EP3481777B1 - Process for the production of titanium dioxide, and titanium dioxide obtained thereby - Google Patents
Process for the production of titanium dioxide, and titanium dioxide obtained thereby Download PDFInfo
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- EP3481777B1 EP3481777B1 EP17736581.4A EP17736581A EP3481777B1 EP 3481777 B1 EP3481777 B1 EP 3481777B1 EP 17736581 A EP17736581 A EP 17736581A EP 3481777 B1 EP3481777 B1 EP 3481777B1
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 254
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 title description 15
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Chemical compound O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 siloxanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001399 aluminium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001414 amino alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005606 polypropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 23
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 21
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 17
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 15
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 14
- 229910021502 aluminium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 235000010215 titanium dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 11
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000001120 potassium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 7
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000329 aluminium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 239000001164 aluminium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011128 aluminium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- GKPXMGUNTQSFGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-ynyl 1-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2h-pyridine-5-carboxylate;4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1.CC#CCOC(=O)C1=CCCN(C)C1 GKPXMGUNTQSFGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;trisulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 238000002050 diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YDZQQRWRVYGNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;titanium;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Ti].[Fe] YDZQQRWRVYGNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005169 Debye-Scherrer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001422033 Thestylus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910010416 TiO(OH)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012297 crystallization seed Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FLTRNWIFKITPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Fe] FLTRNWIFKITPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYVLHQRADFNKAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] IYVLHQRADFNKAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003112 potassium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanic acid Chemical compound O[Ti](O)(O)O LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
- C01G23/08—Drying; Calcining ; After treatment of titanium oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/008—Titanium- and titanyl sulfate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
- C01G23/053—Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
- C01G23/053—Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts
- C01G23/0532—Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts by hydrolysing sulfate-containing salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
- C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
- C09C1/3669—Treatment with low-molecular organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
- C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
- C09C1/3676—Treatment with macro-molecular organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
- C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
- C09C1/3684—Treatment with organo-silicon compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/60—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/14—Pore volume
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
- C01P2006/64—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values b* (yellow-blue axis)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for the production of titanium dioxide with a fraction of at most 10% (numerical) of crystallites with a size of less than 100 nm, as well as the titanium dioxide obtained by this process.
- titanium dioxide-containing raw materials slag, ilmenite
- slag, ilmenite titanium dioxide-containing raw materials
- the reaction between the raw materials and the concentrated sulphuric acid is carried out in batches in lined reaction vessels.
- the digestion reaction almost all of the metal oxides present in the raw materials which react with sulphuric acid are transformed into the corresponding metal sulphates.
- a solid mass (digestion cake) remains which is dissolved with water and/or dilute sulphuric acid.
- This digestion solution which is known as black liquor, is completely freed from the undissolved components (digestion residues, gangue) by sedimentation and/or filtration processes. Further on in the process, a suspension of metatitanic acid is produced from the solids-free digestion solution by hydrolysis.
- the metatitanic acid can be supplied to the downstream process by washing, bleaching and, if appropriate, salt treatment, as well as filtration.
- the digestion residues precipitating out during the solid/liquid separation processes as sediment or filter cake are mashed with water and/or dilute sulphuric acid and are dumped after neutralization, usually with calcium hydroxide suspension and fresh filtration.
- the object of the invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and also in particular to provide a process for the production of titanium dioxide using the sulphate process which can in a simple manner produce a titanium dioxide with a low proportion of primary crystallites with a dimension of at most 100 nm.
- the process in accordance with the invention may be carried out in the following manner: the titanium dioxide-containing raw materials (slag, ilmenite) are dried and ground and then digested with concentrated sulphuric acid (for example 90% H 2 SO 4 ). After a maturation period of several hours, for example, the solid mass obtained from digestion of the titanium dioxide raw material is dissolved in water, for example with acidified return water. Insoluble components are separated in a clarifier. The clarified titanium-containing solution from the clarifier discharge is freed from the remaining solid in filter presses.
- concentrated sulphuric acid for example 90% H 2 SO 4
- Dissolved trivalent iron is transformed into the divalent form by adding scrap iron, because problematically, Fe 2+ precipitates out as Fe(OH) 3 together with the metatitanic acid and would then be adsorbed on it. Depending on the Fe content, FeSO 4 . 7 H 2 O precipitates out after cooling and is removed from the system.
- metatitanic acid a precursor of titanium dioxide
- metatitanic acid a precursor of titanium dioxide
- no crystallization seeds are added and the seeds are formed in situ according to Blumenfeld.
- the metatitanic acid precipitated out during hydrolysis is in the form of a suspension.
- the suspension of titanium oxide particles with formula TiO (2-x) (OH) 2x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) may be metatitanic acid with formula TiO(OH) 2 .
- Other hydrated forms such as orthotitanic acid are transformed into metatitanic acid by cleavage of H 2 O.
- titanium dioxide suspension formed by this suspension of titanium oxide hydrate and/or hydrated titanium oxide particles with general formula TiO (2-x) (OH) 2x in which (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), or mixtures thereof, preferably has the following properties:
- the metatitanic acid formed in this manner may contain free as well as bound sulphuric acid, wherein the crystalline portions of the titanium-oxygen compounds it contains, as mentioned above, are in the anatase crystal form and have a typical primary crystallite dimension of approximately 5-15 nm.
- the metatitanic acid is filtered off and washed in washing tanks.
- the pasty filter cake is filtered and washed again after an intermediate treatment.
- auxiliary agents are added to the suspension of this intermediate product prior to calcining; these auxiliary agents control the growth of the crystals as well as counter rutile formation to some extent.
- alkali components are added as the auxiliary agents, in particular one or more potassium components, as well as phosphorus components, in particular phosphates.
- the potassium components may also be replaced by a sodium component or a mixture of the two.
- the phosphorus component may be added in the form of phosphoric acid or in the form of a water-soluble phosphate compound, for example potassium dihydrogen phosphate. It is used in an amount of at least 0.1% by weight, in particular at least 0.12% by weight and at most 0.3% by weight, in particular at most 0.2% by weight, more particularly preferably in the range 0.12% to 0.2% by weight of P, expressed in terms of phosphorus and expressed as the quantity of TiO 2 in the final product in accordance with the invention.
- the inventors have shown that below the minimum amount of 0.1% by weight, rutile formation is greater and above the maximum amount, crystal growth is inhibited as a function of the calcining temperature.
- the potassium components are in particular added in the form of a water-soluble potassium compound, for example as potassium sulphate or as potassium hydroxide.
- the potassium may also be used as a counter-ion to the phosphate group, so that the pH of the final product can also be adjusted (pH 7.0 to 8.5).
- pH 7.0 to 8.5 the pH of the final product can also be adjusted.
- 1200 to 1400 ppm of potassium with respect to the quantity of TiO 2 is used.
- Calcining the starting material which is usually at ambient temperature, is carried out until a constant temperature is reached, at a temperature of at least 940°C, in particular at least 960°C and less than 1020°C, in particular less than 1010°C, in particular in the range 970°C to 990°C.
- Calcining is continued at a constant temperature for a period of time which depends on the calcining temperature, until the primary crystallites reach the desired size with X 50 (mean primary crystallite size with 50% smaller and 50% larger than the mean value X 50 ) of at least 160 nm, in particular at least 200 nm, and preferably less than 300 nm, and the calcined TiO 2 contains a proportion of less than 1.5% by weight of rutile with respect to the weight of the particles.
- the time period for calcining is 40 to 300 minutes in the constant temperature range mentioned above.
- an aluminium component is added.
- the addition may be in the form of aluminium sulphate or aluminium hydroxide, and the amount added is at least 1 ppm, in particular at least 10 ppm and at most 500 ppm of Al, expressed as Al and with respect to the quantity of TiO 2 . Quantities beyond 1000 ppm inhibit the growth of crystals and then no longer provide the desired properties for the same temperature.
- a weight ratio of Al 2 O 3 to Nb 2 O 5 of between 0.17 and 0.74 has been shown to be advantageous.
- the calcining temperature in cooperation with the added auxiliary agents provides a product with the desired properties as regards primary crystallite size, in particular the specific surface area, proportion of crystallites with a proportion of at most 10% (numerical) with a dimension of less than 100 nm (nano-fraction) and colour.
- a particulate TiO 2 which has the following properties:
- the invention concerns a particulate TiO 2 with the following properties:
- the TiO 2 material in accordance with the invention is suitable for those applications in which such a proportion of such particle sizes might be considered to be unsafe, for example in the field of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and care products for the human body, as well as in polymers which are used as packaging for foodstuffs or as fibres.
- the TiO 2 material in accordance with the invention undergoes a subsequent treatment with an organic compound.
- the invention therefore also concerns:
- the aqueous "titanium oxide suspension” was initially diluted in a solution of 1 g of Calgon/I of deionized water in order to produce a concentration of approximately 0.4 g of TiO 2 in 60 ml of solution.
- the "titanium oxide” suspension diluted in this manner was initially dispersed for 5 min in an ultrasound bath (for example a Sonorex Super RK106, from Bandelin) with stirring, and then dispersed for 5 min with an ultrasound finger (Sonifier W-450 from Branson with a gold booster for amplitude reinforcement and 3 ⁇ 4 inch horn).
- the particle size distribution was determined by means of a photon correlation spectrometer using Zetasizer Advanced Software, for example the Zetasizer 1000HSa, from Malvern. A measurement was carried out with multimode acquisition at a temperature for the measurement of 25°C. The mean particle size d 50 given was the d 50 value for volume distribution, which corresponds to the mass distribution with density taken into account.
- phase identification In order to determine the crystal phase (phase identification), an X ray diffractogram was recorded. On it, the intensities according to the Bragg relationship of the X rays deflected by the lattice planes of a crystal were measured against the angle of deflection 2 theta. A phase has a typical X ray diffraction diagram.
- the material to be investigated was painted onto the preparation support with the aid of an object carrier.
- the powder diffractometry data was analysed with the aid of the JCPDS powder diffractometry database. The phase was identified when the measured diffraction diagram matched the recorded pattern of spots.
- the specific surface area and the pore structure were determined by N 2 porosimetry using the Autosorb 6 or 6B instrument from Quantachrome GmbH.
- the BET (Brunnauer, Emmet and Teller) specific surface area was determined in accordance with DIN ISO 9277; the pore distribution was measured in accordance with DIN 66134.
- the sample weighed into the measurement cell was initially dried in the heating station for 16 h under vacuum. Next, it was heated under vacuum to 180°C over approximately 30 min. The temperature was then maintained for one hour, still under vacuum. The sample was considered to have been sufficiently degassed when in the degasser a pressure of 20 - 30 millitorr was set and, after uncoupling the vacuum pump, the needle on the vacuum gauge remained stable for approximately 2 minutes.
- Total pore volume analysis The pore volume was determined in accordance with the Gurvich rule (determination from the last adsorption point)
- the total pore volume was determined in accordance with DIN 66134, applying the Gurvich rule.
- the total pore volume of a sample is determined from the final pressure point in the adsorption measurement:
- the method determines dimensional data of pigment crystallites, such as the number and volume distribution, the nano-fraction, shape information and typical parameters such as X 10 , X 50 and X 90 .
- dimensional data of pigment crystallites such as the number and volume distribution, the nano-fraction, shape information and typical parameters such as X 10 , X 50 and X 90 .
- the edges of the crystals were outlined using a touch-sensitive screen. The object data obtained in this manner are brought together in an overall distribution.
- the pigment was dispersed with a solvent and the suspension was dried on a support.
- the analysis contains:
- the Al content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- the P content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- the Nb content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- the K content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- Measurement protocol illuminant C, 2° standard observer, measurement geometry: 45/0
- a titanyl sulphate solution containing 230 g/l of TiO 2 was obtained using the known sulphate process for the production of titanium dioxide by digesting titanium slag in concentrated sulphuric acid, then dissolving the digestion cake obtained in water and separating the undigested residues.
- metatitanic acid a precursor of titanium dioxide, was precipitated out of the titanyl sulphate solution as a solid by heating to 98°C and adding hot water.
- the metatitanic acid precipitated out during the hydrolysis was washed at a temperature of 80°C on suction filters with 8l of demineralized water per kg of TiO 2 , and then treated for 1 hour at 80°C with Ti(III) solution in order to remove adsorbed heavy metals and then washed again on a suction filter with 8 I of demineralized water per kg of TiO 2 .
- the filter cake was elutriated with water to 300 g/l of TiO 2 (washed metatitanic acid).
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ) and 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 930°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 930°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 in water.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 1040°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 , with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) and aluminium hydroxide powder (1000 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1100 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ), 85% phosphoric acid (0.09% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 930°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 , with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 , with water.
- a washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO 2 , with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO 2 ), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO 2 ) and aluminium hydroxide powder (60 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO 2 ) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- the product in accordance with the invention is distinguished by a crystallite size with a small numerical fraction of crystallites of at most 100 nm of at most 10%, with a warm shade, which is of advantage, in particular with cosmetic products.
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Description
- The invention relates to a process for the production of titanium dioxide with a fraction of at most 10% (numerical) of crystallites with a size of less than 100 nm, as well as the titanium dioxide obtained by this process.
- In the production of titanium dioxide using the sulphate process, titanium dioxide-containing raw materials (slag, ilmenite) are dried and ground and then digested with concentrated sulphuric acid. The reaction between the raw materials and the concentrated sulphuric acid is carried out in batches in lined reaction vessels. During the digestion reaction, almost all of the metal oxides present in the raw materials which react with sulphuric acid are transformed into the corresponding metal sulphates. After the reaction, a solid mass (digestion cake) remains which is dissolved with water and/or dilute sulphuric acid.
- This digestion solution, which is known as black liquor, is completely freed from the undissolved components (digestion residues, gangue) by sedimentation and/or filtration processes. Further on in the process, a suspension of metatitanic acid is produced from the solids-free digestion solution by hydrolysis. The metatitanic acid can be supplied to the downstream process by washing, bleaching and, if appropriate, salt treatment, as well as filtration.
- The digestion residues precipitating out during the solid/liquid separation processes as sediment or filter cake are mashed with water and/or dilute sulphuric acid and are dumped after neutralization, usually with calcium hydroxide suspension and fresh filtration.
- Processes for the production of such titanium dioxides are known in the prior art. A process for the production of anatase with large crystals using added seed crystals has been described in
GB 2 247 009 EP 0 772 905 andEP 0 782 971 . However, these processes are all complicated to control and cannot reliably produce an anatase with the desired stability of colour. - The object of the invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and also in particular to provide a process for the production of titanium dioxide using the sulphate process which can in a simple manner produce a titanium dioxide with a low proportion of primary crystallites with a dimension of at most 100 nm.
- As an example, the process in accordance with the invention may be carried out in the following manner: the titanium dioxide-containing raw materials (slag, ilmenite) are dried and ground and then digested with concentrated sulphuric acid (for example 90% H2SO4). After a maturation period of several hours, for example, the solid mass obtained from digestion of the titanium dioxide raw material is dissolved in water, for example with acidified return water. Insoluble components are separated in a clarifier. The clarified titanium-containing solution from the clarifier discharge is freed from the remaining solid in filter presses.
- Dissolved trivalent iron is transformed into the divalent form by adding scrap iron, because problematically, Fe2+ precipitates out as Fe(OH)3 together with the metatitanic acid and would then be adsorbed on it. Depending on the Fe content, FeSO4 . 7 H2O precipitates out after cooling and is removed from the system.
- In the subsequent hydrolysis, metatitanic acid, a precursor of titanium dioxide, is precipitated out as a solid from the clarified solution by heating and adding water. Advantageously, during the hydrolysis, in accordance with the invention no crystallization seeds are added and the seeds are formed in situ according to Blumenfeld. In the prior art, it is known to hydrolyze titanyl sulphate in order to precipitate out hydrated titanium oxide, either by adding seed crystals ("Mecklenburg" process) or by inducing seed crystals within the solution by adding water ("Blumenfeld" process).
- The metatitanic acid precipitated out during hydrolysis is in the form of a suspension. In one embodiment, the suspension of titanium oxide particles with formula TiO(2-x)(OH)2x (0 ≤ x ≤1) may be metatitanic acid with formula TiO(OH)2. Other hydrated forms such as orthotitanic acid are transformed into metatitanic acid by cleavage of H2O.
- This "titanium dioxide suspension" formed by this suspension of titanium oxide hydrate and/or hydrated titanium oxide particles with general formula TiO(2-x)(OH)2x in which (0 ≤ x ≤1), or mixtures thereof, preferably has the following properties:
- a Ti content, expressed as titanium dioxide, of 50 - 400 g TiO2/l,
- a mean particle size of 20 nm - 1000 nm, preferably 20 nm - 500 nm, particularly preferably 50 nm - 200 nm, more particularly preferably 50 - 150 nm,
- a specific surface area for the particles of 200 - 500 m2/g, preferably 200 - 400 m2/g, particularly preferably 300 - 400 m2/g (measured after drying at 105 °C for at least 120 min, using N2 porosimetry, 5-point BET),
- a total pore volume for the particles of > 0.3 cm3/g, preferably > 0.5 cm3/g, particularly preferably > 0.7 cm3/g (measured after drying at 105 °C for at least 120 min, using N2 porosimetry, 5-point BET),
- the crystalline phases of the particles, after drying at 105 °C for at least 120 min, are in the anatase phase. After subtracting a linear background, the ratio of the height of the most intensive reflection of the anatase structure (reflection (101)) to the height of the most intensive reflection of the rutile structure (reflection (110)) is at least 20:1, preferably at least 40:1. Preferably, XRD analysis carried out as described in the section of the text entitled "Methods" in the description provides exclusively reflections of an anatase structure.
- The metatitanic acid formed in this manner may contain free as well as bound sulphuric acid, wherein the crystalline portions of the titanium-oxygen compounds it contains, as mentioned above, are in the anatase crystal form and have a typical primary crystallite dimension of approximately 5-15 nm.
- The metatitanic acid is filtered off and washed in washing tanks. The pasty filter cake is filtered and washed again after an intermediate treatment.
- After cleaning up the metatitanic acid, auxiliary agents are added to the suspension of this intermediate product prior to calcining; these auxiliary agents control the growth of the crystals as well as counter rutile formation to some extent.
- In accordance with the invention, alkali components are added as the auxiliary agents, in particular one or more potassium components, as well as phosphorus components, in particular phosphates. The potassium components may also be replaced by a sodium component or a mixture of the two.
- The phosphorus component may be added in the form of phosphoric acid or in the form of a water-soluble phosphate compound, for example potassium dihydrogen phosphate. It is used in an amount of at least 0.1% by weight, in particular at least 0.12% by weight and at most 0.3% by weight, in particular at most 0.2% by weight, more particularly preferably in the range 0.12% to 0.2% by weight of P, expressed in terms of phosphorus and expressed as the quantity of TiO2 in the final product in accordance with the invention. The inventors have shown that below the minimum amount of 0.1% by weight, rutile formation is greater and above the maximum amount, crystal growth is inhibited as a function of the calcining temperature.
- The potassium components are in particular added in the form of a water-soluble potassium compound, for example as potassium sulphate or as potassium hydroxide. The potassium may also be used as a counter-ion to the phosphate group, so that the pH of the final product can also be adjusted (pH 7.0 to 8.5). In this regard, in accordance with the invention, depending on the added amount of phosphorus, 1200 to 1400 ppm of potassium with respect to the quantity of TiO2 is used.
- The metatitanic acid washed in the earlier stages which have been described and treated with the alkali and phosphorus components is then dewatered using filtration equipment and supplied to the calcining furnace. During calcining, water from the supplied TiO2 filter cake is vaporized, and the sulphuric acid still adhering from digestion is decomposed and driven off.
- Calcining the starting material, which is usually at ambient temperature, is carried out until a constant temperature is reached, at a temperature of at least 940°C, in particular at least 960°C and less than 1020°C, in particular less than 1010°C, in particular in the range 970°C to 990°C. Calcining is continued at a constant temperature for a period of time which depends on the calcining temperature, until the primary crystallites reach the desired size with X50 (mean primary crystallite size with 50% smaller and 50% larger than the mean value X50) of at least 160 nm, in particular at least 200 nm, and preferably less than 300 nm, and the calcined TiO2 contains a proportion of less than 1.5% by weight of rutile with respect to the weight of the particles. The time period for calcining is 40 to 300 minutes in the constant temperature range mentioned above.
- The inventors have shown that because of impurities in the raw materials, in particular niobium, which cannot be washed out, the anatase product becomes bluer and bluer with increasing calcining temperature because, in order to compensate for the pentavalent niobium, a reduction of Ti4+ occurs to form the blue Ti3+. To compensate for the colour, in accordance with the invention, an aluminium component is added. The addition may be in the form of aluminium sulphate or aluminium hydroxide, and the amount added is at least 1 ppm, in particular at least 10 ppm and at most 500 ppm of Al, expressed as Al and with respect to the quantity of TiO2. Quantities beyond 1000 ppm inhibit the growth of crystals and then no longer provide the desired properties for the same temperature. A weight ratio of Al2O3 to Nb2O5 of between 0.17 and 0.74 has been shown to be advantageous.
- The calcining temperature in cooperation with the added auxiliary agents provides a product with the desired properties as regards primary crystallite size, in particular the specific surface area, proportion of crystallites with a proportion of at most 10% (numerical) with a dimension of less than 100 nm (nano-fraction) and colour.
- Thus, in accordance with the invention, a particulate TiO2 can be obtained which has the following properties:
- a TiO2 content of at least 99% by weight;
- an anatase content of more than 98%, in particular more than 98.5%;
- a primary crystallite size X50 of at least 200 nm, and in particular at most 300 nm (determined from the numerical distribution);
- a numerical fraction of TiO2 with a primary crystallite size of at most 100 nm of at most 10% (X10) (determined by counting these crystallites in TEM or SEM images - Feret method);
- a specific surface area of at most 8 m2/g, in particular < 6 m2/g (determined by BET measurements);
- 1200 to 2400 ppm of alkali, in particular potassium, with respect to the quantity of TiO2;
- an Al content of at least 1 ppm and at most 500 ppm of Al, expressed as Al and with respect to the quantity of TiO2;
- a weight ratio of Al2O3 to Nb2O5 in the range 0.17 to 0.74;
- 0.1% by weight and at most 0.3% by weight of P, expressed as phosphorus and with respect to the quantity of TiO2 in the final product;
- a proportion of less than 1.5% by weight, in particular less than 1% by weight of rutile, with respect to the weight of the particles.
- Thus, the invention concerns a particulate TiO2 with the following properties:
- a TiO2 content of at least 99% by weight;
- an anatase content of at least 98%;
- a primary crystallite size X50 of at least 200 nm (determined from the numerical distribution);
- a numerical fraction of TiO2 with a primary crystallite size of at most 100 nm of at most 10% (X10);
- a specific surface area of at most 8 m2/g (determined by BET measurements);
- 1200 to 2400 ppm of alkali, in particular potassium, with respect to the quantity of TiO2
- an Al content of at least 1 ppm and at most 500 ppm of Al, expressed as Al and with respect to the quantity of TiO2;
- a weight ratio of Al2O3 to Nb2O5 in the range 0.17 to 0.74; and
- at least 0.1% by weight and at most 0.3% by weight of P, expressed as phosphorus and with respect to the quantity of TiO2.
- A particulate TiO2 as defined above, with an anatase content of at least 98.5% by weight;
A particulate TiO2 as defined above, with a numerical fraction of TiO2 with a primary crystallite size of at most 100 nm of at most 8%;
A particulate TiO2 as defined above, with a specific surface area of at most 6 m2/g (determined by BET measurements);
A particulate TiO2 as defined above, with a primary crystallite size X50 of at most 300 nm; as well as
A process for the production of particulate TiO2 as defined above, in which metatitanic acid which is preferably obtainable using the sulphate process and is in the form of a suspension, is supplemented with an alkali compound in a quantity of 1200 to 2400 ppm of alkali, a phosphorus compound in a quantity of at least 0.1 % by weight and at most 0.3% by weight of P, expressed as phosphorus, and an aluminium compound in a quantity of at least 1 ppm and at most 500 ppm of Al, expressed as Al, wherein all of the quantities are respectively with respect to the quantity of TiO2, is preferably dewatered and dried and then undergoes calcining in a manner such that the particulate TiO2 is held at a constant temperature of between at least 940°C and at most 1020°C for a period of time until the numerical fraction X50 of TiO2 has a primary crystallite size of at least 200 nm, and the particulate TiO2 obtained after cooling undergoes a grinding treatment, in particular dry grinding. - Because of its smaller quantities of particle sizes in the nanometre range, the TiO2 material in accordance with the invention is suitable for those applications in which such a proportion of such particle sizes might be considered to be unsafe, for example in the field of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and care products for the human body, as well as in polymers which are used as packaging for foodstuffs or as fibres. In the latter applications, advantageously, the TiO2 material in accordance with the invention undergoes a subsequent treatment with an organic compound. The invention therefore also concerns:
- particulate TiO2 as described above, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the particles has been coated with an organic compound or mixtures thereof;
- particulate TiO2 as described above, wherein the organic compound is selected from polyglycols including polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols or copolymers thereof, carboxylic acids and their alkali salts, polyvalent alcohols, including trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol and neopentyl glycol, silanes, siloxanes and siloxane derivatives, silicone oils, alkali salts of polyphosphates, amino alcohols, salts of poly(meth)acrylic acid or poly(meth)acrylate copolymers (for example sodium, potassium or ammonium polyacrylates) or mixtures thereof, as well as:
- particulate TiO2 as described above, wherein the organic substance is used in a quantity of 0.01% to 8% by weight, particularly preferably 0.05% to 4% by weight, more particularly preferably 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the particulate TiO2.
- In order to determine the mean particle size of titanium oxide with general formula TiO(2-x)(OH)2x in which 0 < x ≤ 1, the aqueous "titanium oxide suspension" was initially diluted in a solution of 1 g of Calgon/I of deionized water in order to produce a concentration of approximately 0.4 g of TiO2 in 60 ml of solution. The "titanium oxide" suspension diluted in this manner was initially dispersed for 5 min in an ultrasound bath (for example a Sonorex Super RK106, from Bandelin) with stirring, and then dispersed for 5 min with an ultrasound finger (Sonifier W-450 from Branson with a gold booster for amplitude reinforcement and ¾ inch horn). The particle size distribution was determined by means of a photon correlation spectrometer using Zetasizer Advanced Software, for example the Zetasizer 1000HSa, from Malvern. A measurement was carried out with multimode acquisition at a temperature for the measurement of 25°C. The mean particle size d50 given was the d50 value for volume distribution, which corresponds to the mass distribution with density taken into account.
- In order to determine the crystal phase (phase identification), an X ray diffractogram was recorded. On it, the intensities according to the Bragg relationship of the X rays deflected by the lattice planes of a crystal were measured against the angle of deflection 2 theta. A phase has a typical X ray diffraction diagram.
- The material to be investigated was painted onto the preparation support with the aid of an object carrier. The powder diffractometry data was analysed with the aid of the JCPDS powder diffractometry database. The phase was identified when the measured diffraction diagram matched the recorded pattern of spots.
- Typical measurement conditions were as follows: 2 theta = 10° - 70°, measured in steps of 2 theta = 0.02°, measurement period per step: 1.2 s.
- The crystallite size was determined using the Scherrer method from the half-height widths of the anatase reflection at a 2 theta of 25.3° using the following formula:
D crystallite: crystallite size [nm] K: shape constant = 0.9 theta: angle of measured reflection 2 theta/2 S: half-height width of measured reflection I: wavelength of X ray beam used. - The specific surface area and the pore structure (pore volume and pore diameter) were determined by N2 porosimetry using the Autosorb 6 or 6B instrument from Quantachrome GmbH. The BET (Brunnauer, Emmet and Teller) specific surface area was determined in accordance with DIN ISO 9277; the pore distribution was measured in accordance with DIN 66134.
- The sample weighed into the measurement cell was initially dried in the heating station for 16 h under vacuum. Next, it was heated under vacuum to 180°C over approximately 30 min. The temperature was then maintained for one hour, still under vacuum. The sample was considered to have been sufficiently degassed when in the degasser a pressure of 20 - 30 millitorr was set and, after uncoupling the vacuum pump, the needle on the vacuum gauge remained stable for approximately 2 minutes.
- The entire N2 isotherm was measured using 20 adsorption points and 25 desorption points. The measurements were analysed as follows:
Specific surface area (multi-point BET):
5 measurement points in the analysis range of 0.1 to 0.3 p/p0 - Total pore volume analysis:
The pore volume was determined in accordance with the Gurvich rule
(determination from the last adsorption point) - The total pore volume was determined in accordance with DIN 66134, applying the Gurvich rule. In accordance with what is known as the Gurvich rule, the total pore volume of a sample is determined from the final pressure point in the adsorption measurement:
- p. pressure of adsorptive
- p0. saturated vapour pressure of adsorptive
- Vp. specific pore volume in accordance with Gurvich rule (total pore volume at p/Po = 0.99) reached by quasi-final adsorption pressure point obtained from the measurement.
- Determination of mean pore diameter (hydraulic pore diameter): the relationship 4Vp/ABET was used for the calculation, corresponds to the "Average Pore Diameter". ABET specific surface area in accordance with ISO 9277.
- The method determines dimensional data of pigment crystallites, such as the number and volume distribution, the nano-fraction, shape information and typical parameters such as X10, X50 and X90. With the aid of electron microscope images, the edges of the crystals were outlined using a touch-sensitive screen. The object data obtained in this manner are brought together in an overall distribution.
- The pigment was dispersed with a solvent and the suspension was dried on a support. A SEM and/or TEM image was produced at four different locations of the support,. If a nanoclassification was to be carried out in accordance with EU regulations, then the magnification has to be at least V=50000.
- The SEM or TEM images were analysed using Image Pro Plus software with the aid of a macro. Here, the outer edges of the individual crystallites are outlined with the stylus, as can be seen in
Figure 1 - an illustration of the measurement procedure and types of diameter. - In total, at least 500 particles have to be assessed on all the images. The dimensional data obtained in this manner was analysed using an Excel spreadsheet.
- The analysis contains:
- volume and numerical distribution of the mean (primary) crystallite diameter (ECD)
- numerical distribution of the smallest (primary) crystallite diameter (Feret min)
- nano-fraction in accordance with EC regulations
- X10, X50, X90 distribution data
- In order to determine the nano-fraction, the smallest diameter flank (Feretmin) and the mean diameter from the crystal size data (ECD: Equivalent) were determined. The calibration was carried out from the scale bars of each individual image.
- Determination of TiO2 content on pressed powder pellets using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA)
- The Al content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- The P content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- The Nb content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- The K content of the pressed powder pellets was determined using X ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA).
- Determination of colorimetric measurements L*, a*, b* using the CIELAB system from the measurement of the standard colour values X, Y, Z of pressed powder pellets using the Color Eye 7000A measurement system (pellets produced in accordance with DIN 5033 T9).
- Measurement protocol: illuminant C, 2° standard observer, measurement geometry: 45/0
- The invention will be explained in more detail by means of the following Comparative Examples and Examples.
- A titanyl sulphate solution containing 230 g/l of TiO2 was obtained using the known sulphate process for the production of titanium dioxide by digesting titanium slag in concentrated sulphuric acid, then dissolving the digestion cake obtained in water and separating the undigested residues. In a subsequent Blumenfeld hydrolysis, metatitanic acid, a precursor of titanium dioxide, was precipitated out of the titanyl sulphate solution as a solid by heating to 98°C and adding hot water. The metatitanic acid precipitated out during the hydrolysis was washed at a temperature of 80°C on suction filters with 8l of demineralized water per kg of TiO2, and then treated for 1 hour at 80°C with Ti(III) solution in order to remove adsorbed heavy metals and then washed again on a suction filter with 8 I of demineralized water per kg of TiO2. Next, the filter cake was elutriated with water to 300 g/l of TiO2 (washed metatitanic acid).
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2) and 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 930°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 930°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2 in water.
- 25% potassium hydroxide (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium sulphate powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 930°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 1040°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2, with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium hydroxide powder (1000 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2 with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1100 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.09% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 930°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2, with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2, with water.
- 25% potassium hydroxide (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium hydroxide powder (110 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
- A washed metatitanic acid was produced as described in Comparative Example A and adjusted to 300 g/l of TiO2, with water.
- Potassium sulphate powder (1650 ppm of potassium expressed as TiO2), 85% phosphoric acid (0.14% by weight of phosphorus expressed as TiO2) and aluminium hydroxide powder (60 ppm of aluminium expressed as TiO2) were added with stirring to 6 kg of this washed metatitanic acid in a mixing tank with a propeller stirrer, stirring was continued for a further 1 hour, drying was carried out in a drying cabinet at 105°C and then calcining was carried out in batches for 90 min at 980°C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The calcined material was ground in a spiral jet mill.
Table 1 - Summary of experimental conditions Example K component K added [ppm] P component P added [%] Al component Al added [ppm] Calcining temperature [°C] A K2SO4 1650 H3PO4 0.14 none 0 930 B K2SO4 1650 H3PO4 0.14 Al(OH)3 110 930 C KOH 1650 H3PO4 0.14 Al2(SO4)3 110 930 D K2SO4 1650 H3PO4 0.14 none 0 980 E K2SO4 1650 H3PO4 0.14 Al(OH)3 110 1040 F K2SO4 1650 H3PO4 0.14 Al(OH)3 1000 980 G K2SO4 1100 H3PO4 0.09 Al(OH)3 110 980 1 K2SO4 1650 H3PO4 0.14 Al(OH)3 110 980 2 KOH 1650 H3PO4 0.14 Al2(SO4)3 110 980 3 K2SO4 1650 H3PO4 0.14 Al(OH)3 60 980 Table 2 - Results Example Al2O3/Nb2O5 Anatase [%] TiO2 [%] Crystallite size X50 [nm] Nano-fraction [% <100 nm] BET [m2/g] CIE b* A - 98.9 99.1 100 49 10.7 0.2 B 0.66 99.1 99.0 98 52 10.8 0.3 C 0.66 98.6 99.0 95 58 11.1 0.3 D - 98.6 99.2 218 5 5.3 -1.7 E 0.66 97.5 99.1 293 2 3.0 1.2 F 6.00 98.9 98.9 180 17 8.8 1.6 G 0.66 98.0 99.3 237 3 4.8 0.9 1 0.66 98.8 99.0 213 7 5.5 0.7 2 0.66 98.9 99.0 208 4 5.2 0.7 3 0.36 98.7 99.1 215 5 5.4 0.5 - Visual perceived colour by observer of TiO2 powder:
CIE b* > 0.5 yellowish white CIE b* 0 to 0.5 neutral white CIE b* < 0 bluish white - The product in accordance with the invention is distinguished by a crystallite size with a small numerical fraction of crystallites of at most 100 nm of at most 10%, with a warm shade, which is of advantage, in particular with cosmetic products.
Claims (9)
- Particulate TiO2 with the following properties:- a TiO2 content of at least 99% by weight;- an anatase content of at least 98% by weight;- a primary crystallite size X50 of at least 200 nm;- a numerical fraction of TiO2 with a primary crystallite size of at most 100 nm of at most 10% (X10);- a specific surface area of at most 8 m2/g (determined by BET measurements);- 1200 to 2400 ppm of alkali, in particular potassium, with respect to the quantity of TiO2- an Al content of at least 1 ppm and at most 500 ppm of AI, expressed as Al and with respect to the quantity of TiO2;- a weight ratio of Al2O3 to Nb2O5 in the range 0.17 to 0.74; and- at least 0.1% by weight and at most 0.3% by weight of P, expressed as phosphorus and with respect to the quantity of TiO2.
- Particulate TiO2 as claimed in claim 1, with the following properties:- an anatase content of at least 98.5% by weight.
- Particulate TiO2 as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, with the following properties:- a numerical fraction of TiO2 with a primary crystallite size of at most 100 nm of at most 8%.
- Particulate TiO2 as claimed in one of the preceding claims, with the following properties:- a specific surface area of at most 6 m2/g (determined by BET measurements).
- Particulate TiO2 as claimed in one of the preceding claims, with the following properties:- a primary crystallite size X50 of at most 300 nm.
- Particulate TiO2 as claimed in one of the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the particles has been coated with an organic compound or mixtures thereof.
- Particulate TiO2 as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the organic compound is selected from polyglycols including polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols or copolymers thereof, carboxylic acids and their alkali salts, polyvalent alcohols, including trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol and neopentyl glycol, silanes, siloxanes and siloxane derivatives, silicone oils, alkali salts of polyphosphates, amino alcohols, salts of poly(meth)acrylic acid or poly(meth)acrylate copolymers (for example sodium, potassium or ammonium polyacrylates) or mixtures thereof.
- Particulate TiO2 as claimed in claim 6 or claim 7, characterized in that the organic substance is used in a quantity of 0.01 % to 8% by weight, particularly preferably 0.05% to 4% by weight, more particularly preferably 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the particulate TiO2.
- A process for the production of particulate TiO2 as claimed in one of claims 1 to 8, in which metatitanic acid which is preferably obtainable using the sulphate process and is in the form of a suspension, is supplemented with an alkali compound in a quantity of 1200 to 2400 ppm of alkali, a phosphorus compound in a quantity of at least 0.1% by weight and at most 0.3% by weight of P, expressed as phosphorus, and an aluminium compound in a quantity of at least 1 ppm and at most 500 ppm of AI, expressed as Al, wherein all of the quantities are respectively with respect to the quantity of TiO2, is preferably dewatered and dried and then undergoes calcining in a manner such that the particulate TiO2 is held at a constant temperature of between at least 940°C and at most 1020°C for a period of 40-300 minutes, whereby the numerical fraction X50 of TiO2 has a primary crystallite size of at least 200 nm, and the particulate TiO2 obtained after cooling undergoes a grinding treatment, in particular dry grinding.
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ZA201900086B (en) | 2019-12-18 |
US11542173B2 (en) | 2023-01-03 |
ES2870957T3 (en) | 2021-10-28 |
JP6970174B2 (en) | 2021-11-24 |
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