EP1211409A1 - Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1211409A1
EP1211409A1 EP02004931A EP02004931A EP1211409A1 EP 1211409 A1 EP1211409 A1 EP 1211409A1 EP 02004931 A EP02004931 A EP 02004931A EP 02004931 A EP02004931 A EP 02004931A EP 1211409 A1 EP1211409 A1 EP 1211409A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
internal combustion
combustion engine
intake manifold
opening
thin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02004931A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Hans-Ulrich Kühnel
Franz Delle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pierburg GmbH
Original Assignee
Pierburg GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pierburg GmbH filed Critical Pierburg GmbH
Publication of EP1211409A1 publication Critical patent/EP1211409A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/10Air intakes; Induction systems
    • F02M35/10091Air intakes; Induction systems characterised by details of intake ducts: shapes; connections; arrangements
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/10Air intakes; Induction systems
    • F02M35/10209Fluid connections to the air intake system; their arrangement of pipes, valves or the like
    • F02M35/10236Overpressure or vacuum relief means; Burst protection
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/10Air intakes; Induction systems
    • F02M35/10242Devices or means connected to or integrated into air intakes; Air intakes combined with other engine or vehicle parts
    • F02M35/10301Flexible, resilient, pivotally or movable parts; Membranes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05CINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2225/00Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F05C2225/08Thermoplastics

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an intake manifold for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a suction pipe is known from DE 25 26 550 A.
  • suction pipes made of correspondingly lighter materials (especially plastic or aluminum).
  • Made of die-cast aluminum or plastic injection Series-made suction pipes have a wall thickness of about 2 millimeters.
  • DE 25 26 550 A is to avoid damage to the intake manifold and a secondary outlet (opening) is provided to discharge the disproportionate pressure, when a predetermined pressure is exceeded within the suction tube is opened.
  • the secondary outlet is initially a cup-shaped one Cover closed, on a nozzle on the outside of the intake manifold wall is attachable.
  • this pot-shaped lid has the decisive disadvantage that it releases the secondary outlet when intake manifold explosions occur and thus creates a pressure balance in the atmosphere; after the suction pipe explosion has subsided and release of the secondary outlet is the continued operation of the internal combustion engine however, in no case possible, since after opening the secondary outlet the circuit of the fuel pump or the ignition current of the internal combustion engine is interrupted.
  • the cover To put the engine back into operation, the cover must first be put back on, for example, the circuit for the fuel pump to close again and start the internal combustion engine. This means that the vehicle stops in the event of an intake manifold explosion, which means that safety-critical situations occur especially while driving can. In addition, it is not guaranteed that the driver of the vehicle in the If the internal combustion engine fails, the opening with the cover is closed again lock so that the vehicle may have to be towed to the workshop.
  • the object of the invention is to create a generic one To design the intake manifold so that the disadvantages described are avoided.
  • the drawing shows a section through a section 1 of a downstream one shown throttle valve connector lying plastic / metal intake manifold, that too one of the cylinders of the internal combustion engine.
  • this intake manifold is provided downstream of the throttle valve connector to arrange an opening 2 leading into the atmosphere through a valve 3 responsive to the pressure in the intake manifold 1 is controlled.
  • This valve 3 is a so-called elastomer umbrella valve 4, which projects with a stem 5 into a central opening 6 and is held by a stud 7 of a screw bushing 8.
  • the screw bushing 8 has a collar ring 10 spaced apart by ribs 9, is pushed onto a cover flap 11 and clipped with it, the Ribs 9 of the screw bushing 8 form a tool attachment 12 so that the Screw bushing 8 can be screwed into the opening 2.
  • the invention is based on the knowledge that the bursting of the suction pipes 1 by Explosive occurrences that occasionally occur after starting the internal combustion engine Ignition of stored / condensed in the intake manifold 1 and with the in Intake pipe 1 contained air mixed fuel / fuel vapor residues is caused.
  • this pressure increase is caused by opening of the valve 3 limited.
  • the air / fuel gas can escape into the free atmosphere.
  • the burning gas cools down in the opening 2 divided by ribs 13 and also in the outlet opening 13 covered by the cap 11 between Screw bushing 8 and collar ring 10.
  • valve 3 closes again Internal combustion engine remains ready for operation.
  • the cap 11 prevents entry of dirt and water into the opening 2.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
  • Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Means For Warming Up And Starting Carburetors (AREA)
  • Characterised By The Charging Evacuation (AREA)

Abstract

The manifold has branch pipes leading to the cylinders and a housing for a throttle butterfly. The valve (3) can be umbrella-shaped and of elastomer material (4), having a stem (5) protruding into a central opening (6), and is held in place by a boss (7) on a screwed bush (8). The latter can have an annular collar (10) held clear by ribs (9), and onto which a covering cap (11) clips. The ribs can accommodate a tool by which the bush is screwed into place in the opening (2).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Saugrohr für eine Brennkraftmaschine nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to an intake manifold for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.

Ein solches Saugrohr ist aus der DE 25 26 550 A bekannt.Such a suction pipe is known from DE 25 26 550 A.

In dieser Entgegenhaltung ist beschrieben, daß die Ursachen von Saugrohrexplosionen, die zur teilweisen oder ganzen Zerstörung von Gemischaufbereitungsanlagen bei Brennkraftmaschinen durch Bruch oder Brand führen, auf Zündungen des bei offenem Einlaßventil vorgelagerten oder während des Saughubes angesaugten Luft-Kraftstoff-Gemisches zurückzuführen sind. Aufgrund dieser Zündungen kommt es zu einem überproportionalen Anstieg des Druckes in dem Saugrohr, wodurch das Saugrohr beschädigt oder sogar zerstört wird. Bei "dickwandigen" Saugrohren konnte es zu einer solchen Zerstörung nicht kommen, da die Materialstärke des Saugrohres ausreichte, um dem überproportionalen Druck standzuhalten. Solche "dickwandigen" Saugrohre waren beispielsweise aus Sandguß mit Wandungen, die eine Dicke von etwa 4 Millimetern hergestellt und wiesen keine Trenn-Nähte auf. Diese Saugrohre waren schwer und stabil.This document describes that the causes of intake manifold explosions, for the partial or total destruction of mixture processing plants in internal combustion engines due to breakage or fire, on ignition of the Air-fuel mixture upstream of the open intake valve or sucked in during the suction stroke are due. Because of these ignitions it happens a disproportionate increase in pressure in the intake manifold, causing the intake manifold is damaged or even destroyed. With "thick-walled" intake manifolds, it could such a destruction does not occur because of the material thickness of the suction pipe sufficient to withstand the disproportionate pressure. Such "thick-walled" Suction pipes were, for example, made of sand cast with walls that have a thickness of made about 4 millimeters and had no seams. These suction pipes were heavy and stable.

Bei modernen Brennkraftmaschinen steht die Gewichtsersparnis im Vordergrund, so daß Saugrohre aus entsprechend leichteren Materialien (insbesondere Kunststoff oder Aluminium) gefertigt werden. Aus Aluminium-Druckguß oder Kunststoff-Spritzguß in Serie hergestellte Saugrohre haben eine Wandstärke von etwa 2 Millimetern. In modern internal combustion engines, the focus is on saving weight, so that suction pipes made of correspondingly lighter materials (especially plastic or aluminum). Made of die-cast aluminum or plastic injection Series-made suction pipes have a wall thickness of about 2 millimeters.

Bei der DE 25 26 550 A ist zur Vermeidung von Beschädigungen des Saugrohres und zum Abführen des überproportionalen Druckes ein Nebenauslaß (Öffnung) vorgesehen, der bei Übersteigen eines vorbestimmten Druckes innerhalb des Saugohres geöffnet wird. Dabei ist der Nebenauslaß zunächst durch einen topfförmigen Deckel geschlossen, der auf einem Stutzen an der Außenseite der Saugrohrwand aufsetzbar ist. Dieser topfförmige Deckel hat jedoch den entscheidenden Nachteil, daß er zwar beim Auftreten von Saugrohrexplosionen den Nebenauslaß freigibt und somit einen Druckausgleich in die Atmosphäre herstellt; nach Abklingen der Saugrohrexplosion und Freigabe des Nebenauslasses ist der weitere Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine jedoch auf keinen Fall möglich, da nach dem Öffnen des Nebenauslasses der Stromkreis der Kraftstoffpumpe oder der Zündstrom der Brennkraftmaschine unterbrochen wird. Um die Brennkraftmaschine wieder in Betrieb zu setzen, muß der Deckel erst wieder aufgesetzt werden, um beispielsweise den Stromkreis für die Kraftstoffpumpe wieder zu schließen und die Brennkraftmaschine anzulassen. Das bedeutet, daß das Fahrzeug im Falle einer Saugrohrexplosion stehen bleibt, wodurch besonders während der Fahrt sicherheitskritische Situationen auftreten können. Außerdem ist nicht gewährleistet, daß der Fahrer des Fahrzeuges in der Lage ist, beim Ausfall der Brennkraftmaschine die Öffnung mit dem Deckel wieder zu verschließen, so daß ggf. das Fahrzeug in die Werkstatt abgeschleppt werden muß.DE 25 26 550 A is to avoid damage to the intake manifold and a secondary outlet (opening) is provided to discharge the disproportionate pressure, when a predetermined pressure is exceeded within the suction tube is opened. The secondary outlet is initially a cup-shaped one Cover closed, on a nozzle on the outside of the intake manifold wall is attachable. However, this pot-shaped lid has the decisive disadvantage that it releases the secondary outlet when intake manifold explosions occur and thus creates a pressure balance in the atmosphere; after the suction pipe explosion has subsided and release of the secondary outlet is the continued operation of the internal combustion engine however, in no case possible, since after opening the secondary outlet the circuit of the fuel pump or the ignition current of the internal combustion engine is interrupted. To put the engine back into operation, the cover must first be put back on, for example, the circuit for the fuel pump to close again and start the internal combustion engine. This means that the vehicle stops in the event of an intake manifold explosion, which means that safety-critical situations occur especially while driving can. In addition, it is not guaranteed that the driver of the vehicle in the If the internal combustion engine fails, the opening with the cover is closed again lock so that the vehicle may have to be towed to the workshop.

Hiervon ausgehend liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein gattungsgemäßes Saugrohr derart zu gestalten, daß die geschilderten Nachteile vermieden werden.Proceeding from this, the object of the invention is to create a generic one To design the intake manifold so that the disadvantages described are avoided.

Diese Aufgabe ist durch die im Kennzeichen des Patenanspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst worden.This task is by the specified in the characterizing part of patent claim 1 Features have been resolved.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird nachfolgend beschrieben.An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and will described below.

Die Zeichnung zeigt einen Schnitt durch einen Abschnitt 1 eines stromab eines nicht dargestellten Drosselklappenstutzens liegenden Kunststoff-/Metallsaugrohres, das zu einem der Zylinder der Brennkraftmaschine führt. The drawing shows a section through a section 1 of a downstream one shown throttle valve connector lying plastic / metal intake manifold, that too one of the cylinders of the internal combustion engine.

Erfindungsgemäß ist bei diesem Saugrohr vorgesehen, stromab des Drosselklappenstutzens eine in die Atmosphäre führende Öffnung 2 anzuordnen, die durch ein auf den Druck im Saugrohr 1 ansprechendes Ventil 3 gesteuert wird.According to the invention, this intake manifold is provided downstream of the throttle valve connector to arrange an opening 2 leading into the atmosphere through a valve 3 responsive to the pressure in the intake manifold 1 is controlled.

Bei diesem Ventil 3 handelt es sich hier um ein sogenanntes Elastomer-Regenschirmventil 4, das mit einem Stiel 5 in eine zentrale Öffnung 6 hineinragt und durch einen Stiftansatz 7 einer Schraubbuchse 8 gehalten ist.This valve 3 is a so-called elastomer umbrella valve 4, which projects with a stem 5 into a central opening 6 and is held by a stud 7 of a screw bushing 8.

Die Schraubbuchse 8 weist einen durch Rippen 9 beabstandeten Kragenring 10 auf, auf den eine Abdeckklappe 11 aufgeschoben und mit diesem verklippst ist, wobei die Rippen 9 der Schraubbuchse 8 einen Werkzeugansatz 12 bilden, so daß die Schraubbuchse 8 in die Öffnung 2 eingeschraubt werden kann.The screw bushing 8 has a collar ring 10 spaced apart by ribs 9, is pushed onto a cover flap 11 and clipped with it, the Ribs 9 of the screw bushing 8 form a tool attachment 12 so that the Screw bushing 8 can be screwed into the opening 2.

Die Erfindung basiert auf der Erkenntnis, daß das Bersten der Saugrohre 1 durch nach dem Anlassen der Brennkraftmaschine gelegentlich auftretendes explosionsartiges Entzünden von im Saugrohr 1 gespeicherten/Kondensierten und mit der im Saugrohr 1 enthaltenen Luft gemischten Brennstoff-/Brennstoffdampfrückständen verursacht wird.The invention is based on the knowledge that the bursting of the suction pipes 1 by Explosive occurrences that occasionally occur after starting the internal combustion engine Ignition of stored / condensed in the intake manifold 1 and with the in Intake pipe 1 contained air mixed fuel / fuel vapor residues is caused.

Hierdurch entsteht im Saugrohr 1 eine Flamm-Druckwelle, die durch die im Leerlaufbetrieb nach dem Starten geschlossene Drosselklappe nicht nach außen gelangen kann und dadurch einen hohen Druckanstieg bewirkt, der eine Zerstörung des Saugrohres verursachen kann.This creates a flame pressure wave in the intake manifold 1, which by the idle operation after starting the throttle valve do not get out can and thereby causes a high pressure rise, which will destroy the intake manifold can cause.

Durch die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen wird dieser Druckanstieg durch Öffnen des Ventils 3 begrenzt. Die Luft/das Brenngas kann in die freie Atmosphäre austreten. In der durch Rippen 13 aufgeteilten Öffnung 2 kühlt sich das brennende Gas ab und ebenso in der durch die Abdeckkappe 11 abgedeckten Auslaßöffnung 13 zwischen Schraubbuchse 8 und Kragenring 10. Danach schließt das Ventil 3 wieder, die Brennkraftmaschine bleibt betriebsbereit. Die Abdeckkappe 11 verhindert den Eintritt von Schmutz und Wasser in die Öffnung 2.By means of the measures according to the invention, this pressure increase is caused by opening of the valve 3 limited. The air / fuel gas can escape into the free atmosphere. The burning gas cools down in the opening 2 divided by ribs 13 and also in the outlet opening 13 covered by the cap 11 between Screw bushing 8 and collar ring 10. Then valve 3 closes again Internal combustion engine remains ready for operation. The cap 11 prevents entry of dirt and water into the opening 2.

Claims (1)

Saugrohr für eine Brennkraftmaschine mit Anschlußkanälen, die zu den Zylindern der Brennkraftmaschine führen, und wenigstens einem Drosselklappenstutzen, mit dem die von der Brennkraftmaschine angesaugte Brennluft gesteuert wird, wobei das Saugrohr eine stromab des Drosselklappenstutzens angeordnete und in die Atmosphäre führende Öffnung aufweist, die bei Übersteigen eines vorbestimmten Druckes innerhalb des Saugrohres geöffnet wird, damit die Wandung des Saugrohres nicht durch Übersteigen des vorbestimmten Druckes beschädigt wird und wobei die Öffnung in der Wandung des Saugrohres angeordnet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in der Öffnung (2) ein Ventil (3) angeordnet ist, das auf einen Überdruck im Saugrohr anspricht, wobei das Ventil (3) nach Wegfall des Überdruckes wieder selbsttätig schließt.Intake pipe for an internal combustion engine with connection channels that lead to the cylinders of the internal combustion engine, and at least one throttle valve assembly, with which the combustion air drawn in by the internal combustion engine is controlled, the intake pipe having a downstream opening of the throttle valve assembly and leading into the atmosphere, which when exceeded a predetermined pressure is opened within the intake manifold so that the wall of the intake manifold is not damaged by exceeding the predetermined pressure and the opening is arranged in the wall of the intake manifold, characterized in that a valve (3) is arranged in the opening (2) which responds to excess pressure in the intake manifold, the valve (3) automatically closing again after the excess pressure has been removed.
EP02004931A 1996-06-27 1997-04-15 Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine Withdrawn EP1211409A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19625768A DE19625768B4 (en) 1996-06-27 1996-06-27 Thin-walled intake manifold for an internal combustion engine
DE19625768 1996-06-27
EP97106127A EP0816668B1 (en) 1996-06-27 1997-04-15 Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97106127A Division EP0816668B1 (en) 1996-06-27 1997-04-15 Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1211409A1 true EP1211409A1 (en) 2002-06-05

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EP97106127A Expired - Lifetime EP0816668B1 (en) 1996-06-27 1997-04-15 Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine
EP02004931A Withdrawn EP1211409A1 (en) 1996-06-27 1997-04-15 Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97106127A Expired - Lifetime EP0816668B1 (en) 1996-06-27 1997-04-15 Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine

Country Status (8)

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US (1) US5826554A (en)
EP (2) EP0816668B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3893192B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100472870B1 (en)
BR (1) BR9703747A (en)
DE (2) DE19625768B4 (en)
ES (1) ES2179236T3 (en)
MX (1) MX9704054A (en)

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DE10047197A1 (en) 2000-09-23 2002-04-25 Bosch Gmbh Robert Intake pipe for an internal combustion engine
DE10131110A1 (en) * 2001-06-27 2003-01-09 Mann & Hummel Filter Intermediate flange system for a direct injection internal combustion engine
EP2656868B1 (en) * 2002-02-04 2020-08-05 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Breathing assistance apparatus
US6571753B1 (en) 2002-03-20 2003-06-03 Brunswick Corporation Passive air vent for a marine engine
ATE350572T1 (en) * 2004-09-28 2007-01-15 Magneti Marelli Powertrain Spa INLET MANIFOLD WITH AIR RESERVOIR FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
DE102009048209A1 (en) * 2009-10-05 2011-04-07 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Air filter for an internal combustion engine
JP5959156B2 (en) * 2011-04-11 2016-08-02 株式会社セキソー Manufacturing method of duct connecting part
US9873325B1 (en) 2014-10-22 2018-01-23 Hydro-Gear Limited Partnership Drive apparatus

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EP0280122A2 (en) * 1987-02-24 1988-08-31 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft, Patentabteilung AJ-3 Suction device for an internal-combustion engine
US5150669A (en) * 1989-11-06 1992-09-29 General Motors Corporation Pressure relief means for integrated induction system
US5186198A (en) * 1991-12-12 1993-02-16 Penn Troy Maching Company, Inc. Intake manifold relief valve
US5280769A (en) * 1993-05-04 1994-01-25 General Motors Corporation Pressure relief means for induction system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2526550A1 (en) 1975-06-13 1976-12-23 Porsche Ag Induction pipe for internal combustion engines - has auxiliary outlet as safety precaution against blow back
EP0280122A2 (en) * 1987-02-24 1988-08-31 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft, Patentabteilung AJ-3 Suction device for an internal-combustion engine
US5150669A (en) * 1989-11-06 1992-09-29 General Motors Corporation Pressure relief means for integrated induction system
US5186198A (en) * 1991-12-12 1993-02-16 Penn Troy Maching Company, Inc. Intake manifold relief valve
US5280769A (en) * 1993-05-04 1994-01-25 General Motors Corporation Pressure relief means for induction system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR9703747A (en) 1998-08-11
DE19625768A1 (en) 1998-01-02
DE19625768B4 (en) 2009-04-16
EP0816668A2 (en) 1998-01-07
JP3893192B2 (en) 2007-03-14
EP0816668B1 (en) 2002-09-18
JPH1054314A (en) 1998-02-24
DE59708238D1 (en) 2002-10-24
KR100472870B1 (en) 2005-05-20
MX9704054A (en) 1997-12-31
EP0816668A3 (en) 1998-04-22
US5826554A (en) 1998-10-27
KR980002784A (en) 1998-03-30
ES2179236T3 (en) 2003-01-16

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