. Thus, if the Engine 24 throttle has reached its maximum position, and the desired airflow for the given adaptive fuel cell has not been achieved, the strategy moves to Step 108 where the VSC 46 commands the Generator Motor 30 to increase the Engine 24 speed until the desired airflow is reached.
- Step 110 determines whether that particular airflow cell is mature (as determined by prior art methods). If not mature, then prior art adaptive fuel strategies can be used to update that cell until it is mature at Step 112 .
- Step 116 the strategy determines whether all of the airflow cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 have been matured. In this example, this is accomplished by using a check such as “is the ADAPT_CELL_PTR value greater than the maximum number of airflow cells defined in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 ”?
- HEV_ADAPT_DONE the HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 will never be invoked by the VSC 46 for future vehicle idle modes in the current drive cycle (FIG. 2). Also, if the HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 is in the middle of updating the airflow cells and a condition occurs that requires the strategy to stop (such as the vehicle is no longer in an idle mode, or the Vapor Canister 58 requires purging), the HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 will remember the airflow cell it was last updating via ADAPT_CELL_PTR.
- This HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 is not intended to replace a conventional prior art adaptive fuel strategy, but rather to work with an existing one. Outside of the HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 , the conventional prior art adaptive fuel strategy can work in its normal manner to check the different airflow cells of the table as they are encountered when the engine is running in various drive modes. The purpose of the HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 is to provide a quick way to achieve a mature Adaptive Fuel Table in the span of one FTP preparatory drive cycle, thereby ensuring robust tailpipe emissions during the FTP emissions test.
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Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), and specifically to a method and system to optimize emissions using an adaptive fuel strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- 2. Discussion of the Prior Art
- The need to reduce fossil fuel consumption and emissions in automobiles and other vehicles predominately powered by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) is well known. Vehicles powered by electric motors attempt to address these needs. Another alternative solution is to combine a smaller ICE with electric motors into one vehicle. Such vehicles combine the advantages of an ICE vehicle and an electric vehicle and are typically called Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). See generally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,343,970 to Severinsky.
- The HEV is described in a variety of configurations. Many HEV patents disclose systems where an operator is required to select between electric and internal combustion operation. In other configurations, the electric motor drives one set of wheels and the ICE drives a different set.
- Other, more useful, configurations have developed. For example, a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV) configuration is a vehicle with an engine (most typically an ICE) connected to an electric motor called a generator. The generator, in turn, provides electricity to a battery and another motor, called a traction motor. In the SHEV, the traction motor is the sole source of wheel torque. There is no mechanical connection between the engine and the drive wheels. A Parallel Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (PHEV) configuration has an engine (most typically an ICE) and an electric motor that work together in varying degrees to provide the necessary wheel torque to drive the vehicle. Additionally, in the PHEV configuration, the motor can be used as a generator to charge the battery from the power produced by the ICE.
- A Parallel/Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PSHEV) has characteristics of both PHEV and SHEV configurations and is sometimes referred to as a “powersplit” configuration. In one of several types of PSHEV configurations, the ICE is mechanically coupled to two electric motors in a planetary gear-set transaxle. A first electric motor, the generator, is connected to a sun gear. The ICE is connected to a carrier. A second electric motor, a traction motor, is connected to a ring (output) gear via additional gearing in a transaxle. Engine torque can power the generator to charge the battery. The generator can also contribute to the necessary wheel (output shaft) torque if the system has a one-way clutch. The traction motor is used to contribute wheel torque and to recover braking energy to charge the battery. In this configuration, the generator can selectively provide a reaction torque that may be used to control engine speed. In fact, the engine, generator motor and traction motor can provide a continuous variable transmission (CVT) effect. Further, the HEV presents an opportunity to better control engine idle speed over conventional vehicles by using the generator to control engine speed.
- The desirability of combining an ICE with electric motors is clear. There is great potential for reducing vehicle fuel consumption and emissions with no appreciable loss of vehicle performance or drivability. The HEV allows the use of smaller engines, regenerative braking, electric boost, and even operating the vehicle with the engine shut down. Nevertheless, new ways must be developed to optimize the HEV's potential benefits.
- One such area of HEV development is HEV engine operations. In an HEV, the engine has many functions. Its primary function is to provide drive torque. Other functions can include the following: charging the battery, purging a vapor canister, learning the shifts in the fuel delivery system to an adaptive fuel table, powering an air conditioning (“A/C”) compressor if the compressor is mechanically driven by a front end accessory drive (FEAD) belt, replenishing vacuum to a vacuum reservoir, maintaining catalyst temperature (for optimal emissions), and maintaining engine temperature (for climate control system to provide heat to the passenger compartment). While performing these functions, the HEV engine must optimize emissions and fuel consumption without negatively impacting drivability and performance.
- One of the techniques available in an HEV to reduce emissions and fuel consumption is to turn the engine off when it is not needed. If the engine is not running, the electric motor provides the required driving torque.
- When running, the engine is used in both drive and vehicle idle conditions. Idle conditions exist when the vehicle is not moving. In an HEV, the engine is generally and ideally off during idle conditions. However, some HEV functions require the engine to remain on even in vehicle idle conditions. One such function can be the maturing of an HEV engine's adaptive fuel table. Adaptive fuel tables are known in the prior art to optimize emissions from internal combustion engines. See generally, Fuel Controller with an Adaptive Adder, U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,000 to Pursifull, et al. (Ford Motor Company).
- As discussed in this referenced patent and known in the prior art, electronic fuel control systems are used predominantly today in most vehicles. The fuel controller systems vary the amount of fuel delivered to the engine cylinders based on the engine speed, mass airflow rate, and the oxygen content of the exhaust. These fuel controllers typically try to maintain the ratio of air and fuel at or near stoichiometry (considered to be approximately 14.6:1 A/F ratio for most types of gasoline) by implementing a closed loop fuel controller. Maintaining A/F at or near stoichiometry allows the catalytic converter to convert the exhaust gas into clean byproducts at an optimal level.
- A typical prior art closed loop fuel controller determines the proper amount of fuel to deliver to the engine cylinders as follows. First, the airflow entering the engine is measured and then converted to an estimate of the amount of air charge entering each cylinder. This estimate is then modified by the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gas (as measured by an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor). The oxygen content of the exhaust gas directly reflects the A/F ratio of the previous combustion event so that, if the A/F ratio was not near stoichiometry, a correction factor can be applied to the fuel amount delivered for the next combustion event. For example, if the EGO indicates a rich A/F mixture (less then stoichiometry), then the fuel amount will be reduced for the next combustion event. If the EGO indicates a lean A/F mixture, then the fuel amount will be increased for the next combustion event.
- The adaptive fuel control feature, as discussed in the referenced patent and known in the prior art, enhances the closed loop fuel controller by learning the long-term “shifts” in the fuel delivery system. The amount of fuel required during closed loop fuel operation varies from engine to engine within a given engine configuration. The variation is due to differences in fuel system components such as fuel injectors and mass airflow sensors, the different degrees to which these components age, and the conditions under which the vehicle is driven. The adaptive fuel controller “learns” these long-term fuel adjustments for the many combinations of engine speed and engine air charge (or airflow) that can occur in the operation of an engine. The adaptive fuel controller learns a fuel shift if the actual A/F ratio is outside of a calibratable range relative to stoichiometry. The amount of the adjustment learned is proportional to how far from stoichiometry the actual A/F was and how quickly the gains used for adaptive corrections are calibrated. These learned or “adapted” adjustments in A/F are then stored in an adaptive fuel table for future use by the closed loop fuel controller when those same engine speed and air charge conditions are encountered again. Once the actual A/F returns to stoichiometry, the adaptive fuel cell is considered to be “mature”.
- The adaptive fuel table is a KAM (keep alive memory) type table. There are many different types of adaptive fuel tables. One type uses a matrix and a number of columns for engine speed on the x-axis and a number of rows for airflow on the y-axis. Another method uses engine “load” instead of airflow. Load is a normalized engine air charge defined as the current amount of air charge inducted into the cylinder divided by the maximum amount of air charge possible at that given engine speed. Yet another method uses the airflow dimension only and disregards the effect of engine speed. Regardless of the adaptive fuel table used, the result is the same. When the system is “adapting” to a particular airflow cell, the cell is updated with the air/fuel shift amount. That amount is used the next time the system is at that airflow point.
- According to the Ford Motor Company prior art engine calibration guidelines, a vehicle will likely produce more repeatable low emission amounts and meet federal emissions standards if the air and fuel system shifts are learned or adapted before an official FTP (Federal Test Procedure) emissions test. Since only one preparatory (“prep”) cycle is allowed before the FTP the system must learn all the air and fuel system shifts in its adaptive fuel tables during the one prep cycle.
- Adaptive fuel table strategies in the prior art operate while the engine is running because they need to spend a period of time at a given airflow condition in order to adapt the fuel shift to the appropriate fuel cell in the table until that cell is “mature”. Adaptive fuel strategies typically do not run while the vapor canister is being purged or while some on-board diagnostic monitors are running. Therefore, adaptive fuel, purge, and monitoring strategies tend to compete for engine running time to accomplish their tasks. This situation is exacerbated in an HEV because the vehicle's ICE is not always on. Therefore, the HEV's ability to quickly mature its adaptive fuel table is diminished. A new method and system for an HEV to quickly learn the adaptive fuel table must be developed.
- Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method of maturing the adaptive fuel table within one FTP (Federal Test Procedure) emissions test preparatory cycle for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of maturing the adaptive fuel table within one FTP (Federal Test Procedure) emissions test preparatory cycle for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- Other objects of the present invention will become more apparent to persons having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
- The foregoing objects, advantages, and features, as well as other objects and advantages, will become apparent with reference to the description and figures below, in which like numerals represent like elements and in which:
- FIG. 1 illustrates a general hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) configuration.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a partial and simplified schematic diagram of an HEV idle mode flow chart for an HEV.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of the HEV adaptive fuel strategy for an HEV.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an adaptive fuel table.
- The present invention relates to Electric Vehicles and, more particularly, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). FIG. 1 demonstrates just one possible configuration, specifically a Parallel/Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (powersplit) configuration.
- In a basic powersplit HEV, a
Planetary Gear Set 20 mechanically couples aCarrier Gear 22 to anEngine 24 via a OneWay Clutch 26. ThePlanetary Gear Set 20 also mechanically couples aSun Gear 28 to aGenerator Motor 30 and a Ring (output)Gear 32. TheGenerator Motor 30 also mechanically links to aGenerator Brake 34 and is electrically linked to aBattery 36. ATraction Motor 38 is mechanically coupled to theRing Gear 32 of thePlanetary Gear Set 20 via aSecond Gear Set 40 and is electrically linked to theBattery 36. TheRing Gear 32 of thePlanetary Gear Set 20 and theTraction Motor 38 are mechanically coupled toDrive Wheels 42 via anOutput Shaft 44. - The
Planetary Gear Set 20, splits theEngine 24 output energy into a series path from theEngine 24 to theGenerator Motor 30 and a parallel path from theEngine 24 to theDrive Wheels 42.Engine 24 speed can be controlled by varying a split to the series path while maintaining a mechanical connection through the parallel path. TheTraction Motor 38 augments theEngine 24 power to theDrive Wheels 42 on the parallel path through theSecond Gear Set 40. TheTraction Motor 38 also provides the opportunity to use energy directly from the series path, essentially running off power created by theGenerator Motor 30. This reduces losses associated with converting energy into and out of chemical energy in theBattery 36 and allowing allEngine 24 energy, minus conversion losses, to reach theDrive Wheels 42. - A Vehicle System Controller (VSC)46 controls many components in this HEV configuration by connecting to each component's controller. An Engine Control Unit (ECU) 48 connects to the
Engine 24 via a hardwire interface. TheECU 48 andVSC 46 can be based in the same unit, but are actually separate controllers. TheVSC 46 communicates with theECU 48, as well as a Battery Control Unit (BCU) 50 and a Transaxle Management Unit (TMU) 52 through a communication network such as a Controller Area Network (CAN) 54. TheBCU 50 connects to theBattery 36 via a hardwire interface. TheTMU 52 controls theGenerator Motor 30 andTraction Motor 38 via a hardwire interface. - The main function of the
ECU 48 in this HEV system is to operate theEngine 24 in a manner that delivers requestedEngine 24 torque by theVSC 46 in a manner that minimizes exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. This is accomplished partly through theECU 48 control of the air/fuel ratio, including the use of an adaptive fuel control strategy. - Because conventional adaptive fuel strategies compete with vapor canister, purge control and diagnostic monitoring strategies for engine running time to accomplish their tasks, and because the
Engine 24 is not “on” all the time during a given HEV drive cycle not as many opportunities exist to mature an adaptive fuel table as in a conventional vehicle. Therefore, one of the key enablers for maintaining good A/F control in the HEV is the implementation of an HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 (FIG. 2). The present invention provides a method and system to mature an HEV's Adaptive Fuel Table 92 as quickly into a new drive cycle as possible where the new drive cycle is initiated with a “key on” start following a vehicle inactive, or “key off”, period. - FIG. 2 is a partial and simplified flow chart of a
possible Engine 24 “on” idle arbitration method, located inside theVSC 46. TheHEV Engine 24 “on” idle arbitration method is the subject of Ford Global Technologies, Inc. patent application filed Nov. 14, 2000, Ser. No. 09/712,436. The purpose of such a method is to determine if theEngine 24 needs to be running at a vehicle idle condition, and if so, for what purpose. The method then can initiate different actions from the Engine 24 (and/or other HEV components) based on the reason forEngine 24 to be running. - One such reason to keep an
engine 24 running (and is the subject of the present invention) is the need to mature the Adaptive Fuel Table 92. FIG. 2 demonstrates just one possible sequence of steps and, for illustrative purposes only, it only shows steps prior to the determination of whether the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 (FIG. 4) needs to be updated. - During the course of a drive cycle (key “on”68 to key “off”), the vehicle will go into an idle condition once vehicle idle entry conditions are met at
Step 70. For instance, the vehicle checks for low vehicle speed and accelerator position atStep 70. If vehicle idle conditions are not met, the vehicle remains in the current drive mode atStep 72. - If vehicle idle conditions are met, the
VSC 46 determines if any vehicle operations require theEngine 24 to remain running during vehicle idle mode. If not, theEngine 24 may be shut down. AtStep 74, theVSC 46 determines whetherBattery 36 state of charge (“SOC”) is too low. If the SOC is lower than a calibratable threshold level, theVSC 46 commands theEngine 24 to remain on during idle mode atStep 76 and initiates other actions to handle this task. - If the
Battery 36 SOC is not too low, theVSC 46 proceeds to Step 78 and determines whether the vacuum needs to be replenished in a vehicle's climate control and brake system reservoir. If the vacuum needs to be replenished, theVSC 46 commands theEngine 24 to remain on during idle atStep 80 and initiates other actions to handle this task. - If the reservoir vacuum does not need to be replenished, the
VSC 46 moves to step 82 and determines if a Vapor Canister 58 (FIG. 1) requires purging. If theVapor Canister 58 requires purging theVSC 46 commands theEngine 24 to remain on during idle atStep 84 and initiates other actions to handle this task. If theVapor Canister 58 does not need to be purged theVSC 46 moves to step 86 to determine if the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 has reached a mature state for this drive cycle. - The Adaptive Fuel Table92 provides this maturity determination at
Step 86. At each key “on” 68 (new drive cycle), a flag called HEV_ADAPT_DONE is initialized to 0 (indicating the HEV adaptive fuel routine has not been completed for this drive cycle) and a pointer called ADAPT_CELL_PTR is initialized to 1 (referencing the first airflow cell of the Adaptive Fuel Table 92).Step 86 determines whether the HEV_ADAPT_DONE flag=0 (table is not mature) and whether other standard conditions for adapting the fuel tables, as are known in the prior art, have been met (such as the engine having reached its stabilized operating temperature) - Generally, if HEV_ADAPT_DONE=0 in
Step 86, and the other standardAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 conditions have been met, theVSC 46 commands theEngine 24 to remain “on” at idle and initiates the HEV Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 (inside theECU 48 or VSC 46) atStep 88. This strategy is the subject matter for the present invention and the preferred embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 3. - The HEV
Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 illustrated more completely in FIG. 3, uses vehicle idle modes early in the drive cycle to force theEngine 24 to operate at airflow conditions used as reference cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92, thereby maturing the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 more quickly. - As indicated in FIG. 2, a key “on”68 initiates a new drive cycle, the
VSC 46 strategy checks every vehicle idle mode atStep 86 to see if HEV_ADAPT_DONE=0 and whether other HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 conditions are met. For instance, theVCS 46 strategy monitors whether theEngine 24 has reached a stabilized operating temperature. If these HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 conditions are met, theVSC 46 invokes the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 shown in FIG. 3. - At Step102 of the HEV
Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88, theVSC 46 commands theGenerator Motor 30 to control theEngine 24 speed at a typical speed used when the engine is “on” during vehicle idle modes (i.e., an idle speed). This allows use of the typical idle speed to sweep through the airflow cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 (shown more specifically in FIG. 4) so that a driver's perception ofEngine 24 speed when the vehicle is at idle will not be disrupted. - Next, at
Step 104, theVSC 46 commands theEngine 24 to run at a brake torque level that represents a certain throttle position to achieve theEngine 24 airflow specified by ADAPT_CELL_PTR. For example, in FIG. 4, if ADAPT_CELL_PTR=1, theAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 points to the first adaptivefuel table row 130, and corresponds to an airflow of 1.0 lbs/min. Thus, theVSC 46 would control theEngine 24 torque in order to achieve 1.0 lbs/min of airflow and update that particular airflow cell of the Adaptive Fuel Table 92. TheAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 requires an electronic throttle controller (not shown in FIG. 1) to perform a torque-basedEngine 24 control strategy. This type of control strategy converts a desiredEngine 24 torque into an equivalent throttle position. - Next, Step106 checks whether
Engine 24 throttle has enough range of authority to deliver the desired airflow for thecurrent Engine 24 speed. Most engines are able to achieve higher airflows for the same throttle position if the engine speed is raised. Thus, if theEngine 24 throttle has reached its maximum position, and the desired airflow for the given adaptive fuel cell has not been achieved, the strategy moves to Step 108 where theVSC 46 commands theGenerator Motor 30 to increase theEngine 24 speed until the desired airflow is reached. - Whether the desired airflow is achieved by increasing the
Engine 24 torque/throttle atStep 104 orEngine 24 speed atStep 108, thenext Step 110 determines whether that particular airflow cell is mature (as determined by prior art methods). If not mature, then prior art adaptive fuel strategies can be used to update that cell until it is mature atStep 112. - Once the current airflow cell is mature, the ADAPT_CELL_PTR parameter is incremented by one in
Step 114, thus pointing to the next airflow cell in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 (For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the next cell would be in table row 132). Next, inStep 116, the strategy determines whether all of the airflow cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 have been matured. In this example, this is accomplished by using a check such as “is the ADAPT_CELL_PTR value greater than the maximum number of airflow cells defined in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92”? If yes, then the logic moves to Step 120, and indicates the end of the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 by setting the flag HEV_ADAPT_DONE=1. If no, theAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 repeatssteps 104 through 116 using the new airflow cell represented by ADAPT_CELL_PTR until all the cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92 are reached. - Once HEV_ADAPT_DONE=1, the HEV
Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 will never be invoked by theVSC 46 for future vehicle idle modes in the current drive cycle (FIG. 2). Also, if the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 is in the middle of updating the airflow cells and a condition occurs that requires the strategy to stop (such as the vehicle is no longer in an idle mode, or theVapor Canister 58 requires purging), the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 will remember the airflow cell it was last updating via ADAPT_CELL_PTR. For example, if at one vehicle idle mode the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 got through 2 of the 6 cells in the Adaptive Fuel Table 92, and then the driver pressed the accelerator to leave the idle mode, then the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 would exit with HEV_ADAPT_DONE still=0 but would have ADAPT_CELL_TMR=3. Thus, the next time a vehicle idle condition occurred, the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 would begin updatingcell 3 of 6 and continue on in this manner until all the cells were mature and HEV_ADAPT_DONE=1. - This HEV
Adaptive Fuel Strategy 88 is not intended to replace a conventional prior art adaptive fuel strategy, but rather to work with an existing one. Outside of the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88, the conventional prior art adaptive fuel strategy can work in its normal manner to check the different airflow cells of the table as they are encountered when the engine is running in various drive modes. The purpose of the HEVAdaptive Fuel Strategy 88 is to provide a quick way to achieve a mature Adaptive Fuel Table in the span of one FTP preparatory drive cycle, thereby ensuring robust tailpipe emissions during the FTP emissions test. - The above-described embodiment of the invention is provided purely for purposes of example. Many other variations, modifications, and applications of the invention may be made.
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DE10162067B4 (en) | 2006-08-24 |
CA2365663A1 (en) | 2002-06-21 |
GB2372838A (en) | 2002-09-04 |
DE10162067A1 (en) | 2002-10-02 |
JP4199949B2 (en) | 2008-12-24 |
GB2372838B (en) | 2004-11-17 |
JP2002256917A (en) | 2002-09-11 |
US6442455B1 (en) | 2002-08-27 |
GB0129335D0 (en) | 2002-01-30 |
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