US20010029678A1 - Machining process for a gauging or measuring head - Google Patents
Machining process for a gauging or measuring head Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20010029678A1 US20010029678A1 US09/805,101 US80510101A US2001029678A1 US 20010029678 A1 US20010029678 A1 US 20010029678A1 US 80510101 A US80510101 A US 80510101A US 2001029678 A1 US2001029678 A1 US 2001029678A1
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- arm
- respect
- shaped element
- casing
- feeler
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- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
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- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims 1
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- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/001—Constructional details of gauge heads
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B3/00—Measuring instruments characterised by the use of mechanical techniques
- G01B3/002—Details
- G01B3/008—Arrangements for controlling the measuring force
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gauging head suitable for coupling to a support for the linear dimension checking of a mechanical piece, comprising a shaped element defining a first reference portion, a second portion, or arm, movable with respect to the first, and an intermediate portion, or fulcrum, between the first and the second portion, that defines a geometric axis of reciprocal rotation between said first and second portion, a feeler fixed to said arm for contacting the piece to be checked, and a transducer device for providing signals responsive to the position of the feeler with respect to the reference portion, including two reciprocally movable parts, a first part thereof being stationary with respect to said first portion of the shaped element, and a second part being movable, together with said arm, with respect to the first portion.
- the invention also relates to a checking apparatus for the linear dimension checking of a mechanical piece, comprising a support, a gauging head with a shaped element defining a first reference portion, stationary with respect to the support, a second portion, or arm, movable with respect to the first, and an intermediate portion, or fulcrum, between the first and the second portion, that defines an axis of reciprocal rotation between said first and second portion, a feeler fixed to said arm for contacting the piece to be checked, and a transducer device for providing signals responsive to the position of the feeler with respect to the reference portion, including two reciprocally movable parts, a first part thereof being stationary with respect to the first portion of the shaped element, and a second part being movable, together with said arm, with respect to the first portion, and a processing unit, electrically connected to the transducer device.
- the invention relates to a process for machining the armset of a gauging, or measuring, head including an integral element that defines two reciprocally movable portions and a fulcrum between said portions.
- gauging heads for the geometric inspection of mechanical pieces that comprise a measuring arm with a feeler for contacting a piece to be checked, an element for supporting the arm, a fulcrum for allowing displacements of the arm with respect to the support element and a transducer for providing a signal responsive to the position of the arm with respect to the support element, in which the measuring arm, the support element and the fulcrum are formed from a single piece.
- the arrangement of the fulcrum, feeler and transducer is such that the feeler displacements occurring further to contact with the surface of the piece to be checked and the displacements among the reciprocally movable parts of the transducer substantially occur along two parallel straight lines, but at a certain distance from each other. Consequently, the entity of the displacement of the elements of the transducer differs from that of the corresponding displacement of the feeler and, in order to process the correct detecting, it is necessary to keep into account the so-called “arms-ratio”, i.e. the ratio existing between the distance separating the transducer and the feeler from the axis of rotation defined by the fulcrum.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an extremely accurate, versatile, simple to manufacture and inexpensive gauging head that overcomes the limitations of the known gauging heads.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a checking apparatus for checking the linear dimensions of mechanical pieces that, apart from guaranteeing considerable accuracy, is extremely simple and can rapidly and easily be adapted for checking pieces that have different nominal dimensions.
- a considerable advantage that a gauging head and a checking apparatus according to the invention provide is the utmost flexibility, that enables to employ as transducer devices, both known gauges of various types (axial-sliding or “cartridge” heads, dial type comparators, or others), and plain transducers (for example, Linear Variable Displacement Transducers, i.e. “LVDT” transducers) with windings and a ferromagnetic core coupled to the reciprocally movable parts of the armset, respectively.
- LVDT Linear Variable Displacement Transducers
- An additional object that the invention provides is the attaining of an armset employed in gauging (or measuring) heads, that is extremely simple from a structural point of view, and can be manufactured by equally simple, rapid and economically convenient machinings.
- FIG. 1 is a partly cut-away longitudinal cross-sectional view of a checking apparatus comprising a gauging head according to the invention with some details shown in front view,
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged scale sectional view of a detail of the head shown in FIG. 1, viewed along line II-II with some parts omitted for the sake of simplicity, and
- FIG. 3 is a partly cut-away longitudinal cross-sectional view, with some details shown in front view, of a gauging head according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the checking apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a gauging head with an armset basically consisting of an integral, substantially U-shaped, element 1 , formed, for example, from a single bar of stainless sheet-steel.
- the element 1 includes a first reference portion 3 that has a substantially rectangular cross-section and a second portion, or arm S, also with a rectangular cross-section.
- the arm 5 and the reference portion 3 are formed by bending the stainless sheet-steel bar.
- An intermediate portion 13 located between the arm 5 and the reference portion 3 , has a round-shaped recess 9 and a squared groove 11 , formed at two opposite sides of the sheet, at a same area, by compressing or drawing (for example, on a press) and grinding, respectively.
- the intermediate portion 13 has a transversal thickness that is reduced with respect to that of the other portions of element 1 and forms a fulcrum, in other terms it defines a geometric axis of rotation for the displacements of arm 5 with respect to the reference portion 3 .
- Portion 13 also has a through hole 14 for increasing the compliance of the fulcrum.
- the upper end of arm 5 has a bent portion 15 .
- the upper end of the reference portion 3 has a part 17 bent and withdrawn into itself.
- a transducer device comprises a linear variable displacement transducer 27 with a core 32 made of ferromagnetic material and windings 34 that house the core.
- a pin 28 In hole 23 there is screwed a pin 28 to which there is glued a stem 30 that carries the core 32 of the transducer 27 .
- the transducer 27 comprises a casing 35 with an elongate shape, for example a cylindrical shape, that houses the windings 34 , and is housed in the opening defined by the two holes 29 and 31 .
- Locking elements including a screw 36 , that is screwed into the threaded hole 33 , enable the casing 35 to be locked to the reference portion 3 in an adjustable way along a transversal geometric axis of adjustment defined by the casing 35 itself.
- windings 34 of the transducer 27 are electrically connected, by means of a cable 37 , to a power supply, processing and display device, schematically shown and identified by reference number 38 in the figures.
- a tubular sealing gasket 39 made of rubber, has an end coupled to arm 5 at the bent portion 15 and the other end coupled to the casing 35 , so as to protect the transducer 27 from potential damage caused by foreign matter.
- Arm 5 has a cylindrical seat 41 aligned with a threaded hole 43 located in reference portion 3 .
- Thrust devices between the arm 5 and the reference portion 3 of the shaped element 1 comprise a compression spring 45 with an end housed in the cylindrical seat 41 and the other end coupled to a bushing 47 , internally threaded.
- a dowel 49 has an end screwed into the threaded hole 43 and the other end screwed into the interior of bushing 47 .
- a nut 50 abuts against the surface of arm 5 for axially clamping dowel 49 .
- the rotations of arm 5 with respect to the reference portion 3 are limited, in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction (with reference to FIG. 1), by a mechanical limiting device comprising a screw 51 with a threaded stem that traverses a through hole 53 in arm 5 with a suitable amount of radial clearance and is screwed into a threaded hole 55 of the reference portion 3 .
- a mechanical limiting device comprising a screw 51 with a threaded stem that traverses a through hole 53 in arm 5 with a suitable amount of radial clearance and is screwed into a threaded hole 55 of the reference portion 3 .
- On the stem of screw 51 there are screwed three nuts 57 , 59 and 61 . Nut 57 is urged against the reference portion 3 for preventing the accidental unscrewing of screw 51 .
- Nut 59 has a base that defines an abutting surface for abutting against an internal surface of arm 5 for limiting the range of the rotational displacements of arm 5 in a clockwise direction (with reference to FIG. 1) and nut 61 is urged against nut 59 for axially locking nut 59 to the stem of screw 51 .
- the rotational displacements of arm 5 in a clockwise direction (with reference to FIG. 1) are limited by contact occurring between the abutting surfaces of the head of screw 51 and the arm 5 itself.
- the checking apparatus shown in FIG. 1 includes a support 67 locked, by means of screws 71 , to a base, schematically shown and identified by reference number 72 .
- a support 67 locked, by means of screws 71 , to a base, schematically shown and identified by reference number 72 .
- FIG. 2 in the upper part of the aforementioned support 67 there is an opening 73 for access to a substantially cylindrical hole 75 and two holes 77 and 79 , one of the two— 77 —being threaded, aligned along a direction perpendicular to the axis of hole 75 .
- the gauging head, more specifically the shaped element 1 is locked to support 67 by first inserting cable 37 through opening 73 , by inserting the casing 35 in hole 75 and then locking the casing 35 in the required position, by narrowing opening 73 .
- the checking apparatus for checking the diametral dimensions of a shaft 26 , for example, operates in the following way.
- the reciprocal position between arm 5 and reference portion 3 is defined by the arrangement of screw 51 , and, more specifically, the contact—under the thrust of spring 45 —between external surfaces of arm 5 and the reference surface of the head of the formerly mentioned screw 51 .
- the pre-stroke is defined, i.e. the distance that the feeler must travel, commencing from the rest condition, before it reaches zero position.
- the reciprocal position, under rest conditions, between core 32 and windings 34 of the transducer 27 is defined by operating the locking elements, more particularly by slackening screw 36 and adjusting the axial position of casing 35 until the display unit 38 , that receives and processes the associated signals issued by transducer 27 , indicates the required pre-stroke value, for example 300 ⁇ m.
- screw 36 is clamped onto the coupling surface 40 of casing 35 for setting the position of the latter on the integral element 1 .
- the head is then coupled to support 67 , by inserting the casing 35 in hole 75 .
- a master piece with a diameter size equal to the nominal one of the shafts to be checked, is positioned between reference supports, not shown in the figures, for example, Vee-shaped supports, stationary with respect to the base 72 , in such a way that feeler 25 contacts the surface of the master piece in a diametral direction.
- casing 35 is axially slid into hole 75 until, further to contact occuring between feeler 25 and the surface of the master piece and the feeler subsequently displacing of an entity equal to the previously defined pre-stroke, display unit 38 displays zero value.
- the locking/unlocking device is operated, and, specifically, screw 80 is clamped onto the coupling surface 40 in order to lock casing 35 , and thus the entire gauging head, to support 67 in the position that has been so determined.
- possible limited deviations with respect to the value displayed by unit 38 are compensated by operating adjustment potentiometers of unit 38 , per se known and not shown in the figures.
- the apparatus is ready for checking and the master piece, that had been used during the zero-setting phase, is removed from the reference supports and replaced by the piece 26 to be checked.
- the same checking apparatus and the same supports for the piece reference can still be used. This is effected by simply altering the position of the head with respect to support 67 by operating the locking/unlocking device (screw 80 ) and adjusting the axial arrangement of casing 35 , by repeating zero-setting operations similar to those previously described.
- the particularly “light” structure of the arm-set of the head in addition to the absence of friction among the reciprocally movable elements of the transducer 27 ensures excellent performance at very low forces (“measuring forces”) between feeler 25 and the surface of the piece to be checked. This allows, among other things, to employ the gauging head for checking poorly stiff pieces, in other terms in those cases in which a too high measuring force could deform the piece in the course of the measurement taking, and thus generate unreliable and non repeatable results.
- a typical example is the flatness checking of a broad and flexible surface of the casing of an electronic apparatus in which it is necessary to utilize a plurality of heads for achieving accurate measurements. If each of these heads applies to the piece a substantial force, there may occur not only the piece deformation during the checking operations, but also that the deformation be irreversible.
- the amount of space between the casing and the circuit boards, housed therein, that carry the electronic components is very small. Therefore, it is necessary to check the flatness of the casing surface, but it is also important not to deform the formerly mentioned surface in order to prevent the casing, once assembled, from contacting the electronic components on the boards.
- Gauging heads like the one illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 are, thus, particularly suitable for checkings of this type, especially thanks to the possibility of operating at low measuring forces.
- FIG. 3 there is a structure a great many coincident with that of FIG. 1, insofar as, among other things, the armset with the shaped element 1 , the feeler 25 , the mechanical limiting device 51 , the compression spring 45 , the locking elements with the screw 36 , and the support 67 with the locking/unlocking device including screw 80 are concerned.
- the casing 82 of gauge 81 is housed in holes 29 and 31 in the reference portion 3 of element 1 and the axial position of the cartridge head 81 is determined, by the screw 36 that operates on a coupling surface 91 of casing 82 , as described with regard to the casing 35 of the transducer 27 shown in FIG. 1.
- a reference abutment element 89 made of hardened material, locked to the threaded hole 23 of arm 5 comprises a flat surface 90 for remaining in contact with the additional feeler 86 of the cartridge head 81 , as hereinafter described.
- the shaped element 1 is locked to support 67 by inserting cable 37 through opening 73 , by inserting the casing 82 in hole 75 and then locking the cartridge head 81 to support 67 in the required position by operating screw 80 to restrict the opening 73 .
- the prestroke of the gauging head is firstly defined by adjusting, under rest conditions, the position taken by casing 82 of the cartridge head 81 in the opening defined by holes 29 and 31 . More specifically, the additional feeler 86 (integral with the ferromagnetic core 84 ) is brought into contact with the surface 90 of the reference abutment element 89 , and the position of the casing 82 (integral with the windings 83 ) is further adjusted until the required pre-stroke value is displayed by unit 38 . At this point, screw 36 is clamped onto the coupling surface 91 of casing 82 for locking the position of the latter on the integral element 1 .
- the gauging head is locked to support 67 by inserting casing 82 of the cartridge head 81 in hole 75 and adjusting its axial position until the feeler 25 contacts the surface of the piece to be measured and, subsequently to a displacement that represents the pre-stroke, the display unit 38 displays a “zero” value reading.
- the versatility of the invention is evident.
- the same armset with the bent element 1 can be employed in gauging heads with a friction free transducer 27 (FIG. 1) enabling an extremely accurate measurement taking at very low measuring forces, or else in an axial-sliding linear gauge (FIG. 3) or a gauge of another type, as, for example, a dial type gauge, whenever similar devices are available and other requirements are necessary (as, for example, the need to prevent the armset of the linear gauge from undergoing any transversal strains), though maintain in both cases the same locking, positioning and zero-setting simplicity.
- the housing defined by holes 29 and 31 and the associated locking elements are dimensioned and arranged so as to allow, as previously described, the simple and rapid locking of both the windings—housed in a suitable casing ( 35 )—of a transducer ( 27 ) and “standard” size gauges.
- the manner according to which the head is locked to the support 67 does not need extremely accurate mechanical machinings of the surfaces of the integral element 1 , that do not affect in any way the positioning.
- the shaped element 1 is formed by bending to a U shape a bar of stainless sheet-steel, and achieving the fulcrum by drawing, for example, by using a press for striking a blow to the sheet-steel bar, and subsequently grinding it.
- drawing there is obtained a work hardening of the material and hence an increase of the elastic range at the point where it is desired to implement the fulcrum.
- the part undergoing the drawing is then ground for the purpose of obtaining the recess that enables to further lighten the fulcrum and so provide lightness and low measuring force, typical characteristics of the head.
- a further advantage that the heads herein described and illustrated provide is a specific high degree of precision and accuracy, thanks to the aligning between the straight line according to which the feeler 25 substantially displaces and the one along which reciprocal displacement is among the parts of the transducer device ( 32 , 34 ; 83 , 84 ) takes place.
- the shaped element can be manufactured by employing a material different from the stainless sheet-steel and the hardening process can be attained by following known processes that differ from the drawing process.
- the herein described process for manufacturing the fulcrum also applies to the machining of armsets that have other shapes, as, for example, arm-sets with a plurality of fulcra and a so-called “parallelogram” type structure.
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a gauging head suitable for coupling to a support for the linear dimension checking of a mechanical piece, comprising a shaped element defining a first reference portion, a second portion, or arm, movable with respect to the first, and an intermediate portion, or fulcrum, between the first and the second portion, that defines a geometric axis of reciprocal rotation between said first and second portion, a feeler fixed to said arm for contacting the piece to be checked, and a transducer device for providing signals responsive to the position of the feeler with respect to the reference portion, including two reciprocally movable parts, a first part thereof being stationary with respect to said first portion of the shaped element, and a second part being movable, together with said arm, with respect to the first portion.
- The invention also relates to a checking apparatus for the linear dimension checking of a mechanical piece, comprising a support, a gauging head with a shaped element defining a first reference portion, stationary with respect to the support, a second portion, or arm, movable with respect to the first, and an intermediate portion, or fulcrum, between the first and the second portion, that defines an axis of reciprocal rotation between said first and second portion, a feeler fixed to said arm for contacting the piece to be checked, and a transducer device for providing signals responsive to the position of the feeler with respect to the reference portion, including two reciprocally movable parts, a first part thereof being stationary with respect to the first portion of the shaped element, and a second part being movable, together with said arm, with respect to the first portion, and a processing unit, electrically connected to the transducer device.
- Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for machining the armset of a gauging, or measuring, head including an integral element that defines two reciprocally movable portions and a fulcrum between said portions.
- There are known gauging heads for the geometric inspection of mechanical pieces that comprise a measuring arm with a feeler for contacting a piece to be checked, an element for supporting the arm, a fulcrum for allowing displacements of the arm with respect to the support element and a transducer for providing a signal responsive to the position of the arm with respect to the support element, in which the measuring arm, the support element and the fulcrum are formed from a single piece.
- An example is provided in U.S. Pat. No. U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,737, that discloses gauging heads in which the support element comprises a wing, that extends in a direction perpendicular to the arm and enables the coupling—by means of screws—of the head to an external support. This type of coupling is quite lacking in versatility, in that, as the nominal dimensions of the piece to be checked vary, generally there is the need to replace the feeler and/or couple—by means of screws—the head in another area of the support or to another external support. In order to guarantee the correct operation of the head, the coupling existing between the wing and the external support must be extremely accurate. This involves precision mechanical machinings of the surfaces intended to be arranged into mutual contact for defining the position of the head, and particular care in coupling the head to the external support.
- Moreover, in the measuring heads disclosed in the US patent, the arrangement of the fulcrum, feeler and transducer is such that the feeler displacements occurring further to contact with the surface of the piece to be checked and the displacements among the reciprocally movable parts of the transducer substantially occur along two parallel straight lines, but at a certain distance from each other. Consequently, the entity of the displacement of the elements of the transducer differs from that of the corresponding displacement of the feeler and, in order to process the correct detecting, it is necessary to keep into account the so-called “arms-ratio”, i.e. the ratio existing between the distance separating the transducer and the feeler from the axis of rotation defined by the fulcrum. It is understood how undesired displacements in the position of the axis of rotation of the arm (due to a not entirely accurate implementing of the integral fulcrum) and/or flexions of the arm may negatively affect the operation of the head, modify the ratio between the feeler and the transducer displacements with respect to the theoretical condition that considers an “arm ratio” evaluated on the basis of the head geometry.
- The type of material utilized in the heads with armsets and so-called “integral” fulcra normally undergoes a hardening process for the purpose of increasing its ultimate tensile stress and thus its resilient range. This process, apart from being expensive, is subject to other drawbacks. In fact, when the material is ground for thinning it at the point where it is desired to achieve the fulcrum, especially if it is desired to attain a very thin fulcrum, there is the risk that the material may considerably heat up at the thinned point, and thus loose the effects that the hardening process had provided. The materials utilized for hardening must contain carbon and, owing to the fact that they are consequently oxidable, need a final treatment, like, for example, zinc plating.
- It is absolutely necessary to employ particularly yielding, and thus very thin, fulcra when it is required to check pieces having limited stiffness that could deflect under a high measuring force, or pieces made of a soft material, that could get scratched.
- Because of the need to accomplish precision mechanical machinings, hardening, grinding and subsequent antioxidant treatment, it is evident that these gauges are expensive and it is often difficult to attain particularly thin and yielding fulcra.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an extremely accurate, versatile, simple to manufacture and inexpensive gauging head that overcomes the limitations of the known gauging heads.
- It is another object of the invention to provide a gauging head that has a measuring force low enough to permit its use even for checking resilient pieces.
- These and other objects are achieved by a gauging head according to claim1.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a checking apparatus for checking the linear dimensions of mechanical pieces that, apart from guaranteeing considerable accuracy, is extremely simple and can rapidly and easily be adapted for checking pieces that have different nominal dimensions.
- This and other objects are achieved by an apparatus according to
claim 15. - A considerable advantage that a gauging head and a checking apparatus according to the invention provide is the utmost flexibility, that enables to employ as transducer devices, both known gauges of various types (axial-sliding or “cartridge” heads, dial type comparators, or others), and plain transducers (for example, Linear Variable Displacement Transducers, i.e. “LVDT” transducers) with windings and a ferromagnetic core coupled to the reciprocally movable parts of the armset, respectively. In this second case, an additional advantage that the heads according to the invention (and the apparatuses utilizing these heads) provide, is the friction free operation of the various moving, component parts.
- An additional object that the invention provides is the attaining of an armset employed in gauging (or measuring) heads, that is extremely simple from a structural point of view, and can be manufactured by equally simple, rapid and economically convenient machinings.
- This and other objects and advantages are achieved by a process according to claim19.
- The invention is now described in more detail with reference to the enclosed sheets of drawings, given by way of non limiting example, wherein:
- FIG. 1 is a partly cut-away longitudinal cross-sectional view of a checking apparatus comprising a gauging head according to the invention with some details shown in front view,
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged scale sectional view of a detail of the head shown in FIG. 1, viewed along line II-II with some parts omitted for the sake of simplicity, and
- FIG. 3 is a partly cut-away longitudinal cross-sectional view, with some details shown in front view, of a gauging head according to another embodiment of the invention.
- The checking apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a gauging head with an armset basically consisting of an integral, substantially U-shaped, element1, formed, for example, from a single bar of stainless sheet-steel. The element 1 includes a
first reference portion 3 that has a substantially rectangular cross-section and a second portion, or arm S, also with a rectangular cross-section. Thearm 5 and thereference portion 3 are formed by bending the stainless sheet-steel bar. - An
intermediate portion 13, located between thearm 5 and thereference portion 3, has a round-shaped recess 9 and asquared groove 11, formed at two opposite sides of the sheet, at a same area, by compressing or drawing (for example, on a press) and grinding, respectively. In this way, theintermediate portion 13 has a transversal thickness that is reduced with respect to that of the other portions of element 1 and forms a fulcrum, in other terms it defines a geometric axis of rotation for the displacements ofarm 5 with respect to thereference portion 3.Portion 13 also has a throughhole 14 for increasing the compliance of the fulcrum. - The upper end of
arm 5 has abent portion 15. - The upper end of the
reference portion 3 has apart 17 bent and withdrawn into itself. - On the
bent portion 15 ofarm 5 there are two threadedholes tang 24 of afeeler 25 for contacting amechanical piece 26 to be checked is screwed inhole 21. - A transducer device comprises a linear
variable displacement transducer 27 with acore 32 made of ferromagnetic material andwindings 34 that house the core. Inhole 23 there is screwed apin 28 to which there is glued astem 30 that carries thecore 32 of thetransducer 27. - On
part 17 ofreference portion 3 there is a threadedhole 33 and two throughholes holes - The
transducer 27 comprises acasing 35 with an elongate shape, for example a cylindrical shape, that houses thewindings 34, and is housed in the opening defined by the twoholes screw 36, that is screwed into the threadedhole 33, enable thecasing 35 to be locked to thereference portion 3 in an adjustable way along a transversal geometric axis of adjustment defined by thecasing 35 itself. - The
windings 34 of thetransducer 27 are electrically connected, by means of acable 37, to a power supply, processing and display device, schematically shown and identified byreference number 38 in the figures. - A
tubular sealing gasket 39, made of rubber, has an end coupled toarm 5 at thebent portion 15 and the other end coupled to thecasing 35, so as to protect thetransducer 27 from potential damage caused by foreign matter. -
Arm 5 has acylindrical seat 41 aligned with a threadedhole 43 located inreference portion 3. - Thrust devices between the
arm 5 and thereference portion 3 of the shaped element 1 comprise acompression spring 45 with an end housed in thecylindrical seat 41 and the other end coupled to abushing 47, internally threaded. Adowel 49 has an end screwed into the threadedhole 43 and the other end screwed into the interior of bushing 47. Anut 50 abuts against the surface ofarm 5 for axially clampingdowel 49. - By operating
bushing 47, it is possible to set the thrust ofspring 45 betweenarm 5 and thereference portion 3. - The rotations of
arm 5 with respect to thereference portion 3 are limited, in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction (with reference to FIG. 1), by a mechanical limiting device comprising ascrew 51 with a threaded stem that traverses a throughhole 53 inarm 5 with a suitable amount of radial clearance and is screwed into a threadedhole 55 of thereference portion 3. On the stem ofscrew 51 there are screwed threenuts Nut 57 is urged against thereference portion 3 for preventing the accidental unscrewing ofscrew 51.Nut 59 has a base that defines an abutting surface for abutting against an internal surface ofarm 5 for limiting the range of the rotational displacements ofarm 5 in a clockwise direction (with reference to FIG. 1) andnut 61 is urged againstnut 59 for axiallylocking nut 59 to the stem ofscrew 51. The rotational displacements ofarm 5 in a clockwise direction (with reference to FIG. 1) are limited by contact occurring between the abutting surfaces of the head ofscrew 51 and thearm 5 itself. - Moreover, the checking apparatus shown in FIG. 1 includes a
support 67 locked, by means ofscrews 71, to a base, schematically shown and identified byreference number 72. As shown in FIG. 2, in the upper part of theaforementioned support 67 there is anopening 73 for access to a substantiallycylindrical hole 75 and twoholes hole 75. The gauging head, more specifically the shaped element 1, is locked to support 67 by first insertingcable 37 throughopening 73, by inserting thecasing 35 inhole 75 and then locking thecasing 35 in the required position, by narrowingopening 73. This is done by inserting ascrew 80 intohole 79 and screwing it into threadedhole 77. Theholes coupling surface 40, defined by thecylindric casing 35, for locking, in an adjustable way along the transversal geometric axis of adjustment, the position of the gauging head with respect to support 67. - The checking apparatus, for checking the diametral dimensions of a
shaft 26, for example, operates in the following way. - Under rest conditions, the reciprocal position between
arm 5 andreference portion 3 is defined by the arrangement ofscrew 51, and, more specifically, the contact—under the thrust ofspring 45—between external surfaces ofarm 5 and the reference surface of the head of the formerly mentionedscrew 51. - By slackening
nut 57 and operatingscrew 51, it is possible to set the formerly mentioned reciprocal position betweenarm 5 andreference portion 3, whereas by slackeningnut 61 and operatingnut 59, it is possible to vary the maximum amplitude of rotation ofarm 5 commencing from the rest condition. - In a first zero-setting phase of the gauging head, the pre-stroke is defined, i.e. the distance that the feeler must travel, commencing from the rest condition, before it reaches zero position. In order to do this, the reciprocal position, under rest conditions, between
core 32 andwindings 34 of thetransducer 27 is defined by operating the locking elements, more particularly by slackeningscrew 36 and adjusting the axial position ofcasing 35 until thedisplay unit 38, that receives and processes the associated signals issued bytransducer 27, indicates the required pre-stroke value, for example 300 μm. At this point, screw 36 is clamped onto thecoupling surface 40 ofcasing 35 for setting the position of the latter on the integral element 1. The head is then coupled to support 67, by inserting thecasing 35 inhole 75. A master piece, with a diameter size equal to the nominal one of the shafts to be checked, is positioned between reference supports, not shown in the figures, for example, Vee-shaped supports, stationary with respect to thebase 72, in such a way that feeler 25 contacts the surface of the master piece in a diametral direction. Then, casing 35 is axially slid intohole 75 until, further to contact occuring betweenfeeler 25 and the surface of the master piece and the feeler subsequently displacing of an entity equal to the previously defined pre-stroke,display unit 38 displays zero value. Then, the locking/unlocking device is operated, and, specifically, screw 80 is clamped onto thecoupling surface 40 in order to lockcasing 35, and thus the entire gauging head, to support 67 in the position that has been so determined. Upon completing the locking, possible limited deviations with respect to the value displayed byunit 38 are compensated by operating adjustment potentiometers ofunit 38, per se known and not shown in the figures. At this point the apparatus is ready for checking and the master piece, that had been used during the zero-setting phase, is removed from the reference supports and replaced by thepiece 26 to be checked. - Upon contact occurring between
feeler 25 and the surface ofpiece 26, there occurs a rotational displacement ofarm 5 in a clockwise direction (with reference to FIG. 1) starting from the rest condition. This displacement causes a variation in the position ofcore 32 with respect to thewindings 34 of thetransducer 27 and the latter provides an electric signal responsive to the deviation of the diameter size of thepiece 26 taken into consideration for inspection, with respect to the diameter size of the master piece. - If the nominal dimensions of the piece vary (within a relatively broad range, that depends on the dimensions of the gauging head), the same checking apparatus and the same supports for the piece reference can still be used. This is effected by simply altering the position of the head with respect to support67 by operating the locking/unlocking device (screw 80) and adjusting the axial arrangement of
casing 35, by repeating zero-setting operations similar to those previously described. - The particularly “light” structure of the arm-set of the head, in addition to the absence of friction among the reciprocally movable elements of the
transducer 27 ensures excellent performance at very low forces (“measuring forces”) betweenfeeler 25 and the surface of the piece to be checked. This allows, among other things, to employ the gauging head for checking poorly stiff pieces, in other terms in those cases in which a too high measuring force could deform the piece in the course of the measurement taking, and thus generate unreliable and non repeatable results. - A typical example is the flatness checking of a broad and flexible surface of the casing of an electronic apparatus in which it is necessary to utilize a plurality of heads for achieving accurate measurements. If each of these heads applies to the piece a substantial force, there may occur not only the piece deformation during the checking operations, but also that the deformation be irreversible. In order to reduce the layout dimensions of the electronic apparatus, often the amount of space between the casing and the circuit boards, housed therein, that carry the electronic components, is very small. Therefore, it is necessary to check the flatness of the casing surface, but it is also important not to deform the formerly mentioned surface in order to prevent the casing, once assembled, from contacting the electronic components on the boards. Gauging heads like the one illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 are, thus, particularly suitable for checkings of this type, especially thanks to the possibility of operating at low measuring forces.
- According to a second embodiment of the invention, illustrated in FIG. 3, there is a structure a great many coincident with that of FIG. 1, insofar as, among other things, the armset with the shaped element1, the
feeler 25, the mechanical limitingdevice 51, thecompression spring 45, the locking elements with thescrew 36, and thesupport 67 with the locking/unlockingdevice including screw 80 are concerned. - An axial-sliding linear gauge, for example, a
cartridge head 81 of a per se known type comprises a substantially cylindrical-shapedcasing 82, that houses thewindings 83 and theferromagnetic core 84 of a differential transformer transducer device, astem 85, axially movable and partially housed incasing 82, that carries at one end anadditional feeler 86 and at the other end thecore 84, thrust means including anadditional spring 87 that applies to stem 85 a thrust towards the exterior ofcasing 82, and guide means 88, housed incasing 82, for guiding the displacements ofstem 85. Thecasing 82 ofgauge 81 is housed inholes reference portion 3 of element 1 and the axial position of thecartridge head 81 is determined, by thescrew 36 that operates on acoupling surface 91 ofcasing 82, as described with regard to thecasing 35 of thetransducer 27 shown in FIG. 1. Areference abutment element 89 made of hardened material, locked to the threadedhole 23 ofarm 5, comprises aflat surface 90 for remaining in contact with theadditional feeler 86 of thecartridge head 81, as hereinafter described. - The shaped element1 is locked to support 67 by inserting
cable 37 throughopening 73, by inserting thecasing 82 inhole 75 and then locking thecartridge head 81 to support 67 in the required position by operatingscrew 80 to restrict theopening 73. - The functioning principle of the checking apparatus substantially coincides with what has been herein described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
- When a zero-setting operation on a master piece is performed, the prestroke of the gauging head is firstly defined by adjusting, under rest conditions, the position taken by casing82 of the
cartridge head 81 in the opening defined byholes surface 90 of thereference abutment element 89, and the position of the casing 82 (integral with the windings 83) is further adjusted until the required pre-stroke value is displayed byunit 38. At this point, screw 36 is clamped onto thecoupling surface 91 ofcasing 82 for locking the position of the latter on the integral element 1. Then, the gauging head is locked to support 67 by insertingcasing 82 of thecartridge head 81 inhole 75 and adjusting its axial position until thefeeler 25 contacts the surface of the piece to be measured and, subsequently to a displacement that represents the pre-stroke, thedisplay unit 38 displays a “zero” value reading. - The master piece is removed and replaced with a
piece 26′ to be checked and the checking operation takes place in the manner hereinbefore described with reference to the first embodiment of the invention. In the course of the checking operations, theadditional feeler 86 ofgauge 81 always remains in contact—urged by the thrust of theadditional spring 87—with thesurface 90 of thereference abutment element 89 and consequently displaces integrally witharm 5, exactly in the same way as to what occurs, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, to pin 28 that carries, by means ofstem 30, thecore 32 oftransducer 27. In this way, theadditional feeler 86 and thestem 85—rigidly coupled to the feeler—undergo just substantially axial strains, caused by the displacements ofarm 5. Thus, those transversal strains that occur, for example, in known applications in which the feelers of cartridge heads directly contact pieces to be checked and expose the in ternal components of the gauge to undesired strains, are so avoided. - From the foregoing description, the versatility of the invention is evident. In fact, the same armset with the bent element1 can be employed in gauging heads with a friction free transducer 27 (FIG. 1) enabling an extremely accurate measurement taking at very low measuring forces, or else in an axial-sliding linear gauge (FIG. 3) or a gauge of another type, as, for example, a dial type gauge, whenever similar devices are available and other requirements are necessary (as, for example, the need to prevent the armset of the linear gauge from undergoing any transversal strains), though maintain in both cases the same locking, positioning and zero-setting simplicity.
- In fact, the housing defined by
holes hole 23 inarm 5, aligned withhole 21 that houses thefeeler 25, either thepin 28 carryingstem 30 andcore 32, or thereference abutment element 89 with theflat surface 90 for maintaining contact with the feeler of a gauge (for example,feeler 86 of the cartridge head 81). - Moreover, the manner according to which the head is locked to the
support 67, besides providing flexibility and application simplicity advantages, as hereinbefore described, does not need extremely accurate mechanical machinings of the surfaces of the integral element 1, that do not affect in any way the positioning. - In addition to versatility, one of the main advantages that the invention provides is the simplicity and low costs for manufacturing the armset of the head, specifically insofar as the material utilized, the implemented structure, and the necessary operations are concerned. In fact, the shaped element1 is formed by bending to a U shape a bar of stainless sheet-steel, and achieving the fulcrum by drawing, for example, by using a press for striking a blow to the sheet-steel bar, and subsequently grinding it. By drawing, there is obtained a work hardening of the material and hence an increase of the elastic range at the point where it is desired to implement the fulcrum. The part undergoing the drawing is then ground for the purpose of obtaining the recess that enables to further lighten the fulcrum and so provide lightness and low measuring force, typical characteristics of the head.
- Moreover, as the material utilized does not have to undergo a hardening process beforehand, no subsequent antioxidant treatments of the head armset are necessary, and the material is substantially insensitive, even in the case of very thin and yielding fulcra, to the negative effects that the heating generated by the subsequent grinding operation might have on the ultimate tensile stress of the material (tempering).
- A further advantage that the heads herein described and illustrated provide is a specific high degree of precision and accuracy, thanks to the aligning between the straight line according to which the
feeler 25 substantially displaces and the one along which reciprocal displacement is among the parts of the transducer device (32,34;83,84) takes place. - Indeed, this allows the observance of the Abbe principle—whereby in order to measure a length and benefit by all the measurement accuracy of the gauging instrument, it is necessary to arrange the formerly mentioned length along the detecting, or transduction axis. Furthermore, as it is not necessary to keep into account specific “arm ratios”, the processing operations in
unit 38 are simplified and the detecting is substantially insensitive to inaccuracies upon defining the rotation axis byfulcrum 13 and to flexions ofarm 5. - It is possible to modify the herein described head and checking apparatus according to the present invention, without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, it is possible to manufacture the limiting and/or thrust devices in a known way, that differs from what has been described, or arrange them in another way.
- In particular applications it is also possible to employ a feeler off-set with respect to the point where it is coupled to the arm. The shaped element can be manufactured by employing a material different from the stainless sheet-steel and the hardening process can be attained by following known processes that differ from the drawing process.
- It is possible to employ even capacitive, or inductive type, transducer devices, manufactured in a different way from the one herein described.
- Furthermore, by means of a machining process according to the present invention, it is possible to manufacture an armset with an integral element similar to the one illustrated and described, suitable for applications differing from those illustrated and that can be employed, for example, in absolute measuring heads.
- Moreover, the herein described process for manufacturing the fulcrum also applies to the machining of armsets that have other shapes, as, for example, arm-sets with a plurality of fulcra and a so-called “parallelogram” type structure.
Claims (22)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/805,101 US6389867B2 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 2001-03-14 | Machining process for a gauging or measuring head |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITBO96A0674 | 1996-12-20 | ||
IT96BO000674A IT1287605B1 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1996-12-20 | COMPARATIVE HEAD AND SYSTEM FOR CHECKING LINEAR DIMENSIONS OF MECHANICAL PIECES, AND RELATED WORKING PROCESS |
EPPCT/EP97/06992 | 1997-12-12 | ||
PCT/EP1997/006992 WO1998028589A1 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-12 | Gauging head and apparatus for the linear dimension checking of mechanical pieces and associated machining process |
US09/297,817 US6226883B1 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1997-12-12 | Gauging head and apparatus for the linear dimension checking of mechanical pieces and associated machining process |
US09/805,101 US6389867B2 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 2001-03-14 | Machining process for a gauging or measuring head |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/297,817 Division US6226883B1 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1997-12-12 | Gauging head and apparatus for the linear dimension checking of mechanical pieces and associated machining process |
PCT/EP1997/006992 Division WO1998028589A1 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1997-12-12 | Gauging head and apparatus for the linear dimension checking of mechanical pieces and associated machining process |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20010029678A1 true US20010029678A1 (en) | 2001-10-18 |
US6389867B2 US6389867B2 (en) | 2002-05-21 |
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Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/297,817 Expired - Lifetime US6226883B1 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1997-12-12 | Gauging head and apparatus for the linear dimension checking of mechanical pieces and associated machining process |
US09/805,101 Expired - Lifetime US6389867B2 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 2001-03-14 | Machining process for a gauging or measuring head |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/297,817 Expired - Lifetime US6226883B1 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1997-12-12 | Gauging head and apparatus for the linear dimension checking of mechanical pieces and associated machining process |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6226883B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0946854B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3129448B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE261105T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5662998A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9713756A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2275609A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69727964T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2214651T3 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1287605B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998028589A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090293299A1 (en) * | 2005-10-17 | 2009-12-03 | Bonifatijs Lubgins | Measurement of micromovements |
US20100017029A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | Rene Graf | Industrial robot and method for operating an industrial robot |
EP2645052A1 (en) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-02 | Balance Systems S.r.L. | Measurement head for feeler for workpieces being machined |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8448346B2 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2013-05-28 | United Fastener & Supply LLC | Trigger assembly for parts checking jigs and the like |
ITBO20130303A1 (en) * | 2013-06-17 | 2014-12-18 | Marposs Spa | MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF TRANSMISSION AND DIMENSIONAL AND / OR SHAPE CONTROL EQUIPMENT THAT EMPLOYS THIS SYSTEM |
WO2016135204A1 (en) * | 2015-02-26 | 2016-09-01 | Marposs Societa' Per Azioni | System for checking dimensional and/or geometric features of workpieces, and relative procedure for manufacturing |
CN108955558B (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2024-04-16 | 苏州精濑光电有限公司 | Detection jig and detection method for substrate deformation |
RU205544U1 (en) * | 2021-04-13 | 2021-07-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Мезон" | Linear dimension control device |
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US1402392A (en) * | 1920-09-16 | 1922-01-03 | Carl E Bauer | Brake-beam fulcrum and method of producing same |
US2118499A (en) * | 1936-12-10 | 1938-05-24 | Malcolm C Durbin | Method for forming shapes from sheet metal |
US3389902A (en) * | 1966-12-12 | 1968-06-25 | William E. Young | Snap-over center spring and method of making |
US3750526A (en) * | 1970-02-04 | 1973-08-07 | Wej It Expansion Prod Inc | Expansion bolt with unitary wedge assembly |
CH527407A (en) * | 1971-01-28 | 1972-08-31 | Meier Johann | Length measuring device |
US3847015A (en) * | 1972-03-13 | 1974-11-12 | A Blatter | Displacement measuring and recording apparatus |
US3955708A (en) * | 1972-04-06 | 1976-05-11 | Hulse Murlin L | Easy-opening pull tab type can with retained tab |
GB2064777B (en) | 1979-10-29 | 1983-09-14 | Finike Italiana Marposs | Gauge for checking linear dimensions |
IT1135878B (en) | 1980-07-25 | 1986-08-27 | Finike Italiana Marposs | COMPARATIVE HEAD FOR THE CONTROL OF LINEAR DIMENSIONS OF MECHANICAL PIECES |
IT1156661B (en) | 1982-09-09 | 1987-02-04 | Finike Italiana Marposs | ELECTRONIC COMPARATOR FOR THE CONTROL OF LINEAR DIMENSIONS OF MECHANICAL PIECES |
IT1180539B (en) * | 1984-10-15 | 1987-09-23 | Finike Italiana Marposs | HEAD FOR THE CONTROL OF MECHANICAL PARTS DIMENSIONS |
IT1207705B (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1989-05-25 | Marposs Spa | APPARATUS FOR CHECKING DIAMETER DIMENSIONS OF MECHANICAL PIECES |
US5883556A (en) * | 1997-12-15 | 1999-03-16 | C.P. Clare Corporation | Reed switch |
US6088925A (en) * | 1998-05-29 | 2000-07-18 | Cordant Technologies Inc. | Capture feature tang seal defect measurement tool |
-
1996
- 1996-12-20 IT IT96BO000674A patent/IT1287605B1/en active IP Right Grant
-
1997
- 1997-12-12 BR BR9713756-1A patent/BR9713756A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-12-12 CA CA002275609A patent/CA2275609A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-12 ES ES97952936T patent/ES2214651T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-12 AT AT97952936T patent/ATE261105T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-12 AU AU56629/98A patent/AU5662998A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-12 EP EP97952936A patent/EP0946854B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-12 US US09/297,817 patent/US6226883B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-12 DE DE69727964T patent/DE69727964T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-12 JP JP10528321A patent/JP3129448B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-12 WO PCT/EP1997/006992 patent/WO1998028589A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2001
- 2001-03-14 US US09/805,101 patent/US6389867B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090293299A1 (en) * | 2005-10-17 | 2009-12-03 | Bonifatijs Lubgins | Measurement of micromovements |
US7774952B2 (en) * | 2005-10-17 | 2010-08-17 | A-Metrics, Llc | Measurement of micromovements |
US20100299949A1 (en) * | 2005-10-17 | 2010-12-02 | A-Metrics, Llc | Measurement of micromovements |
US7877893B2 (en) * | 2005-10-17 | 2011-02-01 | A-Metrics, Llc | Measurement of micromovements |
US20100017029A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | Rene Graf | Industrial robot and method for operating an industrial robot |
US9308653B2 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2016-04-12 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Industrial robot and method for operating an industrial robot |
EP2645052A1 (en) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-02 | Balance Systems S.r.L. | Measurement head for feeler for workpieces being machined |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU5662998A (en) | 1998-07-17 |
ES2214651T3 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
DE69727964D1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
WO1998028589A1 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
DE69727964T2 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
JP2000505204A (en) | 2000-04-25 |
IT1287605B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 |
JP3129448B2 (en) | 2001-01-29 |
CA2275609A1 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
US6226883B1 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
ATE261105T1 (en) | 2004-03-15 |
ITBO960674A0 (en) | 1996-12-20 |
ITBO960674A1 (en) | 1998-06-20 |
EP0946854A1 (en) | 1999-10-06 |
BR9713756A (en) | 2000-02-01 |
US6389867B2 (en) | 2002-05-21 |
EP0946854B1 (en) | 2004-03-03 |
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