EP1961676A2 - Rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products with improved lower seal - Google Patents

Rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products with improved lower seal Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP1961676A2
EP1961676A2 EP08151351A EP08151351A EP1961676A2 EP 1961676 A2 EP1961676 A2 EP 1961676A2 EP 08151351 A EP08151351 A EP 08151351A EP 08151351 A EP08151351 A EP 08151351A EP 1961676 A2 EP1961676 A2 EP 1961676A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coffee
capsule
edge
lower edge
rigid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08151351A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1961676A3 (en
EP1961676B1 (en
Inventor
Raffaele Rondelli
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Macchiavelli SRL
Original Assignee
Arnoplast Srl
Macchiavelli SRL
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Arnoplast Srl, Macchiavelli SRL filed Critical Arnoplast Srl
Priority to SI200830279T priority Critical patent/SI1961676T1/en
Priority to PL08151351T priority patent/PL1961676T3/en
Publication of EP1961676A2 publication Critical patent/EP1961676A2/en
Publication of EP1961676A3 publication Critical patent/EP1961676A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1961676B1 publication Critical patent/EP1961676B1/en
Priority to CY20111100590T priority patent/CY1111580T1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/70—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for
    • B65D85/804—Disposable containers or packages with contents which are mixed, infused or dissolved in situ, i.e. without having been previously removed from the package
    • B65D85/8043—Packages adapted to allow liquid to pass through the contents
    • B65D85/8064—Sealing means for the interface with the processing machine

Definitions

  • the present innovation relates to a rigid capsule or cartridge for the containment of coffee or other products soluble in hot water for the preparation of beverages; other soluble products are generally in granular or powder form such as, for example, barley, milk powder and similar products or leaf-derived products such as, for example, tea, chamomile or herbal tea.
  • the present innovation is advantageously applied to a rigid capsule for the containment of coffee to which the following description explicitly refers but without any loss of generality; it is clear that the rigid capsule according to the present innovation may be used for the containment of other soluble products for the preparation of beverages.
  • a rigid capsule for coffee is essentially cylindrical or tapered in shape and is defined by a container in plastic material closed at the top with an upper surface and closed at the bottom with a lower surface.
  • the coffee powder and a filter are arranged inside the cartridge so as to come into contact with the lower part of the cartridge.
  • the lower surface and/or the upper surface of the cartridge are made of rigid perforated plastic.
  • hot water is delivered under pressure onto the upper surface of the cartridge and passes through the upper surface so as to reach the powder product within the cartridge, retaining the aromas in order to produce the beverage.
  • the beverage then passes through the filter that retains the powder product and escapes through the lower surface of the cartridge to be collected in a cup for consumption by the user.
  • the percolation chamber of a beverage extraction apparatus is defined by an upper hot water supply element that rests sealingly against the upper surface of the coffee cartridge and by a lower coffee extraction element that rests sealingly against the lower surface of the coffee cartridge.
  • a known coffee cartridge of the type currently available on the market must be of proportions that are perfectly suited to the proportions of the percolation chamber since, in the case of even slight differences in proportions, a good seal is not obtained between the coffee cartridge and the elements of the percolation chamber and, consequently, some hot water and/or coffee leaks outside the percolation chamber, staining the beverage extraction machine. Furthermore, in the case of a particularly weak seal in relation to the upper surface of the coffee cartridge, the hot water may not be able to reach sufficient pressure to adequately penetrate the coffee cartridge and would therefore result in the production of very poor quality coffee.
  • a known coffee cartridge of the type currently available on the market requires a percolation chamber whose proportions are specific for that coffee cartridge and cannot be easily used in a percolation chamber that is not specifically proportioned. Therefore, a specific coffee capsule has to be produced for each family of beverage extraction machines and it is not possible to produce a universal coffee capsule that can be used for more than one family of beverage extraction machines.
  • the purpose of the present innovation is to provide a rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products that overcomes the drawbacks described above and, at the same time, is simple and cost-effective to produce.
  • number 1 indicates, as a whole, a rigid capsule for coffee defined by a container 2 in plastic material closed at the top with an upper surface 3 and closed at the bottom with a lower surface 4.
  • the lower surface 4 has a lower internal annular edge 5, which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface 4, and a lower external annular edge 6, which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface 4, is arranged coaxially and externally with respect to the lower edge 5, and whose height is lower than the lower edge 5.
  • the lower edge 5 has a total height of about 2.30 mm and the lower edge 6 has a total height of about 1.50 mm. Consequently, the difference in height between the lower edge 5 and the lower edge 6 is about 0.70 mm; more generally, the difference in height between the lower edge 5 and the lower edge 6 could be between 0.60 and 0.80 mm, but could also be outside this range.
  • each lower edge 5 or 6 has a trapezoidal cross-section with the larger base coplanar with the lower surface 4.
  • the upper surface 3 houses a disk of permeable fabric fixed to said upper surface 3.
  • the lower internal edge 5 of the lower surface 4 initially comes into contact with the lower element; the pressure exerted by the lower element deforms said lower surface 4 (which tends to form a bulge) until the lower external edge 6 of the lower surface 4 also comes into contact with the lower element.
  • the lower internal edge 5 does not form a regular contact with the lower element because of the buckling of the lower surface 4 and therefore does not achieve a good seal; instead, the external edge 6 forms a regular contact with the lower element and therefore succeeds in achieving a perfect seal that prevents any leakage of coffee. This result is obtained even if there are some differences in proportion between the capsule 1 and the lower element.
  • the capsule 1 described above has many advantages, as it is simple and cost-effective to produce while at the same time it enables a good seal to be achieved with a lower element of a percolation chamber of a beverage extraction machine even if there are differences in proportion between the capsule 1 and said lower element.
  • the capsule 1 is a universal capsule that can be used in more than one family of beverage extraction machines.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Making Beverages (AREA)
  • Packging For Living Organisms, Food Or Medicinal Products That Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditiond (AREA)
  • Tea And Coffee (AREA)

Abstract

Rigid capsule (1) for coffee or other soluble products; the capsule (1) is defined by a container (2) in plastic material closed at the top with an upper surface (3) and closed at the bottom with a lower surface (4); the lower surface (4) has a first lower internal annular edge (5), which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface (4), and a second lower external annular edge (6), which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface (4), is arranged coaxially and externally with respect to the first lower edge (5), and whose height is lower than the first lower edge (5)

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present innovation relates to a rigid capsule or cartridge for the containment of coffee or other products soluble in hot water for the preparation of beverages; other soluble products are generally in granular or powder form such as, for example, barley, milk powder and similar products or leaf-derived products such as, for example, tea, chamomile or herbal tea.
  • The present innovation is advantageously applied to a rigid capsule for the containment of coffee to which the following description explicitly refers but without any loss of generality; it is clear that the rigid capsule according to the present innovation may be used for the containment of other soluble products for the preparation of beverages.
    • PRIOR ART
  • A rigid capsule for coffee is essentially cylindrical or tapered in shape and is defined by a container in plastic material closed at the top with an upper surface and closed at the bottom with a lower surface. The coffee powder and a filter are arranged inside the cartridge so as to come into contact with the lower part of the cartridge.
  • Generally the lower surface and/or the upper surface of the cartridge are made of rigid perforated plastic. When the cartridge is inserted in a percolation chamber of a beverage extraction machine, hot water is delivered under pressure onto the upper surface of the cartridge and passes through the upper surface so as to reach the powder product within the cartridge, retaining the aromas in order to produce the beverage. The beverage then passes through the filter that retains the powder product and escapes through the lower surface of the cartridge to be collected in a cup for consumption by the user. The percolation chamber of a beverage extraction apparatus is defined by an upper hot water supply element that rests sealingly against the upper surface of the coffee cartridge and by a lower coffee extraction element that rests sealingly against the lower surface of the coffee cartridge.
  • A known coffee cartridge of the type currently available on the market must be of proportions that are perfectly suited to the proportions of the percolation chamber since, in the case of even slight differences in proportions, a good seal is not obtained between the coffee cartridge and the elements of the percolation chamber and, consequently, some hot water and/or coffee leaks outside the percolation chamber, staining the beverage extraction machine. Furthermore, in the case of a particularly weak seal in relation to the upper surface of the coffee cartridge, the hot water may not be able to reach sufficient pressure to adequately penetrate the coffee cartridge and would therefore result in the production of very poor quality coffee.
  • Consequently, a known coffee cartridge of the type currently available on the market requires a percolation chamber whose proportions are specific for that coffee cartridge and cannot be easily used in a percolation chamber that is not specifically proportioned. Therefore, a specific coffee capsule has to be produced for each family of beverage extraction machines and it is not possible to produce a universal coffee capsule that can be used for more than one family of beverage extraction machines.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE INNOVATION
  • The purpose of the present innovation is to provide a rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products that overcomes the drawbacks described above and, at the same time, is simple and cost-effective to produce.
  • According to the present innovation a rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products is produced as set forth in the appended claims.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • The present innovation will now be described with reference to the attached drawings, illustrating a nonlimiting embodiment thereof, in which:
    • Figure 1 illustrates a schematic perspective view of a rigid capsule for coffee produced in accordance with the present innovation; and
    • Figure 2 illustrates a side view, partially shown in cross-section, of the rigid capsule for coffee shown in Figure 1.
    PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INNOVATION
  • In Figure 1, number 1 indicates, as a whole, a rigid capsule for coffee defined by a container 2 in plastic material closed at the top with an upper surface 3 and closed at the bottom with a lower surface 4.
  • As shown in Figure 2, the lower surface 4 has a lower internal annular edge 5, which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface 4, and a lower external annular edge 6, which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface 4, is arranged coaxially and externally with respect to the lower edge 5, and whose height is lower than the lower edge 5. For example, the lower edge 5 has a total height of about 2.30 mm and the lower edge 6 has a total height of about 1.50 mm. Consequently, the difference in height between the lower edge 5 and the lower edge 6 is about 0.70 mm; more generally, the difference in height between the lower edge 5 and the lower edge 6 could be between 0.60 and 0.80 mm, but could also be outside this range.
  • Preferably, each lower edge 5 or 6 has a trapezoidal cross-section with the larger base coplanar with the lower surface 4. Preferably, the upper surface 3 houses a disk of permeable fabric fixed to said upper surface 3.
  • In use, when the lower surface 4 of the capsule 1 comes into contact with a lower element of a percolation chamber of a beverage extraction machine, the lower internal edge 5 of the lower surface 4 initially comes into contact with the lower element; the pressure exerted by the lower element deforms said lower surface 4 (which tends to form a bulge) until the lower external edge 6 of the lower surface 4 also comes into contact with the lower element. In this situation, the lower internal edge 5 does not form a regular contact with the lower element because of the buckling of the lower surface 4 and therefore does not achieve a good seal; instead, the external edge 6 forms a regular contact with the lower element and therefore succeeds in achieving a perfect seal that prevents any leakage of coffee. This result is obtained even if there are some differences in proportion between the capsule 1 and the lower element.
  • The capsule 1 described above has many advantages, as it is simple and cost-effective to produce while at the same time it enables a good seal to be achieved with a lower element of a percolation chamber of a beverage extraction machine even if there are differences in proportion between the capsule 1 and said lower element. In this way, the capsule 1 is a universal capsule that can be used in more than one family of beverage extraction machines.

Claims (5)

  1. Rigid capsule (1) for coffee or other soluble products; the capsule (1) is defined by a container (2) in plastic material closed at the top with an upper surface (3) and closed at the bottom with a lower surface (4); the capsule (1) is characterized in that the lower surface (4) has a first lower annular edge (5), which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface (4), and a second lower annular edge (6), which rises perpendicularly from the lower surface (4), is arranged coaxially and externally with respect to the first lower edge (5), and whose height is lower than the first lower edge (5).
  2. Capsule (1) according to claim 1, wherein the first lower edge (5) has an overall height of about 2.30 mm and the second lower edge (6) has an overall height of about 1.50 mm.
  3. Rigid capsule (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the difference in height between the first lower edge (5) and the second lower edge (6) is about 0.70 mm.
  4. Capsule (1) according to claim 3, wherein the difference in height between the first lower edge (5) and the second lower edge (6) is between 0.60 and 0.80 mm.
  5. Rigid capsule (1) according to one of the claims from 1 to 4, wherein each lower edge (5, 6) has a trapezoidal cross-section with the larger base coplanar with the lower surface (4).
EP08151351A 2007-02-14 2008-02-13 Rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products with improved lower seal Active EP1961676B1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SI200830279T SI1961676T1 (en) 2007-02-14 2008-02-13 Rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products with improved lower seal
PL08151351T PL1961676T3 (en) 2007-02-14 2008-02-13 Rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products with improved lower seal
CY20111100590T CY1111580T1 (en) 2007-02-14 2011-06-22 RIGID COFFEE FOR BROWN OR OTHER SOLVENT PRODUCTS WITH IMPROVED LOW SHAMPOO

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000014U ITBO20070014U1 (en) 2007-02-14 2007-02-14 RIGID COFFEE CAPSULE OR OTHER SOLUBLE SOLUBLE IMPROVED SEALING

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1961676A2 true EP1961676A2 (en) 2008-08-27
EP1961676A3 EP1961676A3 (en) 2009-07-29
EP1961676B1 EP1961676B1 (en) 2011-04-06

Family

ID=39512616

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08151351A Active EP1961676B1 (en) 2007-02-14 2008-02-13 Rigid capsule for coffee or other soluble products with improved lower seal

Country Status (11)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1961676B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE504523T1 (en)
CY (1) CY1111580T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602008005945D1 (en)
DK (1) DK1961676T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2364100T3 (en)
HR (1) HRP20110481T1 (en)
IT (1) ITBO20070014U1 (en)
PL (1) PL1961676T3 (en)
PT (1) PT1961676E (en)
SI (1) SI1961676T1 (en)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITBO20090086A1 (en) * 2009-02-18 2010-08-19 Tazza D Oro S R L CAPS FOR INFUSION PRODUCTS
WO2010134036A1 (en) 2009-05-20 2010-11-25 Torrefazione Mokador S.R.L. Capsule for infusion products
CN102491006A (en) * 2011-11-25 2012-06-13 九阳股份有限公司 Bean flour refill bag, soybean milk manufacturing method and equipment for preparing soybean milk
WO2012104795A1 (en) * 2011-02-01 2012-08-09 Camardo S.P.A. Capsule for preparing liquid products
ITBO20120314A1 (en) * 2012-06-07 2013-12-08 Torrefazione Rekiko Caffe S A S CAPS FOR INFUSION PRODUCTS
ITRE20120061A1 (en) * 2012-09-25 2014-03-26 Ind Societa Cooperati Va Coop DISPOSABLE CARTRIDGE FOR DRINK PREPARATION
WO2014012783A3 (en) * 2012-07-16 2014-04-10 Tuttoespresso S.R.L. Capsule and brewing system with adaptable sealing element
ITTO20121125A1 (en) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-22 Lavazza Luigi Spa CARTRIDGE FOR THE PREPARATION OF A LIQUID PRODUCT AND PROCEDURE FOR REALIZING IT
RU2536680C2 (en) * 2009-06-17 2014-12-27 Конинклейке Дауве Егбертс Б.В. Capsule, system and method for preparation of preset quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
ITBO20130481A1 (en) * 2013-09-11 2015-03-12 Macchiavelli Srl CAPS FOR INFUSION PRODUCTS
US20190077587A1 (en) * 2013-02-22 2019-03-14 Luigi Lavazza S.P.A. Cartridge, machine and system for the preparation of beverages and process for manufacturing the cartridge

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020162775A1 (en) 2019-02-08 2020-08-13 Novadelta - Comércio E Indústria De Cafés, Lda Capsule of composite material and structural configuration of reinforced base
US20220135316A1 (en) 2019-02-08 2022-05-05 Novadelta - Comércio E Indústria De Cafés, Lda Capsule of composite material and structural configuration of reinforced lateral and base

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0615921A1 (en) 1993-03-17 1994-09-21 General Foods Limited Rigid cartridge for coffee or the like

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0615921A1 (en) 1993-03-17 1994-09-21 General Foods Limited Rigid cartridge for coffee or the like

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITBO20090086A1 (en) * 2009-02-18 2010-08-19 Tazza D Oro S R L CAPS FOR INFUSION PRODUCTS
WO2010134036A1 (en) 2009-05-20 2010-11-25 Torrefazione Mokador S.R.L. Capsule for infusion products
CN102428011A (en) * 2009-05-20 2012-04-25 卡斯特拉里控股有限公司 Capsule For Infusion Products
US9944456B2 (en) 2009-06-17 2018-04-17 Koninklijke Douwe Egberts B.V. Capsule, system and method for preparing a predetermined quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
US11401106B2 (en) 2009-06-17 2022-08-02 Koninklijke Douwe Egberts B.V. Capsule, system and method for preparing a predetermined quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
US10597224B2 (en) 2009-06-17 2020-03-24 Koninklijke Douwe Egberts B.V. Capsule, system and method for preparing a predetermined quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
EP2630899B1 (en) * 2009-06-17 2019-05-08 Koninklijke Douwe Egberts B.V. Capsule, system and method for preparing a predetermined quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
US9307857B2 (en) 2009-06-17 2016-04-12 Koninklijke Douwe Egberts B.V. Capsule, system and method for preparing a predetermined quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
RU2536680C2 (en) * 2009-06-17 2014-12-27 Конинклейке Дауве Егбертс Б.В. Capsule, system and method for preparation of preset quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
US9611089B2 (en) 2009-06-17 2017-04-04 Koninklijke Douwe Egberts B.V. Capsule, system and method for preparing a predetermined quantity of beverage suitable for consumption
WO2012104795A1 (en) * 2011-02-01 2012-08-09 Camardo S.P.A. Capsule for preparing liquid products
CN102491006A (en) * 2011-11-25 2012-06-13 九阳股份有限公司 Bean flour refill bag, soybean milk manufacturing method and equipment for preparing soybean milk
ITBO20120314A1 (en) * 2012-06-07 2013-12-08 Torrefazione Rekiko Caffe S A S CAPS FOR INFUSION PRODUCTS
EP3199473A1 (en) * 2012-07-16 2017-08-02 Tuttoespresso S.r.l. Capsule and brewing system with radially extending adaptable sealing element
RU2633241C2 (en) * 2012-07-16 2017-10-11 Туттоэспрессо С.Р.Л. Capsule and system for preparation of beverages with adaptive sealing element
JP2015526146A (en) * 2012-07-16 2015-09-10 トゥットエスプレッソ エス．アール．エル． Capsule and extraction device with an adaptive sealing element
CN105164025A (en) * 2012-07-16 2015-12-16 图托埃布莱束有限公司 Capsule and brewing system with adaptable sealing element
WO2014012783A3 (en) * 2012-07-16 2014-04-10 Tuttoespresso S.R.L. Capsule and brewing system with adaptable sealing element
EP2872421B1 (en) 2012-07-16 2017-03-22 Tuttoespresso S.r.l. Brewing system with adaptable sealing element
AU2013292241B2 (en) * 2012-07-16 2017-12-14 Tuttoespresso S.R.L. Capsule and brewing system with adaptable sealing element
KR20150042193A (en) * 2012-07-16 2015-04-20 투토에스프레소 에스.알.엘. Capsule and brewing system with adaptable sealing element
EP2711311A1 (en) * 2012-09-25 2014-03-26 Coop Industria - Societa' Cooperativa A disposable cartridge for preparation of beverages
ITRE20120061A1 (en) * 2012-09-25 2014-03-26 Ind Societa Cooperati Va Coop DISPOSABLE CARTRIDGE FOR DRINK PREPARATION
WO2014097039A1 (en) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-26 Luigi Lavazza S.P.A. Cartridge for preparing a liquid product, and process for production thereof
RU2621958C2 (en) * 2012-12-21 2017-06-08 Луиджи Лавацца С.П.А. Cartridge for liquid product preparation and method of its manufacturing
ITTO20121125A1 (en) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-22 Lavazza Luigi Spa CARTRIDGE FOR THE PREPARATION OF A LIQUID PRODUCT AND PROCEDURE FOR REALIZING IT
US20190077587A1 (en) * 2013-02-22 2019-03-14 Luigi Lavazza S.P.A. Cartridge, machine and system for the preparation of beverages and process for manufacturing the cartridge
US10947034B2 (en) * 2013-02-22 2021-03-16 Luigi Lavazza S.P.A. Cartridge, machine and system for the preparation of beverages and process for manufacturing the cartridge
ITBO20130481A1 (en) * 2013-09-11 2015-03-12 Macchiavelli Srl CAPS FOR INFUSION PRODUCTS
WO2015036955A1 (en) * 2013-09-11 2015-03-19 Macchiavelli S.R.L. Capsule for infusion products

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2364100T3 (en) 2011-08-24
ITBO20070014U1 (en) 2008-08-15
EP1961676A3 (en) 2009-07-29
HRP20110481T1 (en) 2011-07-31
PT1961676E (en) 2011-05-31
DE602008005945D1 (en) 2011-05-19
DK1961676T3 (en) 2011-07-04
CY1111580T1 (en) 2015-10-07
PL1961676T3 (en) 2011-09-30
EP1961676B1 (en) 2011-04-06
SI1961676T1 (en) 2011-08-31
ATE504523T1 (en) 2011-04-15

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