FR2554909A1 - BOILER FOR SOLID FUELS - Google Patents
BOILER FOR SOLID FUELS Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2554909A1 FR2554909A1 FR8317897A FR8317897A FR2554909A1 FR 2554909 A1 FR2554909 A1 FR 2554909A1 FR 8317897 A FR8317897 A FR 8317897A FR 8317897 A FR8317897 A FR 8317897A FR 2554909 A1 FR2554909 A1 FR 2554909A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- boiler
- vault
- face
- convex
- grid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
- F23B80/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel
- F23B80/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel by means for guiding the flow of flue gases, e.g. baffles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
- F23B40/00—Combustion apparatus with driven means for feeding fuel into the combustion chamber
- F23B40/06—Combustion apparatus with driven means for feeding fuel into the combustion chamber the fuel being fed along the fuel-supporting surface
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M3/00—Firebridges
- F23M3/12—Firebridges characterised by shape or construction
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M3/00—Firebridges
- F23M3/22—Firebridges movable; adjustable
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)
Abstract
CHAUDIERE POUR COMBUSTIBLES SOLIDES COMPRENANT: A.UNE TREMIE D'ALIMENTATION 1; B.UN FOYER INTEGRE 2 COMPORTANT UNE GRILLE FIXE 3, UN POUSSOIR 4, UNE ARRIVEE D'AIR PRIMAIRE 5, UN RECEPTACLE A RESIDUS 6 ET UNE VOUTE 7, ET C.UN ECHANGEUR DE CHALEUR 8. LA FACE 7A DE LA VOUTE 7 EN REGARD DE LA GRILLE 3 EST AU MOINS PARTIELLEMENT CONVEXE. APPLICATION A LA COMBUSTION DES CHARBONS.BOILER FOR SOLID FUELS CONSISTING OF: A. A FEED HOPPER 1; B. AN INTEGRATED FIREPLACE 2 INCLUDING A FIXED GRILLE 3, A TAPPET 4, A PRIMARY AIR INLET 5, A RESIDUE RECEPTACLE 6 AND A VOUTE 7, AND C. A HEAT EXCHANGER 8. THE FACE 7A OF THE VOUTE 7 REGARDING GRID 3 IS AT LEAST PARTLY CONVEX. APPLICATION TO THE COMBUSTION OF COAL.
Description
La présente invention concerne une chaudière de petite puissanceThe present invention relates to a small power boiler
(inférieure à 5.000 thermies/heure) pour combustibles solides. (less than 5,000 therms / hour) for solid fuels.
Il est connu de disposer dans le foyer intégré des chaudières pour combustibles solides une voûte, généralement amovible, au-dessus de la grille sur laquelle a lieu la combustion. Cette voûte permet de concentrer le flux rayonnant, augmentant ainsi le rendement de ladite combustion et diminuant le taux d'imbrûlés dans les fumées et les résidus de la combustion. Les voûtes connues sont telles que leur face située en regard de la grille est concave ou plane. Cette disposition a vraisemblablement été adoptée pour prolonger encore le contact entre l'air et le combustible, la forme concave de ladite face de la voûte favorisant la formation de courants de convexion ramenant une partie de l'air et des gaz vers l'avant de la It is known to have in the integrated hearth boilers for solid fuels a vault, generally removable, above the grid on which the combustion takes place. This vault concentrates the radiating flux, thus increasing the efficiency of said combustion and decreasing the rate of unburnt in the fumes and residues of the combustion. The known vaults are such that their face facing the grid is concave or flat. This provision has probably been adopted to further prolong the contact between the air and the fuel, the concave shape of said face of the vault favoring the formation of convection currents bringing part of the air and gases towards the front. the
grille, o le combustible est déposé. grid, where the fuel is deposited.
On a maintenant constaté de façon surprenante que si la face de la voûte en regard de la grille n'est plus totalement concave mais est au moins partiellement convexe, et avantageusement totalement convexe, la qualité de It has now surprisingly been found that if the face of the arch facing the grid is no longer totally concave but is at least partially convex, and advantageously completely convex, the quality of the
la combustion s'en trouve améliorée. the combustion is improved.
La présente invention concerne une chaudière pour combustibles solides comprenant: (a) une trémie d'alimentation, (b) un foyer intégré comportant une grille fixe, un poussoir, une arrivée d'air primaire, un réceptacle à résidus et une voûte, et (c) un échangeur de chaleur, ladite chaudière étant caractérisée en ce que la face de la voûte en regard The present invention relates to a solid fuel boiler comprising: (a) a feed hopper, (b) an integrated hearth having a fixed gate, a pusher, a primary air inlet, a tailstock receptacle and a vault, and (c) a heat exchanger, said boiler being characterized in that the face of the vault facing
de la grille est au moins partiellement convexe. of the grid is at least partially convex.
Les combustibles solides utilisables dans la chaudière selon l'invention sont bien connus. On citera particulièrement les charbons de tous types, même les charbons flambants gras qui sont connus pour être difficiles à brûler, ayant tendance à s'agglomérer et à donner des cendres The solid fuels that can be used in the boiler according to the invention are well known. Of particular interest are coals of all types, even flaming coals which are known to be difficult to burn, tend to agglomerate and give ash.
contenant beaucoup d'imbrûlés.containing a lot of unburned.
Avantageusement la partie convexe de la face de la voûte en regard de la grille, quand la voûte n'est que partiellement convexe, est située à l'avant du foyer. On désigne par avant du foyer la partie du foyer située du Advantageously, the convex part of the face of the vault opposite the gate, when the arch is only partially convex, is located at the front of the hearth. The front of the fireplace is the part of the fireplace located
du côté de la trémie d'alimentation. on the feed hopper side.
Avantageusement la face de la voûte en regard de la grille est totalement convexe. Avantageusement encore, l'autre face de la voûte est totalement concave. On a ainsi constaté que la disposition de la voûte dans une chaudière selon l'invention peut être obtenue, partant d'une chaudière connue dans laquelle la voûte amovible est disposée de telle façon que sa face en regard de la grille soit concave et l'autre face soit convexe, en inversant la position de ladite voûte. Ce moyen particulier n'est évidemment réalisable que lorsque ladite voûte comporte un décrochement suffisant lui permettant d'être posée, après inversion, sur les supports prévus à cet effet. Un mode particulier de réalisation de l'invention consiste en une voûte réversible dont les deux faces ont des profils différents adaptés expérimentalement a la combustion de deux types de charbon; une telle voûte permet d'élargir notablement la gamme de charbons qu'il est possible de bruler dans une même chaudière. Les deux faces d'une telle voûte peuvent Advantageously, the face of the vault facing the grid is totally convex. Advantageously, the other face of the vault is completely concave. It has thus been found that the arrangement of the vault in a boiler according to the invention can be obtained, starting from a known boiler in which the removable vault is arranged in such a way that its face facing the grid is concave and the another face is convex, by reversing the position of said vault. This particular means is obviously feasible only when said vault has a recess sufficient to allow it to be posed, after inversion, on the supports provided for this purpose. A particular embodiment of the invention consists of a reversible vault whose two faces have different profiles experimentally adapted to the combustion of two types of coal; such a vault significantly enlarges the range of coals that can be burned in the same boiler. Both sides of such a vault can
être partiellement ou totalement convexes. be partially or totally convex.
Il est possible d'admettre dans la chaudière pour combustibles solides selon l'invention, comme il est connu en soi, en plus de l'air primaire de combustion arrivant généralement sous la grille, de l'air It is possible to admit in the boiler for solid fuels according to the invention, as is known per se, in addition to the primary combustion air generally arriving under the grate, air
secondaire au-dessus de la couche de combustible se trouvant sur la grille. secondary layer above the fuel layer on the grid.
La chaudière selon l'invention peut donc comprendre des moyens The boiler according to the invention can therefore comprise means
pour introduire de l'air secondaire dans le foyer au-dessus de la grille. to introduce secondary air into the hearth above the grate.
L'invention sera maintenant décrite en détails en se référant aux figures en annexe ou: - la figure i représente une vue schématique en coupe transversale d'une chaudière selon l'invention, - la figure 2 est une coupe transversale partielle montrant la disposition de la voûte selon l'art antérieur, - la figure 3 est une coupe transversale partielle montrant une forme The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the appended figures or: FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a boiler according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a partial cross-section showing the arrangement of FIG. the arch according to the prior art, - Figure 3 is a partial cross section showing a shape
particulière de la voûte selon l'invention. particular of the vault according to the invention.
Sur la figure 1 on a repéré la trémie d'alimentation (1), le foyer intégré (2), la grille de combustion (3) sur laquelle le combustible provenant de la trémie (1) est admis au moyen du poussoir (4) mû par un mécanisme lui communiquant un mouvement alternatif, l'arrivée d'air primaire (5) provenant d'un ventilateur et passant à travers la grille (3) , le réceptacle à résidus (6), la voûte (7), l'échangeur de chaleur (8), la rampe d'arrivée d'air secondaire (9). Sur cette figure 1 la face (7A) de la voûte (7) en regard de la grille (3) est totalement convexe et sa face (7B) est FIG. 1 shows the feed hopper (1), the integrated combustion chamber (2) and the combustion grate (3) on which the fuel coming from the hopper (1) is admitted by means of the pusher (4). driven by a reciprocating mechanism, the primary air inlet (5) from a fan passing through the grate (3), the residue receptacle (6), the vault (7), the heat exchanger (8), the secondary air inlet (9). In this FIG. 1 the face (7A) of the vault (7) facing the grid (3) is totally convex and its face (7B) is
totalement concave.totally concave.
La figure 2 montre la disposition d'une voûte selon l'art antérieur: la face (7A) est entièrement concave et la face (7B) entièrement convexe. La figure 3 montre une forme particulière de la voûte selon l'invention dans laquelle la partie avant de la face (7A) est convexe et la Figure 2 shows the arrangement of a vault according to the prior art: the face (7A) is entirely concave and the face (7B) entirely convex. FIG. 3 shows a particular form of the vault according to the invention in which the front part of the face (7A) is convex and the
partie arrière est concave.back part is concave.
Bien évidemment la présente invention n'est pas limitée au type précis de chaudière représenté à la figure 1. Elle peut concerner tous types de chaudières, plus particulièrement a foyer intégré, dans lesquels une voOte peut être disposée au-dessus de la grille. L'alimentation de la grille n'est pas non plus limitée au poussoir à mouvement alternatif mais peut être Of course, the present invention is not limited to the precise type of boiler shown in FIG. 1. It can relate to all types of boilers, more particularly to an integrated fireplace, in which a vooke can be placed above the grate. The grid supply is also not limited to the reciprocating pusher but can be
réalisée au moyen d'une vis d'Archimède. carried out by means of an Archimedean screw.
On montrera maintenant par les exemples suivants l'amélioration de The following examples will now show the improvement of
la qualité de la combustion apportée par l'invention. the quality of the combustion provided by the invention.
EXEMPLE 1 (comparatif) On a utilisé une chaudière de 750 thermies/heure dans laquelle la voOte (7) et la rampe d'arrivée d'air secondaire (9) sont disposées selon la figure 2. On a alimenté cette chaudière en charbon flambant gras d'indice de EXAMPLE 1 (Comparative) A boiler of 750 therms / hour was used in which the vooke (7) and the secondary air inlet manifold (9) are arranged according to FIG. 2. This boiler was supplied with flaming coal. fat index
gonflement (déterminé selon la- norme NF M 11-001 (Novembre 1981) égal à 5. swelling (determined according to standard NF M 11-001 (November 1981) equal to 5.
Le débit total d'air de combustion (en kg/h) est égal à environ 15 fois le débit de charbon (en kg/h). Cet air est réparti à raison de 85 % en air The total combustion air flow (in kg / h) is equal to approximately 15 times the coal flow (in kg / h). This air is distributed 85% in air
primaire et 15 % en air secondaire.primary and 15% secondary air.
On a déterminé: - la teneur des gaz en oxyde de carbone CO, selon la norme NF E 31-351, exprimée en ppm, - l'indice Bacharach IB, selon la norme NF X 43-002, The content of the carbon monoxide gases CO, according to the standard NF E 31-351, expressed in ppm, the Bacharach IB index, according to the NF X 43-002 standard, was determined.
- la teneur en imbrûlés des fumées IF, exprimée en %. - the unburned content of the IF fumes, expressed in%.
On a mesuré: - la température de l'eau à l'entrée de la chaudière, Te, en C, - la température de l'eau à la sortie de la chaudière, Ts, en C, - la quantité de mâchefer (résidu solide de la combustion) formé Qm, exprimée en kg/h, - la température du mâchefer formé, Tm, en C, The following were measured: - the water temperature at the boiler inlet, Te, in C, - the water temperature at the outlet of the boiler, Ts, in C, - the amount of clinker (residual solid of the combustion) formed Qm, expressed in kg / h, the temperature of the clinker formed, Tm, in C,
- la quantité d'imbrûlés dans le mâchefer, Im, exprimée en %. - the amount of unburnt in the clinker, Im, expressed in%.
On a calculé: - la chaleur sensible des fumées Csf, exprimée en th/h - la chaleur sensible des résidus solides Csr, exprimée en th/h - la chaleur latente des résidus solides Clr, exprimée en th/h The following is calculated: - the sensible heat of the fumes Csf, expressed in th / h - the sensible heat of the solid residues Csr, expressed in th / h - the latent heat of the solid residues Clr, expressed in th / h
- les pertes globales P exprimées en th/h. the overall losses P expressed in th / h.
Ces valeurs figurent sur le tableau ci-apres. These values are shown in the table below.
EXEMPLE 2EXAMPLE 2
On a utilisé, dans les mêmes conditions, une chaudière du même type qu'à l'exemple 1 mais dans laquelle la voûte (7) est disposée selon la Under the same conditions, a boiler of the same type as in Example 1 but in which the roof (7) is arranged according to
figure 1.figure 1.
TABLEAUBOARD
__-. -- -- ____-. - - __
Exemple CO 1; IF Te- Ts QmI Tm Im Csf Crs Clr P | I Il I1 1 I l (comparatif)300 4 85 521 64,41 27,91 24069,5 8961 10,3 1213 2148 i 2 r15 17 571 d 19,31 190 56 7361 5,6 663 1431 CO 1 example; IF Te-Ts QmI Tm Im Csf Crs Clr P | I I I 1 I I l (comparative) 300 4 85 521 64.41 27.91 24069.5 8961 10.3 1213 2148 i 2 r15 17 571 d 19.31 190 56 7361 5.6 663 1431
I I.____ _ -____I I .____ _ -____
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8317897A FR2554909B1 (en) | 1983-11-10 | 1983-11-10 | BOILER FOR SOLID FUELS |
| GB08428197A GB2151015B (en) | 1983-11-10 | 1984-11-08 | Solid-fuel boiler |
| IN835/CAL/84A IN161986B (en) | 1983-11-10 | 1984-12-04 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8317897A FR2554909B1 (en) | 1983-11-10 | 1983-11-10 | BOILER FOR SOLID FUELS |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2554909A1 true FR2554909A1 (en) | 1985-05-17 |
| FR2554909B1 FR2554909B1 (en) | 1988-09-16 |
Family
ID=9293987
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8317897A Expired FR2554909B1 (en) | 1983-11-10 | 1983-11-10 | BOILER FOR SOLID FUELS |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2554909B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2151015B (en) |
| IN (1) | IN161986B (en) |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USRE17449E (en) * | 1929-10-01 | Baffle wail | ||
| DE635092C (en) * | 1934-12-08 | 1936-09-19 | Alexej Lomsakov | Grate firing for moist fuels with preparation of the fuel layer of the front grate part by means of hot gases |
| GB527605A (en) * | 1939-04-17 | 1940-10-11 | Allied Ironfounders Ltd | Improvements relating to solid fuel heating stoves |
| FR1370041A (en) * | 1963-06-11 | 1964-08-21 | Process for the combustion in particular of clumping fatty coals, device for implementing the present process as well as boilers provided with this device | |
| FR1452086A (en) * | 1965-06-22 | 1966-02-25 | Appliance burning solid fuels | |
| FR2385991A1 (en) * | 1977-03-29 | 1978-10-27 | Anvar | Solid fuel boiler for agricultural use - has inclined feed plate with pusher between fuel hopper and grate |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB233656A (en) * | 1924-05-09 | 1925-10-01 | Eugen Ketterer | Improvements in or relating to the heating of and supply of carbonic acid to hot-houses or hot beds |
| GB235005A (en) * | 1924-06-17 | 1925-06-11 | George Albert Ure | Improvements in connection with domestic boiler fire places |
| GB485763A (en) * | 1936-11-24 | 1938-05-24 | James William Lewer | Improvements in or relating to methods of and means for firing heating appliances with solid fuel |
| GB629783A (en) * | 1947-11-27 | 1949-09-28 | Smith & Wellstood Ltd | Improvements in or relating to heating stoves |
| GB785700A (en) * | 1953-10-26 | 1957-11-06 | Finch & Company Ltd B | Improvements in or relating to domestic open fires |
| GB934213A (en) * | 1959-04-04 | 1963-08-14 | L V A S Soc An Lavoraz Varie A | An improved air delivery unit for underwater respirators |
| GB1270521A (en) * | 1968-07-28 | 1972-04-12 | Radiation Ltd | Solid fuel water heating appliance |
-
1983
- 1983-11-10 FR FR8317897A patent/FR2554909B1/en not_active Expired
-
1984
- 1984-11-08 GB GB08428197A patent/GB2151015B/en not_active Expired
- 1984-12-04 IN IN835/CAL/84A patent/IN161986B/en unknown
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USRE17449E (en) * | 1929-10-01 | Baffle wail | ||
| DE635092C (en) * | 1934-12-08 | 1936-09-19 | Alexej Lomsakov | Grate firing for moist fuels with preparation of the fuel layer of the front grate part by means of hot gases |
| GB527605A (en) * | 1939-04-17 | 1940-10-11 | Allied Ironfounders Ltd | Improvements relating to solid fuel heating stoves |
| FR1370041A (en) * | 1963-06-11 | 1964-08-21 | Process for the combustion in particular of clumping fatty coals, device for implementing the present process as well as boilers provided with this device | |
| FR1452086A (en) * | 1965-06-22 | 1966-02-25 | Appliance burning solid fuels | |
| FR2385991A1 (en) * | 1977-03-29 | 1978-10-27 | Anvar | Solid fuel boiler for agricultural use - has inclined feed plate with pusher between fuel hopper and grate |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2151015A (en) | 1985-07-10 |
| IN161986B (en) | 1988-03-12 |
| GB8428197D0 (en) | 1984-12-19 |
| GB2151015B (en) | 1988-02-17 |
| FR2554909B1 (en) | 1988-09-16 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA1108935A (en) | Pyrolytique combustion plant for wastes, such as ligno-cellusosic matters | |
| CN104976613A (en) | Solid fuel combustion apparatus | |
| FR2554909A1 (en) | BOILER FOR SOLID FUELS | |
| FR2802287A1 (en) | METHOD FOR IMPROVING COMBUSTION IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM AND CORRESPONDING SYSTEM | |
| EP0110906B1 (en) | Radiation shield for boilers for solid fuel | |
| RU2162566C1 (en) | Solid fuel combustion plant | |
| FR2542065A1 (en) | Method of combustion of a solid fuel and furnace chamber for its implementation | |
| TR200401596A2 (en) | "Specially designed double fuel smokeless boiler without pipe, full automatic continuous coal feeding, developed special dry desulfurization system and two combustion chambers" | |
| SU1218244A1 (en) | Method of solid fuel layer combustion | |
| CN205504958U (en) | Coal -fired chain boiler | |
| FR2536839A3 (en) | Solid fuel boiler | |
| CN2643175Y (en) | A vacuum phase change coal-burning chain-grate boiler | |
| SU1204868A1 (en) | Pulverized coal swirling-type furnace | |
| CN2196235Y (en) | Single grate constant pressure boiler | |
| FR2660051A1 (en) | Heating installation fired by solid fuel, especially wood | |
| SU992904A1 (en) | Power fire box | |
| SU1467316A1 (en) | Method of burning-up low-grade pulverized solid fuel | |
| FR2587093A1 (en) | Device for feeding a solid-fuel boiler and for cleaning the grate of the boiler | |
| RU22983U1 (en) | TORCH AND LAYER HEATER | |
| CN2303172Y (en) | Protruding/concave composition type intensively combustion fire guiding arc | |
| FR2776761A1 (en) | Heat furnace, especially a glass furnace with complementary electric heaters | |
| FR2463892A1 (en) | Ignition system for boiler using pulverised fuel - has auxiliary burners meeting gases from moving grate below boiler | |
| CN2230422Y (en) | Smoke-removing boiler | |
| SU1740865A1 (en) | Method of burning of anthracite culm | |
| SU958773A1 (en) | Method of burning mean-moisture content brown coal in furnacewith solid slag removal |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ST | Notification of lapse |