EP1795576A1 - Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons - Google Patents
Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1795576A1 EP1795576A1 EP05028780A EP05028780A EP1795576A1 EP 1795576 A1 EP1795576 A1 EP 1795576A1 EP 05028780 A EP05028780 A EP 05028780A EP 05028780 A EP05028780 A EP 05028780A EP 1795576 A1 EP1795576 A1 EP 1795576A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- process according
- mpa
- fatty acids
- fatty acid
- feedstock
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 57
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 47
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 26
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000006114 decarboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000006606 decarbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000006392 deoxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 90
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 90
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- -1 fatty acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000006324 decarbonylation Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910003294 NiMo Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical group [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JGDFBJMWFLXCLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper chromite Chemical compound [Cu]=O.[Cu]=O.O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O JGDFBJMWFLXCLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012013 faujasite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 29
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 57
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 19
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 17
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000003784 tall oil Substances 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)(=O)O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 4
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004530 micro-emulsion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XDOFQFKRPWOURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16-methylheptadecanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O XDOFQFKRPWOURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl palmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 2
- MNWFXJYAOYHMED-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)=O MNWFXJYAOYHMED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009904 heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZHUXMBYIONRQQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxidodioxidocarbon(.) Chemical compound [O]C(O)=O ZHUXMBYIONRQQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004668 long chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000005480 straight-chain fatty acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCLJODPNBNEBKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C VCLJODPNBNEBKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043268 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Brassidinsaeure Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Erucic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006576 Kolbe electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IUHFWCGCSVTMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[C] Chemical class [C].[C] IUHFWCGCSVTMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MKUXAQIIEYXACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N aciclovir Chemical compound N1C(N)=NC(=O)C2=C1N(COCCO)C=N2 MKUXAQIIEYXACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004177 carbon cycle Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N erucic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002149 estolides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005802 health problem Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003278 mimic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021281 monounsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004291 sulphur dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tristearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G3/45—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof
- C10G3/46—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten metals or compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G3/47—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G3/48—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used further characterised by the catalyst support
- C10G3/49—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used further characterised by the catalyst support containing crystalline aluminosilicates, e.g. molecular sieves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/50—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen donors or hydrogen generating compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
- C10G2300/1014—Biomass of vegetal origin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
- C10G2300/1018—Biomass of animal origin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/44—Solvents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons, particularly branched hydrocarbons from renewable sources and to a process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons, suitable for diesel fuel pool.
- the process comprises a skeletal isomerisation step and a deoxygenation step carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation or hydrodeoxygenation.
- Fatty acids have been used as raw materials in various applications in the chemical industry, typically in the manufacture of products ranging from lubricants, polymers, fuels and solvents to cosmetics.
- Fatty acids are generally obtained from wood pulping processes or by hydrolysis of triglycerides of vegetable or animal origin.
- Naturally occurring triglycerides are usually esters of glycerol and straight chain, even numbered carboxylic acids having 10-26 carbon atoms. Most common fatty acids contain 16, 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms.
- Fatty acids may either be saturated or they may contain one or more unsaturated bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids are often olefinic having carbon-carbon double bonds with cis configuration. The unsaturated centres appear in preferred positions in the carbon chain.
- Saturated long straight chain fatty acids (C10:0 and higher) are solid at room temperature, which makes their processing and use difficult in a number of applications.
- Unsaturated long chain fatty acids like e.g. oleic acid are easily processable liquids at room temperature, but they are unstable because of double bond(s).
- Branched fatty acids mimic the properties of straight chain unsaturated fatty acids in many respects, but they are more stable.
- branched C18:0 fatty acid known as isostearic acid
- isostearic acid is liquid at room temperature, but it is not as unstable as C18:1 acid, since the unsaturated bonds are absent in branched C18:0. Therefore, branched fatty acids are more desirable for many applications than straight chain fatty acids.
- Biodiesel is mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, which conform to ASTM D6751 or EN 14214 specification for use in diesel engines as described in following Table 1. Biodiesel refers to pure fuel before blending with diesel fuel (B100). TABLE 1.
- Biodiesel (B100, 100 %) Property ASTM D6751 EN 14214 Units Density at 15 °C 860-900 kg/m 3 Flash point (closed cup) 130 ⁇ 120 °C Water and sediment ⁇ 0.050 ⁇ 0.050 % Kinematic viscosity 40°C 1.9-6.0 3.5-5.0 mm 2 /s Sulfated ash ⁇ 0.020 ⁇ 0.020 % mass Sulfur ⁇ 0.05 ⁇ 0.001 % mass Cetane number ⁇ 47 ⁇ 51 Carbon residue ⁇ 0.050 % mass Carbon residue 10 % dist bottom ⁇ 0.3 % mass Acid number ⁇ 0.80 ⁇ 0.5 mg KOH/g Free glycerol ⁇ 0.020 ⁇ 0.02 % mass Total glycerol ⁇ 0.240 ⁇ 0.25 % mass Phosphorus content ⁇ 0.001 ⁇ 0.001 % mass
- Cetane number has been established for describing the ignition quality of diesel fuel or its components. Branching and chain length influence CN, the CN decreasing with decreasing chain length and increasing branching.
- Hexadecane C 16 H 34 has a CN of 100, and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8 - heptamethylnonane C 16 H 34 has a CN of 15. From structural features also double bonds decrease CN. Further, compounds with unsaturation can cause gumming in engines.
- HG gross heat of combustion
- HG of paraffinic and ester biodiesels are as follows: HG of hexadecane is 2559 kg cal/mol at 20 °C and of methyl palmitate (C16:0) 2550 kg cal/mol.
- Cloud point presents the temperature where a petroleum product shows just a cloud or haze of wax crystals when it is cooled under standard test conditions, as described in standard ASTM D2500. Cloud point measures the ability of the fuel to be used in cold weather without plugging filters and supply lines.
- Pour point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel will just flow when tested under the conditions described in standard ASTM D97. It is recommended by engine manufacturers that the cloud point should be below the temperature of use and not more than 6 °C above the pour point. Branching, saturation and chain length influence also cloud and pour points and they decrease with decreasing chain length, increasing unsaturation and increasing branching.
- the viscosity of vegetable oils is approximately one order of magnitude greater than that of conventional diesel fuels. High viscosity results in poor atomization in combustion chamber, thus causing coking of nozzles and deposits.
- Biodiesel is an alternative fuel, produced from renewable sources and it contains no petroleum. It can be blended in minor amounts with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend, further it is non-toxic and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications.
- Diesel fuels based on biological material have been demonstrated to have significant environmental benefits in terms of decreased global warming impacts, reduced emissions, greater energy independence and a positive impact on agriculture.
- Methyl esters of long-chain acids have higher cloud and pour points than the corresponding triglycerides and conventional diesel fuels. Cloud and pour points are important features when operating engines in cooler environment.
- triglycerides forming the main component in vegetable oils are converted into the corresponding esters with an alcohol in the presence of catalysts.
- Methanol is the most commonly used alcohol due to its low cost and easy separation from the resulting methyl ester and glycerol phases.
- Micro-emulsion fuels are composed of conventional diesel fuel and/or vegetable oil, a simple alcohol, an amphiphilic compound such as a surfactant and a cetane improver. Trace quantities of water are usually required for formation of the microemulsion.
- Sulphur free fuels are required in order to gain the full effect of new and efficient anti-pollution technologies in modem vehicles and to cut emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile hydrocarbons and particles, as well as to achieve direct reduction of sulphur dioxide in exhaust gases.
- the European Union has decreed that these products must be available to the market from 2005 and must be the only form on sale from 2009. This new requirement will reduce annual sulphur emissions from automotive fuels.
- Branched fatty acids and fatty acid esters are obtained by isomerisation of straight chain, unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid esters having a corresponding chain length, as described in patent US 5,856,539 .
- branched C18:0 acids are prepared from straight chain C18:1 acids or also C 18:2 acids.
- US 4,554,397 discloses a process for the manufacture of linear olefins from saturated fatty acids or esters by decarboxylation using a catalytic system, which consists of nickel and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lead, tin and germanium.
- Additives may be included in the above-mentioned catalysts and for example sulphur derivatives may be added to decrease the hydrogenating power of nickel and make the reaction more selective for olefin formation reaction.
- the presence of hydrogen was necessary to maintain the activity of the catalyst.
- the reaction was carried out at a temperature of 300 - 380 °C and the pressure was atmospheric pressure or higher.
- Unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons produced in the side reactions in the above-mentioned processes make the obtained products unattractive for the diesel pool.
- the unbranched and highly saturated structures cause poor low-temperature properties.
- FI 100248 describes a two-step process for producing middle distillate from vegetable oil by hydrogenating fatty acids or triglycerides of vegetable oil using commercial sulphur removal catalysts (NiMo and CoMo) to give n-paraffins and then by isomerising said n-paraffms using metal containing molecule sieves or zeolites to obtain branched-chain paraffins.
- the hydrotreating was carried out at reaction temperatures of 330 - 450 °C.
- An object of the invention is a process for the manufacture of branched saturated hydrocarbons from renewable sources.
- a further object of the invention is a process for the manufacture of branched saturated hydrocarbons suitable for the diesel fuel pool.
- Skeletal isomerisation is understood to mean formation of branches in the main carbon chain while the carbon number of the compound is not altered.
- Deoxygenation is understood to mean removal of carboxyl oxygen, such as fatty acid or fatty acid ester oxygen. Deoxygenation may be carried out by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) or decarboxylation/decarbonylation.
- HDO hydrodeoxygenation
- decarboxylation/decarbonylation decarboxylation/decarbonylation
- Decarboxylation/decarbonylation is understood to mean removal of carboxyl oxygen through CO 2 (decarboxylation) and/or through CO (decarbonylation).
- Hydrodeoxygenation means removal of oxygen as water using hydrogen.
- branched fatty acids is herein to be understood to comprise fatty acids containing one or more alkyl side groups, which can be attached to the carbon chain at any position.
- Said alkyl groups are generally C 1 -C 4 alkyl chains.
- Pressures are here understood to mean overpressures above atmospheric pressure.
- the present invention relates to a catalytic process for the manufacture of branched saturated hydrocarbons, which are suitable for diesel fuel pool, from renewable sources, such as plant, vegetable, animal and fish fats and oils and fatty acids.
- the invention concerns the transformation of a feedstock comprising fatty acids or fatty acid esters with lower alcohols into branched fatty acids or fatty acid esters with a acidic catalyst, followed by converting the obtained branched fatty acids or fatty acid esters into branched hydrocarbons either by contacting with a heterogeneous decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst or with a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst.
- the branched hydrocarbon product formed via the decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction has one carbon atom less than the original fatty acid, and the branched hydrocarbon product formed via the hydrodeoxygenation reaction has an equal number of carbon atoms compared to the original fatty acid.
- a high quality hydrocarbon product with good low temperature properties and high cetane number is obtained, employing minimum amount of hydrogen in the process.
- saturated and branched hydrocarbon suitable for biodiesel fuel, can be obtained from oxygen containing feedstocks originating from renewable sources by skeletal isomerisation followed by removal of oxygen utilising deoxygenation carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation or hydrodeoxygenation.
- a feedstock comprising unsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters with lower alcohols, or mixtures thereof are subjected to skeletal isomerisation wherein they are isomerised to fatty acids or fatty acid alkyl esters containing short alkyl branches in their carbon chain.
- the branched products are deoxygenated.
- the deoxygenation is carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation wherein oxygen is removed in the form of CO and CO 2 , or alternatively by hydrodeoxygenation wherein oxygen is removed in the form of H 2 O from the isomerised fatty acids or fatty acid alkyl esters.
- the process may also comprise an optional prehydrogenation step before the deoxygenation step to remove unsaturation after skeletal isomerisation and to liberate lower alcohol in hydrodeoxygenation.
- the process according to the invention provides a convenient way for the manufacture of branched hydrocarbons from fatty acids or fatty acid esters with lower alcohols.
- the fatty acid and fatty acid esters originate from biological feedstock such as plant, vegetable, animal and fish oils and fats.
- the feedstock comprises fatty acids or fatty acid esters with C 1 - C 5 , preferably C 1 - C 3 alcohols, or mixtures thereof.
- the feedstock preferably originates from biological raw materials such as plant, vegetable, animal and fish oils and fats. Biological raw materials my be treated using any pre-treatment or purification method known in the art to obtain the fatty acids or fatty acid esters useful as the feedstock, such as hydrolysis etc.
- the feedstock comprises at least 20 % by weight, preferably at least 50 % by weight and particularly preferably 80 % by weight of unsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters.
- the feedstock may also comprise mixtures of fatty acids and fatty acid esters, but it is preferable to use either fatty acids or fatty acid esters.
- the unsaturated fatty acid used as the feedstock is a fatty acid having unsaturated bonds and a total carbon number of 8 to 26, preferably 12 to 20 and particularly preferably 12 to 18.
- degree of unsaturation i.e., the number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds
- any unsaturated fatty acids may be used as long as one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon are present in the molecule.
- the feedstock may comprise C 1 - C 5 , preferably C 1 - C 3 alkyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids having a total carbon number of 8 - 26, preferably 12 - 20 and particularly preferably 12 - 18, corresponding to the above-mentioned unsaturated fatty acids.
- suitable alkyl esters include methyl esters, ethyl esters and propyl esters of said unsaturated fatty acids, with preference given to methyl esters.
- the number of unsaturated bonds in the feedstock is 1 to 3.
- the feedstock comprises at least 40 % by weight of monounsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters, more preferably at least 70 % by weight.
- the feedstock may also comprise polyunsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters. The presence of an unsaturated bond in the molecule causes the formation of a cation as an intermediate, thereby facilitating the skeletal isomerisation reaction.
- branched chain fatty acids or alkyl esters of fatty acids are prepared.
- the earlier described feedstock is subjected to a skeletal isomerisation step.
- the skeletal isomerisation is carried out at a temperature of 150 - 400 °C, under the pressure of 0 - 5 MPa, preferably at 200 - 350 °C and 0.1 - 5 MPa and particularly preferably at 220 - 300 °C and 0.1 - 2 MPa using an acidic catalyst.
- Suitable acidic catalysts are silico alumino phosphates and zeolites, preferably faujasite, offeretite, montmorillonite and mordenite. Particularly preferably the catalyst is mordenite.
- Water or a lower alcohol may be added to the feedstock to suppress acid anhydride formation due to dehydration or dealcoholation. It is preferable to add water when the feedstock comprises unsaturated fatty acids and alcohol when the feedstock comprises esters of unsaturated fatty acids. Typically the amount of added water or lower alcohol is 0 - 8 %, and preferably 1-3 % by weight based on the total reaction mixture.
- the lower alcohol is C 1 - C 5 alcohol, and preferable alcohols are methanol, ethanol and propanol, with a greater preference given to those having the same alkyl group as that of the starting fatty acid ester to be isomerised. Excess water (more than 10 %) should be avoided in order to prevent estolide formation.
- the skeletal isomerisation step may also be carried out in the absence of water or lower alcohol.
- the skeletal isomerisation step may be carried out in a closed batch reactor under the reaction pressure. This is to prevent vaporization of water, alcohols and other low boiling substances in the system, including those substances contained in a catalyst.
- the reaction time is preferably less than 24 hours, more preferably less than 12 hours and most preferably less than 30 minutes.
- the amount of catalyst employed in the process is 0.01. - 30 % by weight based on the total reaction mixture, preferably the amount of catalyst used is 1 - 10 % by weight.
- the space velocity WHSV is 0.1 - 100 l/h, more preferably 0.1- 50 l/h and most preferably 1 - 10 l/h.
- the product from the skeletal isomerisation step contains both saturated as well as unsaturated branched chain fatty acids or esters of fatty acids.
- Possible by-products are cyclic acids and polymeric fatty acids, such as dimer acids and polymeric fatty acid esters, when the feedstock comprises esters of unsaturated fatty acids.
- the obtained branched chain compounds normally have short alkyl side chains, the length being from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and they are obtained as mixtures of many isomers with different branching positions.
- the obtained branched chain fatty acids or fatty acid esters are separated from dimer acids for example by distillation, their unsaturated bonds are prehydrogenated and then separated from linear, saturated alkyl fatty acids or their esters by solvent fractionation.
- the order of distillation, prehydrogenation and fractionation may be changed. Distillation and solvent fractionation steps may also be at the end of the process after deoxygenation.
- the skeletal isomerisation product may optionally be prehydrogenated in order to remove unsaturation, which may cause formation of coke on the catalyst surface in the subsequent catalytic steps.
- the prehydrogenation is carried out in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature 50 - 400 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 0.1 - 20 MPa, preferably at 150 - 250 °C and 1 - 10 MPa.
- the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst contains one or more Group VIII and/or VIA metals.
- the hydrogenation catalyst is Pd-, Pt-, Ni-, NiMo- or CoMo-catalyst on aluminum and/or silicon oxide support.
- the branched product from skeletal isomerisation may optionally be prehydrogenated before the final deoxygenation step to saturate the double bonds and to liberate the lower alcohol used in esterification.
- Fatty acid alkylesters are converted to fatty alcohols for hydrodeoxygenation. Liberated lower alcohol may be recycled after distillation.
- Fatty acid alkylesters are prehydrogenated with metal catalysts at 25-30 MPa hydrogen pressure and at temperature of 200 - 230 °C.
- the metal catalyst is preferably copper-chromite catalyst or chrome, ferrous or rhodium activated nickel catalyst.
- the branched product obtained from the skeletal isomerisation step is then subjected to deoxygenation carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation or hydrodeoxygenation.
- the saturated and branched fatty acids or esters of fatty acids and optionally a solvent or a mixture of solvents are brought into contact with a heterogeneous decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst selected from supported catalysts containing one or more Group VIII and/or VIA metals of the Periodic System.
- a heterogeneous decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst selected from supported catalysts containing one or more Group VIII and/or VIA metals of the Periodic System.
- the decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalysts are supported Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or a CoMo catalysts, the support being alumina and/or silica and/or carbon. Particularly preferably Pd on carbon and sulphided NiMo on alumina are used. Hydrogen may optionally be used.
- the decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction conditions may vary with the feedstock used.
- the reaction is carried out in liquid phase.
- the decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction is carried out at a temperature of 100 - 400 °C, preferably 250 - 350 °C.
- the reaction may be conducted under atmospheric pressure. However, in order to maintain the reactants in the liquid phase it is preferable to use higher pressure than the saturation vapour pressure of the feedstock at a given reaction temperature and thus the reaction pressure ranges from atmospheric pressure to 20 MPa and preferably from 0.1 to 5 MPa of inert gas/hydrogen mixture.
- the product obtained from this embodiment is a mixture of hydrocarbons, preferably branched paraffins boiling in the range of 180 - 350 °C, the diesel fuel range, and having one carbon atom less than the original fatty acid chain.
- the branched fatty acids or esters thereof obtained from the skeletal isomerisation step, or the fatty alcohols obtained by the optional prehydrogenation step, and optionally a solvent or a mixture of solvents are brought into contact with an optionally pre-treated heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts containing metals from Group VIII and/or VIA of the Periodic System, known in the art for hydrodeoxygenation.
- the hydrodeoxygenation catalysts are supported Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or a CoMo catalysts, the support being alumina and/or silica. Particularly preferably NiMo/Al 2 O 3 and CoMo/Al 2 O 3 catalysts are used.
- the pressure range can be varied between 1 and 20 MPa, preferably 2 - 10 MPa, and the temperature 200 - 500 °C, preferably 250 - 350 °C.
- the optional solvent in each deoxygenation embodiment can be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, such as paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons in the boiling range of 150 - 350 °C, and recycled process streams containing hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof, preferably the recycled product streams obtained from the process according to the invention are used.
- hydrocarbons such as paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons in the boiling range of 150 - 350 °C
- recycled process streams containing hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof, preferably the recycled product streams obtained from the process according to the invention are used.
- the process according to the invention yields a branched and paraffinic hydrocarbon product suitable for diesel fuel pool.
- the product contains typically some short carbon-carbon side branches, resulting in an exceptionally low cloud point and cold filter plugging point but still a good cetane number compared to the products obtained by the known methods.
- properties of the product produced with the process according to the invention (1) are compared to those obtained by processes according to the state of the art (2-6). All products are 100 % (B100) diesel components. Table 2.
- the structure of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product obtained using the process according to the invention is different from the one obtained for example when hydroisomerising C16-C22 normal paraffins.
- the branches are mainly in the middle of the long carbon chain, due to the common ⁇ 9 olefinic unsaturation positions responsible of branching.
- the branches are mainly near the end of the carbon main chain.
- the carbon number of the hydrocarbon product of the invention is C13-C22, typically C15-C18 and the carbon number in the product can be adjusted by changing the hydodeoxygenation and/or decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction conditions.
- the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains paraffins more than 80 vol-%, typically more than 99 vol-%.
- the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains n-paraffins less than 30 wt-%, typically less than 15 wt-%.
- the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains aromatics less than 20 vol-%, typically less than 10 vol-% according to method IP-391.
- Biodiesel components also contain 14 C-isotope, which can be used as an evidence of the bio origin of the fuel.
- the typical 14 C content of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product is at least 100 % based on radiocarbon content compared to radiocarbon content of air in the year 1950.
- the process according to the invention has several advantages. With the process, a branched, saturated hydrocarbon product comprising branched chains and suitable for the diesel fuel pool is obtained from renewable sources. Due to the absence of unsaturation in the hydrocarbon product, the oxidation stability is good and the tendency for polymerisation low compared to the conventional fatty acid methyl ester based biodiesel compounds.
- Branching in the paraffinic carbon chain enhances low temperature properties, such as cloud point, pour point and cold-filter plugging point.
- the extremely good low temperature properties make it possible to use the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product as diesel fuel or diesel fuel component also in arctic fuels.
- the branched, saturated hydrocarbon products manufactured according to the invention are designed for use in compression-ignition engines, where air is compressed until it is heated above the auto-ignition temperature of diesel fuel and then the fuel is injected as a high pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within the flammable limits of diesel. Because there is no ignition source, the diesel fuel is required to have a high cetane number and a low auto-ignition temperature.
- cetane number of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product is high, thus making the product suitable as cetane number improver.
- the cetane number gauges the ease with which the diesel fuel will auto-ignite when compressed. Higher cetane numbers indicate easier self-ignition and better engine operation.
- the high flash point of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product is important primarily from a fuel-handling standpoint.
- the flash point is remarkably lower.
- a too low flash point will cause fuel to be a fire hazard, subject to flashing, and possible continued ignition and explosion.
- a low flash point may indicate contamination by more volatile and explosive fuels, such as gasoline.
- the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains no sulphur.
- the catalysts and particulate filters can easily be adjusted to the sulphur-free hydrocarbon compound according to invention. Catalyst poisoning is reduced and catalyst service lifetime is significantly prolonged.
- composition of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product produced according the invention resembles highly those of conventional diesel fuels, thus it can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with no modifications, which is not the case with fatty acid methyl ester based bio-diesel compounds.
- the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel and with fatty acid methyl ester based bio-diesel compounds.
- the latter may be advantageous if the lubricity of the product needs to be enhanced.
- Distilled tall oil fatty acids were isomerised in a Parr high-pressure reactor with mordenite type zeolite.
- Tall oil fatty acids, 5 wt-% of the catalyst and 3 wt-% of water, calculated of total reaction mixture, were placed in a reactor and air was removed from the autoclave with purging nitrogen. The mixture was stirred with 300 rpm.
- the reactor was heated to 280 °C and kept under nitrogen atmosphere of 1.8 MPa for 6 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture obtained was taken from the autoclave, and the zeolite was filtered off. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure to yield monomeric acids.
- the monomeric acids thus obtained were placed in an autoclave, and double bonds were hydrogenated at 150 °C with a catalyst containing 5 wt-% Pd on carbon for 3 hours under hydrogen atmosphere of 2 MPa until the reaction was complete. Catalyst amount was 2 wt-% of monomeric acid. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled, and the catalyst was filtered off.
- the obtained crude branched chain fatty acids were subjected to a conventional solvent fractionation procedure to yield isomerised fatty acids.
- To the crude branched chain fatty acids about 2-fold amount by weight of hexane was added. After this mixture was cooled to -15 °C, the resulting crystals were filtered off. Then, the hexane was distilled off from the filtrate to yield purified isomerised fatty acids.
- the isomerised fatty acids were hydrodeoxygenated in a Parr high-pressure reactor with dried and presulphided NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst to the corresponding paraffins at a hydrogen pressure of 3.3 MPa and 340 °C temperature.
- the amount of catalyst was 2.5 wt-% of fatty acids.
- the product was a branched, mainly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture with the properties shown in Table II.
- the color of the product was lightly yellow and it contained ⁇ 10 ppm of sulphur originating from the HDO catalyst used in the batch hydrodeoxygenation.
- the distilled tall oil fatty acids were isomerised, the double bonds hydrogenated and the branched, saturated fatty acids hydrodeoxygenated otherwise as in example 1 except that the reactor temperature in the hydrodeoxygenation was lower, 325 °C.
- the isomerised fatty acids were hydrodeoxygenated in a Parr high-pressure reactor with dried and presulphided Nimo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst to paraffins at a hydrogen pressure of 3.3 MPa and 325 °C temperature.
- the amount of catalyst was 2.5 wt-% of fatty acids.
- the mixture was cooled to -15 °C and the resulting crystals were filtered off.
- the product was a branched, mainly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture with the properties shown in Table 3.
- the color of the product was crystal clear.
- Tall oil fatty acids were isomerised and prehydrogenated as in example 3.
- the isomerised fatty acids were loaded in a Parr high-pressure reactor and the carboxyl groups were removed with dried and presulphided NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst.
- Isomerised fatty acids were decarboxylated/decarbonylated to paraffins at a gas pressure of 0.3 MPa and 335 °C temperature.
- the amount of catalyst was 2.5 wt-% of fatty acids.
- the gas consisted of 10 % hydrogen in nitrogen.
- the product was a branched, mainly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture with the carbon chain length typically one carbon atom less than in the hydrodeoxygenation and with the properties shown in Table 3.
- the color of the product was crystal clear. Table 3.
- Properties of hydrocarbon products Method Analysis Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 ASTM D4052 Density 15°C, kg/m 3 811 809 799 800 ASTM D2887 Distillation Start °C 245 219 225 117 5 %, °C 277 281 270 170 10 %, °C 283 286 280 195 30 %, °C 294 293 294 262 50 %, °C 300 296 300 271 70 %, °C 309 310 309 283 90 %,°C 326 337 323 301 95 %, °C 362 443 357 312 End, °C 486 507 481 355 ASTM D445 kV40, cSt 4.0 4.4 3.8 2.4
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons, particularly branched hydrocarbons from renewable sources and to a process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons, suitable for diesel fuel pool. The process comprises a skeletal isomerisation step and a deoxygenation step carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation or hydrodeoxygenation.
- Fatty acids have been used as raw materials in various applications in the chemical industry, typically in the manufacture of products ranging from lubricants, polymers, fuels and solvents to cosmetics. Fatty acids are generally obtained from wood pulping processes or by hydrolysis of triglycerides of vegetable or animal origin. Naturally occurring triglycerides are usually esters of glycerol and straight chain, even numbered carboxylic acids having 10-26 carbon atoms. Most common fatty acids contain 16, 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms. Fatty acids may either be saturated or they may contain one or more unsaturated bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids are often olefinic having carbon-carbon double bonds with cis configuration. The unsaturated centres appear in preferred positions in the carbon chain. The most common position is ω9, like in oleic acic (C18:1) and erucic acid (C22:1). Polyunsaturated acids generally have a methylene-interrupted arrangement of cis-olefinic double bonds.
- Saturated long straight chain fatty acids (C10:0 and higher) are solid at room temperature, which makes their processing and use difficult in a number of applications. Unsaturated long chain fatty acids like e.g. oleic acid are easily processable liquids at room temperature, but they are unstable because of double bond(s).
- Branched fatty acids mimic the properties of straight chain unsaturated fatty acids in many respects, but they are more stable. For example branched C18:0 fatty acid, known as isostearic acid, is liquid at room temperature, but it is not as unstable as C18:1 acid, since the unsaturated bonds are absent in branched C18:0. Therefore, branched fatty acids are more desirable for many applications than straight chain fatty acids.
- Diesel fuels based on biological material are generally referred to as biodiesel. A definition for "biodiese1" is provided in Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) guidelines as follows: Biodiesel is mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, which conform to ASTM D6751 or EN 14214 specification for use in diesel engines as described in following Table 1. Biodiesel refers to pure fuel before blending with diesel fuel (B100).
TABLE 1. Specification for Biodiesel (B100, 100 %) Property ASTM D6751 EN 14214 Units Density at 15 °C 860-900 kg/m3 Flash point (closed cup) 130 ≥120 °C Water and sediment ≤0.050 ≤0.050 % Kinematic viscosity 40°C 1.9-6.0 3.5-5.0 mm2/s Sulfated ash ≤0.020 ≤0.020 % mass Sulfur ≤0.05 ≤0.001 % mass Cetane number ≥47 ≥51 Carbon residue ≤0.050 % mass Carbon residue 10 % dist bottom ≤0.3 % mass Acid number <0.80 <0.5 mg KOH/g Free glycerol ≤0.020 ≤0.02 % mass Total glycerol ≤0.240 ≤0.25 % mass Phosphorus content ≤0.001 ≤0.001 % mass - High cetane number, proper viscosity range and good low-temperature properties are required for a good diesel fuel. Cetane number (CN) has been established for describing the ignition quality of diesel fuel or its components. Branching and chain length influence CN, the CN decreasing with decreasing chain length and increasing branching. Hexadecane C16H34 has a CN of 100, and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8 - heptamethylnonane C16H34 has a CN of 15. From structural features also double bonds decrease CN. Further, compounds with unsaturation can cause gumming in engines.
- Besides CN, gross heat of combustion (HG) of a compound is essential in providing the suitability of the compound to be used as diesel fuel. For comparison the HGs of paraffinic and ester biodiesels are as follows: HG of hexadecane is 2559 kg cal/mol at 20 °C and of methyl palmitate (C16:0) 2550 kg cal/mol.
- Cloud point presents the temperature where a petroleum product shows just a cloud or haze of wax crystals when it is cooled under standard test conditions, as described in standard ASTM D2500. Cloud point measures the ability of the fuel to be used in cold weather without plugging filters and supply lines.
- Pour point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel will just flow when tested under the conditions described in standard ASTM D97. It is recommended by engine manufacturers that the cloud point should be below the temperature of use and not more than 6 °C above the pour point. Branching, saturation and chain length influence also cloud and pour points and they decrease with decreasing chain length, increasing unsaturation and increasing branching.
- The viscosity of vegetable oils is approximately one order of magnitude greater than that of conventional diesel fuels. High viscosity results in poor atomization in combustion chamber, thus causing coking of nozzles and deposits.
- Biodiesel is an alternative fuel, produced from renewable sources and it contains no petroleum. It can be blended in minor amounts with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend, further it is non-toxic and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications.
- Diesel fuels based on biological material have been demonstrated to have significant environmental benefits in terms of decreased global warming impacts, reduced emissions, greater energy independence and a positive impact on agriculture.
- It has been demonstrated that the use of diesel fuels based on biological material will result in a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. A biodiesel life-cycle study of 1998, jointly sponsored by the US Department of Energy and the US Department of Agriculture, concluded that biodiesel reduces net CO2 emissions by 78 percent compared to petroleum diesel. This is due to biodiesel's closed carbon cycle. CO2, released into the atmosphere when burning biodiesel, is recycled by growing plants, which are later processed into fuel. As such, the increased use of diesel fuels based on biological material represents an important step to meet the emission reduction target as agreed under the Kyoto agreement. It is also believed that particulate emissions and other harmful emissions, such as nitrogen oxides, alleviating human health problems, are reduced.
- Methyl esters of long-chain acids have higher cloud and pour points than the corresponding triglycerides and conventional diesel fuels. Cloud and pour points are important features when operating engines in cooler environment.
- Several approaches, as such transesterification, dilution, micro-emulsification and co-solvent blending, as well as pyrolysis have been suggested for obtaining diesel fuel from vegetable oils and other triacylglycerol based feedstocks. The object of said approaches is to reduce the high kinematic viscosity of neat vegetable oils, which can cause severe operational problems and improper atomization of the fuel.
- In transesterification, triglycerides forming the main component in vegetable oils are converted into the corresponding esters with an alcohol in the presence of catalysts. Methanol is the most commonly used alcohol due to its low cost and easy separation from the resulting methyl ester and glycerol phases.
- Diluting 0 - 34 % of vegetable oils with conventional diesel fuel leads to proper atomization but causes engine problems similar to those with neat vegetable oils.
- Micro-emulsion fuels are composed of conventional diesel fuel and/or vegetable oil, a simple alcohol, an amphiphilic compound such as a surfactant and a cetane improver. Trace quantities of water are usually required for formation of the microemulsion.
- Pyrolytic methods, Kolbe electrolysis and thermal and catalytic cracking of biomaterials like vegetable oils, their methyl esters and animal fats result in a wide spectrum of products, such as alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carboxylic acids. The reactions are generally unselective and less valuable by-products are formed too.
- Unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons present in the liquid fraction make the products obtained by the above methods unattractive for the diesel pool. Poor low-temperature properties of the products limit their wider use as biodiesel in regions with colder climatic conditions. In addition, the presence of oxygen in esters results in undesirable higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions compared to conventional diesel fuels.
- Sulphur free fuels are required in order to gain the full effect of new and efficient anti-pollution technologies in modem vehicles and to cut emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile hydrocarbons and particles, as well as to achieve direct reduction of sulphur dioxide in exhaust gases. The European Union has decreed that these products must be available to the market from 2005 and must be the only form on sale from 2009. This new requirement will reduce annual sulphur emissions from automotive fuels.
- Branched fatty acids and fatty acid esters, mainly methyl and ethyl esters, are obtained by isomerisation of straight chain, unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid esters having a corresponding chain length, as described in patent
US 5,856,539 . For example, branched C18:0 acids are prepared from straight chain C18:1 acids or also C 18:2 acids. - Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to hydrocarbons by contacting carboxylic acids with heterogeneous catalysts was suggested by Maier, W. F. et al: Chemische Berichte (1982), 115(2), 808-12. Ni/Al2O3 and Pd/SiO2 catalysts were tested for decarboxylation of several carboxylic acids. During the reaction the vapours of the reactant passed through a catalytic bed together with hydrogen at 180 °C and 0.1 MPa. Hexane represented the main product of the decarboxylation of heptanoic acid. When nitrogen was used instead of hydrogen no decarboxylation was observed.
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US 4,554,397 discloses a process for the manufacture of linear olefins from saturated fatty acids or esters by decarboxylation using a catalytic system, which consists of nickel and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lead, tin and germanium. Additives may be included in the above-mentioned catalysts and for example sulphur derivatives may be added to decrease the hydrogenating power of nickel and make the reaction more selective for olefin formation reaction. The presence of hydrogen was necessary to maintain the activity of the catalyst. The reaction was carried out at a temperature of 300 - 380 °C and the pressure was atmospheric pressure or higher. - Decarboxylation accompanied with hydrogenation of oxo-compound is described in Laurent, E., Delmon, B.: Applied Catalysis, A: General (1994), 109(1), 77-96 and 97-115, wherein hydrodeoxygenation of biomass derived pyrolysis oils over sulphided CoMo/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts was studied. Hydrotreating conditions were 260-300 °C and 7 MPa in hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen sulphide promoted the decarboxylation, particularly when a NiMo catalyst was used.
- Unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons produced in the side reactions in the above-mentioned processes make the obtained products unattractive for the diesel pool. In addition, the unbranched and highly saturated structures cause poor low-temperature properties.
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FI 100248 - Based on the above it can be seen that here is a need for a new alternative process for the preparation of saturated and branched hydrocarbons from renewable sources, suitable as biodiesel of high quality.
- An object of the invention is a process for the manufacture of branched saturated hydrocarbons from renewable sources.
- A further object of the invention is a process for the manufacture of branched saturated hydrocarbons suitable for the diesel fuel pool.
- Characteristic features of the process according to the invention are provided in the claims.
- Skeletal isomerisation is understood to mean formation of branches in the main carbon chain while the carbon number of the compound is not altered.
- Deoxygenation is understood to mean removal of carboxyl oxygen, such as fatty acid or fatty acid ester oxygen. Deoxygenation may be carried out by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) or decarboxylation/decarbonylation.
- Decarboxylation/decarbonylation is understood to mean removal of carboxyl oxygen through CO2 (decarboxylation) and/or through CO (decarbonylation).
- Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) means removal of oxygen as water using hydrogen.
- The term "branched fatty acids" is herein to be understood to comprise fatty acids containing one or more alkyl side groups, which can be attached to the carbon chain at any position. Said alkyl groups are generally C1-C4 alkyl chains.
- Pressures are here understood to mean overpressures above atmospheric pressure.
- The present invention relates to a catalytic process for the manufacture of branched saturated hydrocarbons, which are suitable for diesel fuel pool, from renewable sources, such as plant, vegetable, animal and fish fats and oils and fatty acids. The invention concerns the transformation of a feedstock comprising fatty acids or fatty acid esters with lower alcohols into branched fatty acids or fatty acid esters with a acidic catalyst, followed by converting the obtained branched fatty acids or fatty acid esters into branched hydrocarbons either by contacting with a heterogeneous decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst or with a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst.
- The branched hydrocarbon product formed via the decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction has one carbon atom less than the original fatty acid, and the branched hydrocarbon product formed via the hydrodeoxygenation reaction has an equal number of carbon atoms compared to the original fatty acid.
- A high quality hydrocarbon product with good low temperature properties and high cetane number is obtained, employing minimum amount of hydrogen in the process.
- It has now been surprisingly found that saturated and branched hydrocarbon, suitable for biodiesel fuel, can be obtained from oxygen containing feedstocks originating from renewable sources by skeletal isomerisation followed by removal of oxygen utilising deoxygenation carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation or hydrodeoxygenation.
- In the first process step a feedstock comprising unsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters with lower alcohols, or mixtures thereof are subjected to skeletal isomerisation wherein they are isomerised to fatty acids or fatty acid alkyl esters containing short alkyl branches in their carbon chain. In the subsequent process step the branched products are deoxygenated. The deoxygenation is carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation wherein oxygen is removed in the form of CO and CO2, or alternatively by hydrodeoxygenation wherein oxygen is removed in the form of H2O from the isomerised fatty acids or fatty acid alkyl esters. The process may also comprise an optional prehydrogenation step before the deoxygenation step to remove unsaturation after skeletal isomerisation and to liberate lower alcohol in hydrodeoxygenation.
- The process according to the invention provides a convenient way for the manufacture of branched hydrocarbons from fatty acids or fatty acid esters with lower alcohols. The fatty acid and fatty acid esters originate from biological feedstock such as plant, vegetable, animal and fish oils and fats.
- The feedstock comprises fatty acids or fatty acid esters with C1 - C5, preferably C1 - C3 alcohols, or mixtures thereof. The feedstock preferably originates from biological raw materials such as plant, vegetable, animal and fish oils and fats. Biological raw materials my be treated using any pre-treatment or purification method known in the art to obtain the fatty acids or fatty acid esters useful as the feedstock, such as hydrolysis etc. The feedstock comprises at least 20 % by weight, preferably at least 50 % by weight and particularly preferably 80 % by weight of unsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters. The feedstock may also comprise mixtures of fatty acids and fatty acid esters, but it is preferable to use either fatty acids or fatty acid esters.
- The unsaturated fatty acid used as the feedstock is a fatty acid having unsaturated bonds and a total carbon number of 8 to 26, preferably 12 to 20 and particularly preferably 12 to 18. With respect to the degree of unsaturation, i.e., the number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, any unsaturated fatty acids may be used as long as one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon are present in the molecule.
- The feedstock may comprise C1 - C5, preferably C1 - C3 alkyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids having a total carbon number of 8 - 26, preferably 12 - 20 and particularly preferably 12 - 18, corresponding to the above-mentioned unsaturated fatty acids. Examples of suitable alkyl esters include methyl esters, ethyl esters and propyl esters of said unsaturated fatty acids, with preference given to methyl esters.
- Typically, the number of unsaturated bonds in the feedstock is 1 to 3. Preferably the feedstock comprises at least 40 % by weight of monounsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters, more preferably at least 70 % by weight. The feedstock may also comprise polyunsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters. The presence of an unsaturated bond in the molecule causes the formation of a cation as an intermediate, thereby facilitating the skeletal isomerisation reaction.
- In the first step of the process according to the present invention branched chain fatty acids or alkyl esters of fatty acids are prepared. The earlier described feedstock is subjected to a skeletal isomerisation step. The skeletal isomerisation is carried out at a temperature of 150 - 400 °C, under the pressure of 0 - 5 MPa, preferably at 200 - 350 °C and 0.1 - 5 MPa and particularly preferably at 220 - 300 °C and 0.1 - 2 MPa using an acidic catalyst. Suitable acidic catalysts are silico alumino phosphates and zeolites, preferably faujasite, offeretite, montmorillonite and mordenite. Particularly preferably the catalyst is mordenite.
- Water or a lower alcohol may be added to the feedstock to suppress acid anhydride formation due to dehydration or dealcoholation. It is preferable to add water when the feedstock comprises unsaturated fatty acids and alcohol when the feedstock comprises esters of unsaturated fatty acids. Typically the amount of added water or lower alcohol is 0 - 8 %, and preferably 1-3 % by weight based on the total reaction mixture. The lower alcohol is C1 - C5 alcohol, and preferable alcohols are methanol, ethanol and propanol, with a greater preference given to those having the same alkyl group as that of the starting fatty acid ester to be isomerised. Excess water (more than 10 %) should be avoided in order to prevent estolide formation. The skeletal isomerisation step may also be carried out in the absence of water or lower alcohol.
- The skeletal isomerisation step may be carried out in a closed batch reactor under the reaction pressure. This is to prevent vaporization of water, alcohols and other low boiling substances in the system, including those substances contained in a catalyst. The reaction time is preferably less than 24 hours, more preferably less than 12 hours and most preferably less than 30 minutes.
- In general, the amount of catalyst employed in the process is 0.01. - 30 % by weight based on the total reaction mixture, preferably the amount of catalyst used is 1 - 10 % by weight.
- When a continuous flow reactor is used the space velocity WHSV is 0.1 - 100 l/h, more preferably 0.1- 50 l/h and most preferably 1 - 10 l/h.
- The product from the skeletal isomerisation step contains both saturated as well as unsaturated branched chain fatty acids or esters of fatty acids. Possible by-products are cyclic acids and polymeric fatty acids, such as dimer acids and polymeric fatty acid esters, when the feedstock comprises esters of unsaturated fatty acids. The obtained branched chain compounds normally have short alkyl side chains, the length being from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and they are obtained as mixtures of many isomers with different branching positions.
- Preferably, the obtained branched chain fatty acids or fatty acid esters are separated from dimer acids for example by distillation, their unsaturated bonds are prehydrogenated and then separated from linear, saturated alkyl fatty acids or their esters by solvent fractionation. The order of distillation, prehydrogenation and fractionation may be changed. Distillation and solvent fractionation steps may also be at the end of the process after deoxygenation.
- The skeletal isomerisation product may optionally be prehydrogenated in order to remove unsaturation, which may cause formation of coke on the catalyst surface in the subsequent catalytic steps. The prehydrogenation is carried out in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature 50 - 400 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 0.1 - 20 MPa, preferably at 150 - 250 °C and 1 - 10 MPa. The heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst contains one or more Group VIII and/or VIA metals.
- Preferably the hydrogenation catalyst is Pd-, Pt-, Ni-, NiMo- or CoMo-catalyst on aluminum and/or silicon oxide support.
- In the case where fatty acid esters are used as feedstock in the isomerisation step, the branched product from skeletal isomerisation may optionally be prehydrogenated before the final deoxygenation step to saturate the double bonds and to liberate the lower alcohol used in esterification. Fatty acid alkylesters are converted to fatty alcohols for hydrodeoxygenation. Liberated lower alcohol may be recycled after distillation. Fatty acid alkylesters are prehydrogenated with metal catalysts at 25-30 MPa hydrogen pressure and at temperature of 200 - 230 °C. The metal catalyst is preferably copper-chromite catalyst or chrome, ferrous or rhodium activated nickel catalyst.
- The branched product obtained from the skeletal isomerisation step is then subjected to deoxygenation carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation or hydrodeoxygenation.
- In the first embodiment, the saturated and branched fatty acids or esters of fatty acids and optionally a solvent or a mixture of solvents are brought into contact with a heterogeneous decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst selected from supported catalysts containing one or more Group VIII and/or VIA metals of the Periodic System. Preferably, the decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalysts are supported Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or a CoMo catalysts, the support being alumina and/or silica and/or carbon. Particularly preferably Pd on carbon and sulphided NiMo on alumina are used. Hydrogen may optionally be used. The decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction conditions may vary with the feedstock used. The reaction is carried out in liquid phase. The decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction is carried out at a temperature of 100 - 400 °C, preferably 250 - 350 °C. The reaction may be conducted under atmospheric pressure. However, in order to maintain the reactants in the liquid phase it is preferable to use higher pressure than the saturation vapour pressure of the feedstock at a given reaction temperature and thus the reaction pressure ranges from atmospheric pressure to 20 MPa and preferably from 0.1 to 5 MPa of inert gas/hydrogen mixture. The product obtained from this embodiment is a mixture of hydrocarbons, preferably branched paraffins boiling in the range of 180 - 350 °C, the diesel fuel range, and having one carbon atom less than the original fatty acid chain.
- In the second embodiment, in the hydrodeoxygenation step the branched fatty acids or esters thereof obtained from the skeletal isomerisation step, or the fatty alcohols obtained by the optional prehydrogenation step, and optionally a solvent or a mixture of solvents are brought into contact with an optionally pre-treated heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts containing metals from Group VIII and/or VIA of the Periodic System, known in the art for hydrodeoxygenation. Preferably, the hydrodeoxygenation catalysts are supported Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or a CoMo catalysts, the support being alumina and/or silica. Particularly preferably NiMo/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts are used. In the hydrodeoxygenation step, the pressure range can be varied between 1 and 20 MPa, preferably 2 - 10 MPa, and the temperature 200 - 500 °C, preferably 250 - 350 °C.
- The optional solvent in each deoxygenation embodiment can be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, such as paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons in the boiling range of 150 - 350 °C, and recycled process streams containing hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof, preferably the recycled product streams obtained from the process according to the invention are used.
- The process according to the invention yields a branched and paraffinic hydrocarbon product suitable for diesel fuel pool. The product contains typically some short carbon-carbon side branches, resulting in an exceptionally low cloud point and cold filter plugging point but still a good cetane number compared to the products obtained by the known methods. In Table 2 properties of the product produced with the process according to the invention (1) are compared to those obtained by processes according to the state of the art (2-6). All products are 100 % (B100) diesel components.
Table 2. Property Product 1 Product 2 Product 3 Product 4 Product 5 Product 6 kV40 mm2/s 2.4 - 4.4 2.9 - 3.5 4.5 3.2 - 4.5 2.0 - 4.5 1.2 - 4.0 Cloud point °C -29 - - 42 -5 - - 30 - 5 0 - - 25 -10 - - 34 Flash point PMcc, °C 67 - 141 52 - 65 ≥ 55 Cold filter plug point, °C -31 - - 45 -15 - -19 ≤ +5 - - 20 ≤ -20 - - 44 IQT cetane number 60 - 93 84 - 99 51 73 - 81 ≥ 51 ≥ 51 Sulfur ppm < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 Density 15°C kg/m3 799 - 811 775 - 785 885 770 - 785 820 - 845 800 - 840 Dist. 10 % 195 - 286 260 - 270 340 260 180 90% 301 - 337 295 - 300 355 325 - 330 95 % 312 - 443 360 340 - The products of Table 2 are prepared as follows:
- (1) is prepared by the method according to the invention, by skeletal isomerisation and deoxygenation of fatty acids
- (2) is prepared by hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation of triglycerides
- (3) is fatty acid methyl ester prepared by transesterification of rape seed oil
- (4) is natural gas based diesel fuel prepared by gas to liquid and hydroisomerisation processes
- (5) and (6) are mineral oil based diesel fuels with different specifications for use in the arctic conditions
- The structure of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product obtained using the process according to the invention is different from the one obtained for example when hydroisomerising C16-C22 normal paraffins. In the present case the branches are mainly in the middle of the long carbon chain, due to the common ω9 olefinic unsaturation positions responsible of branching. In the hydroisomerised isoparaffins, the branches are mainly near the end of the carbon main chain. The carbon number of the hydrocarbon product of the invention is C13-C22, typically C15-C18 and the carbon number in the product can be adjusted by changing the hydodeoxygenation and/or decarboxylation/decarbonylation reaction conditions.
- The branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains paraffins more than 80 vol-%, typically more than 99 vol-%.
- The branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains n-paraffins less than 30 wt-%, typically less than 15 wt-%.
- The branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains aromatics less than 20 vol-%, typically less than 10 vol-% according to method IP-391.
- Biodiesel components also contain 14C-isotope, which can be used as an evidence of the bio origin of the fuel. The typical 14C content of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product is at least 100 % based on radiocarbon content compared to radiocarbon content of air in the year 1950.
- The process according to the invention has several advantages. With the process, a branched, saturated hydrocarbon product comprising branched chains and suitable for the diesel fuel pool is obtained from renewable sources. Due to the absence of unsaturation in the hydrocarbon product, the oxidation stability is good and the tendency for polymerisation low compared to the conventional fatty acid methyl ester based biodiesel compounds.
- Branching in the paraffinic carbon chain enhances low temperature properties, such as cloud point, pour point and cold-filter plugging point. The extremely good low temperature properties make it possible to use the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product as diesel fuel or diesel fuel component also in arctic fuels.
- The branched, saturated hydrocarbon products manufactured according to the invention are designed for use in compression-ignition engines, where air is compressed until it is heated above the auto-ignition temperature of diesel fuel and then the fuel is injected as a high pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within the flammable limits of diesel. Because there is no ignition source, the diesel fuel is required to have a high cetane number and a low auto-ignition temperature.
- Due to saturation and long paraffinic chain length, the cetane number of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product is high, thus making the product suitable as cetane number improver. The cetane number gauges the ease with which the diesel fuel will auto-ignite when compressed. Higher cetane numbers indicate easier self-ignition and better engine operation.
- The high flash point of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product is important primarily from a fuel-handling standpoint. In the ethanol/mineral oil diesel or ethanol/vegetable oil diesel micro-emulsions, the flash point is remarkably lower. A too low flash point will cause fuel to be a fire hazard, subject to flashing, and possible continued ignition and explosion. In addition, a low flash point may indicate contamination by more volatile and explosive fuels, such as gasoline.
- Because of the natural fatty acid based raw materials, the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product contains no sulphur. Thus, in the pretreatment of exhaust gas the catalysts and particulate filters can easily be adjusted to the sulphur-free hydrocarbon compound according to invention. Catalyst poisoning is reduced and catalyst service lifetime is significantly prolonged.
- Even though the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product is produced from the natural fatty acid based raw materials it contains no oxygen, thus the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are much lower than those of conventional biodiesel fuels.
- The composition of the branched, saturated hydrocarbon product produced according the invention resembles highly those of conventional diesel fuels, thus it can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with no modifications, which is not the case with fatty acid methyl ester based bio-diesel compounds.
- Further, due to the pure paraffinic composition without any oxygen containing compounds, no gum is formatted in the fuel delivery systems. Engine parts are not contaminated by carbon deposits as with fatty acid methyl ester based bio-diesel compounds.
- The branched, saturated hydrocarbon product can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel and with fatty acid methyl ester based bio-diesel compounds. The latter may be advantageous if the lubricity of the product needs to be enhanced.
- Particularly, when the process is carried out using the decarboxylation/decarbonylation route, consumption of hydrogen is reduced significantly. Decarboxylation/decarbonylation reactions decrease hydrogen consumption by 20-40 %.
- The invention is illustrated in the following examples presenting some preferable embodiments of the invention. However, it is evident to a person skilled in the art that the scope of the invention is not meant to be limited to these examples only.
- Distilled tall oil fatty acids were isomerised in a Parr high-pressure reactor with mordenite type zeolite. Tall oil fatty acids, 5 wt-% of the catalyst and 3 wt-% of water, calculated of total reaction mixture, were placed in a reactor and air was removed from the autoclave with purging nitrogen. The mixture was stirred with 300 rpm. The reactor was heated to 280 °C and kept under nitrogen atmosphere of 1.8 MPa for 6 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture obtained was taken from the autoclave, and the zeolite was filtered off. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure to yield monomeric acids.
- The monomeric acids thus obtained were placed in an autoclave, and double bonds were hydrogenated at 150 °C with a catalyst containing 5 wt-% Pd on carbon for 3 hours under hydrogen atmosphere of 2 MPa until the reaction was complete. Catalyst amount was 2 wt-% of monomeric acid. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled, and the catalyst was filtered off.
- The obtained crude branched chain fatty acids were subjected to a conventional solvent fractionation procedure to yield isomerised fatty acids. To the crude branched chain fatty acids, about 2-fold amount by weight of hexane was added. After this mixture was cooled to -15 °C, the resulting crystals were filtered off. Then, the hexane was distilled off from the filtrate to yield purified isomerised fatty acids.
- In the subsequent deoxygenation step carried out by hydrodeoxygenation the isomerised fatty acids were hydrodeoxygenated in a Parr high-pressure reactor with dried and presulphided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst to the corresponding paraffins at a hydrogen pressure of 3.3 MPa and 340 °C temperature. The amount of catalyst was 2.5 wt-% of fatty acids.
- The product was a branched, mainly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture with the properties shown in Table II. The color of the product was lightly yellow and it contained <10 ppm of sulphur originating from the HDO catalyst used in the batch hydrodeoxygenation.
- The distilled tall oil fatty acids were isomerised, the double bonds hydrogenated and the branched, saturated fatty acids hydrodeoxygenated otherwise as in example 1 except that the reactor temperature in the hydrodeoxygenation was lower, 325 °C.
- A crystal clear product with properties presented in Table 3 was obtained.
- In the skeletal isomerisation step tall oil fatty acids and 5 wt-% of the mordenite type zeolite catalyst were mixed and air was removed from the Parr high-pressure autoclave with purging nitrogen. The mixture was stirred with 300 rpm. The reactor was heated to 275 °C and kept in a nitrogen atmosphere 0.1 MPa for 6 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture obtained was taken out from the autoclave, and the zeolite was filtered off. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure to yield monomeric acids.
- The double bonds of the monomeric acids thus obtained were hydrogenated as in example 1.
- In the deoxygenation step the isomerised fatty acids were hydrodeoxygenated in a Parr high-pressure reactor with dried and presulphided Nimo/Al2O3 catalyst to paraffins at a hydrogen pressure of 3.3 MPa and 325 °C temperature. The amount of catalyst was 2.5 wt-% of fatty acids. The mixture was cooled to -15 °C and the resulting crystals were filtered off.
- The product was a branched, mainly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture with the properties shown in Table 3. The color of the product was crystal clear.
- Tall oil fatty acids were isomerised and prehydrogenated as in example 3. In the deoxygenation step carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation the isomerised fatty acids were loaded in a Parr high-pressure reactor and the carboxyl groups were removed with dried and presulphided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst.
- Isomerised fatty acids were decarboxylated/decarbonylated to paraffins at a gas pressure of 0.3 MPa and 335 °C temperature. The amount of catalyst was 2.5 wt-% of fatty acids. The gas consisted of 10 % hydrogen in nitrogen.
- The product was a branched, mainly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture with the carbon chain length typically one carbon atom less than in the hydrodeoxygenation and with the properties shown in Table 3. The color of the product was crystal clear.
Table 3. Properties of hydrocarbon products Method Analysis Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 ASTM D4052 Density 15°C, kg/m3 811 809 799 800 ASTM D2887 Distillation Start °C 245 219 225 117 5 %, °C 277 281 270 170 10 %, °C 283 286 280 195 30 %, °C 294 293 294 262 50 %, °C 300 296 300 271 70 %, °C 309 310 309 283 90 %,°C 326 337 323 301 95 %, °C 362 443 357 312 End, °C 486 507 481 355 ASTM D445 kV40, cSt 4.0 4.4 3.8 2.4 n-Paraffins GC wt-% 6 15 7 11 Paraffinic C IR wt-% >70 >70 70 Naphtenic C IR wt-% 24 Aromatic C IR wt-% 14 7 6 ASTM D3120 S, mg/kg 9 <1 ASTM D4629 N, mg/kg <1 <1 EN 22719 Flash point PMcc,°C 141 138 139 67 IQT cetane number 93 78 93 60 EN 116 Cold Filter Plug Point °C -39 -31 -35 -45 ASTM D5773 D5771 Cloud Point, °C -32 -29 -29 -42 IP 391 Aromatics % (mainly mono) 16.1 7.8 5.8
Claims (17)
- A process for the manufacture of branched saturated hydrocarbons, characterised in that a feedstock comprising unsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters with C1-C5 alcohols, or mixtures thereof, is subjected to a skeletal isomerisation step followed by a deoxygenation step.
- The process according to claim 1, characterised in that the feedstock comprises at least 20 % and preferably at least 50 % by weight of unsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters with C1-C5 alcohols.
- The process according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the unsaturated fatty acid or fatty acid esters with C1-C5 alcohols used as the feedstock has a total carbon number of 8 to 26, preferably 12 to 20.
- The process according to any one of claims 1 - 3, characterised in that feedstock originates from biological raw materials.
- The process according to any one of claims 1-4, characterised in that the skeletal isomerisation step is carried out at a temperature of 150 - 400 °C, under the pressure of 0 - 5 MPa, preferably at 200 - 350 °C and 0.1 - 5 MPa.
- The process according to any one of claims 1-5, characterised in that the skeletal isomerisation step is carried out in the presence of an acidic catalyst selected from silico alumino phosphates and zeolites, preferably from faujasite, offeretite, montmorillonite and mordenite.
- The process according to any one of claims 1 - 6, characterised in that 0-8 %, preferably 1-3 % by weight of water or C1 - C5 alcohol, based on the total reaction mixture, is added to the feedstock, preferable water is added when the feedstock contains fatty acids and alcohol when the feedstock contains fatty acid esters.
- The process according to any one of claims 1 - 7, characterised in that after the skeletal isomerisation step a prehydrogenation step is carried out.
- The process according to claim 8, characterised in that the prehydrogenation step is carried out in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst containing one or more Group VIII and/or VIA metals, at a temperature 50 - 400 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 0.1 - 20 MPa, preferably at 150 - 250 °C and 1 - 10 MPa.
- The process according to claim 8, characterised in that when the feedstock comprises fatty acid esters the prehydrogenation step is carried out in the presence of a metal catalyst, preferably copper-chromite catalyst or chrome, ferrous or rhodium activated nickel catalyst at 25-30 MPa hydrogen pressure and at temperature of 200 - 230 °C.
- The process according to any one of claims 1 - 10, characterized in that the product obtained from the skeletal isomerisation and optional prehydrogenation steps is subjected to the deoxygenation step, which is carried out by decarboxylation/decarbonylation or hydrodeoxygenation.
- The process according to claim 11, characterised in that in the decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation the product and optionally a solvent or a mixture of solvents are brought into contact with an heterogeneous decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst selected from supported catalysts containing one or more Group VIII and/or VIA metals of the Periodic System, at a temperature of 100 - 400 °C, preferably 250 - 350 °C under a pressure from atmospheric pressure to 20 MPa and preferably from 0.1 to 5 MPa of inert gas/hydrogen-mixture.
- The process according to claim 12, characterised in that the heterogeneous decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation catalyst is Pd on carbon or sulphidied NiMo on alumina.
- The process according to claim 11, characterised in that in the hydrodeoxygenation the product and optionally a solvent or a mixture of solvents are brought into contact with a hydrogenation catalysts containing metals from Group VIII and/or VIA of the Periodic System under a pressure between 1 and 20 MPa, preferably between 2 and 10 MPa, and at a temperature between 200 and 500 °C, preferably between 250 and 350 °C.
- The process according to claim 14, characterised in that the hydrodeoxygenation catalysts is a supported Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or a CoMo catalysts and the support is alumina and/or silica, preferably NiMo/Al2O3 or CoMo/Al2O3.
- The process according to any one of claims 11 - 15, characterised in that in the decarboxylation/decarbonylation and/or hydrodeoxygenation step the solvent is selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, preferably from paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons with the boiling range of 150 - 350 °C, and recycled process streams containing hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof.
- A product obtainable by the process according to any one of claims 1-16.
Priority Applications (13)
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ES05028780.4T ES2491871T3 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2005-12-12 | Process for the elaboration of hydrocarbons |
EP05028780.4A EP1795576B1 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2005-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
PL05028780T PL1795576T3 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2005-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
DK05028780.4T DK1795576T3 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2005-12-12 | Process for the production of hydrocarbons |
CN2006800467883A CN101331210B (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
CA2631879A CA2631879C (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
BRPI0619737A BRPI0619737B1 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | process for the production of hydrocarbons |
MYPI20064660A MY141968A (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
RU2008128480/04A RU2394872C2 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Method of producing hydrocarbons |
PCT/FI2006/050551 WO2007068798A2 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
JP2008545029A JP4944125B2 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Hydrocarbon production method |
KR1020087016895A KR101016643B1 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
HK09105525.4A HK1128038A1 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2009-06-19 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
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EP05028780.4A EP1795576B1 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2005-12-12 | Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons |
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JP (1) | JP4944125B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101016643B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101331210B (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0619737B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2631879C (en) |
DK (1) | DK1795576T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2491871T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1128038A1 (en) |
MY (1) | MY141968A (en) |
PL (1) | PL1795576T3 (en) |
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KR101016643B1 (en) | 2011-02-25 |
CN101331210A (en) | 2008-12-24 |
MY141968A (en) | 2010-08-16 |
RU2008128480A (en) | 2010-01-20 |
HK1128038A1 (en) | 2009-10-16 |
KR20080078889A (en) | 2008-08-28 |
CA2631879C (en) | 2013-07-02 |
RU2394872C2 (en) | 2010-07-20 |
CN101331210B (en) | 2012-10-31 |
CA2631879A1 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
BRPI0619737A2 (en) | 2011-10-11 |
PL1795576T3 (en) | 2014-10-31 |
ES2491871T3 (en) | 2014-09-08 |
DK1795576T3 (en) | 2014-07-14 |
JP4944125B2 (en) | 2012-05-30 |
BRPI0619737B1 (en) | 2016-06-21 |
JP2009518533A (en) | 2009-05-07 |
WO2007068798A3 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
WO2007068798A2 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
EP1795576B1 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
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