EP1211409A1 - Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine - Google Patents
Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1211409A1 EP1211409A1 EP02004931A EP02004931A EP1211409A1 EP 1211409 A1 EP1211409 A1 EP 1211409A1 EP 02004931 A EP02004931 A EP 02004931A EP 02004931 A EP02004931 A EP 02004931A EP 1211409 A1 EP1211409 A1 EP 1211409A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- intake manifold
- opening
- thin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10091—Air intakes; Induction systems characterised by details of intake ducts: shapes; connections; arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10209—Fluid connections to the air intake system; their arrangement of pipes, valves or the like
- F02M35/10236—Overpressure or vacuum relief means; Burst protection
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10242—Devices or means connected to or integrated into air intakes; Air intakes combined with other engine or vehicle parts
- F02M35/10301—Flexible, resilient, pivotally or movable parts; Membranes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2225/00—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
- F05C2225/08—Thermoplastics
Definitions
- the invention relates to an intake manifold for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Such a suction pipe is known from DE 25 26 550 A.
- suction pipes made of correspondingly lighter materials (especially plastic or aluminum).
- Made of die-cast aluminum or plastic injection Series-made suction pipes have a wall thickness of about 2 millimeters.
- DE 25 26 550 A is to avoid damage to the intake manifold and a secondary outlet (opening) is provided to discharge the disproportionate pressure, when a predetermined pressure is exceeded within the suction tube is opened.
- the secondary outlet is initially a cup-shaped one Cover closed, on a nozzle on the outside of the intake manifold wall is attachable.
- this pot-shaped lid has the decisive disadvantage that it releases the secondary outlet when intake manifold explosions occur and thus creates a pressure balance in the atmosphere; after the suction pipe explosion has subsided and release of the secondary outlet is the continued operation of the internal combustion engine however, in no case possible, since after opening the secondary outlet the circuit of the fuel pump or the ignition current of the internal combustion engine is interrupted.
- the cover To put the engine back into operation, the cover must first be put back on, for example, the circuit for the fuel pump to close again and start the internal combustion engine. This means that the vehicle stops in the event of an intake manifold explosion, which means that safety-critical situations occur especially while driving can. In addition, it is not guaranteed that the driver of the vehicle in the If the internal combustion engine fails, the opening with the cover is closed again lock so that the vehicle may have to be towed to the workshop.
- the object of the invention is to create a generic one To design the intake manifold so that the disadvantages described are avoided.
- the drawing shows a section through a section 1 of a downstream one shown throttle valve connector lying plastic / metal intake manifold, that too one of the cylinders of the internal combustion engine.
- this intake manifold is provided downstream of the throttle valve connector to arrange an opening 2 leading into the atmosphere through a valve 3 responsive to the pressure in the intake manifold 1 is controlled.
- This valve 3 is a so-called elastomer umbrella valve 4, which projects with a stem 5 into a central opening 6 and is held by a stud 7 of a screw bushing 8.
- the screw bushing 8 has a collar ring 10 spaced apart by ribs 9, is pushed onto a cover flap 11 and clipped with it, the Ribs 9 of the screw bushing 8 form a tool attachment 12 so that the Screw bushing 8 can be screwed into the opening 2.
- the invention is based on the knowledge that the bursting of the suction pipes 1 by Explosive occurrences that occasionally occur after starting the internal combustion engine Ignition of stored / condensed in the intake manifold 1 and with the in Intake pipe 1 contained air mixed fuel / fuel vapor residues is caused.
- this pressure increase is caused by opening of the valve 3 limited.
- the air / fuel gas can escape into the free atmosphere.
- the burning gas cools down in the opening 2 divided by ribs 13 and also in the outlet opening 13 covered by the cap 11 between Screw bushing 8 and collar ring 10.
- valve 3 closes again Internal combustion engine remains ready for operation.
- the cap 11 prevents entry of dirt and water into the opening 2.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
- Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Means For Warming Up And Starting Carburetors (AREA)
- Characterised By The Charging Evacuation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Saugrohr für eine Brennkraftmaschine nach dem Oberbegriff
des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to an intake manifold for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble
of
Ein solches Saugrohr ist aus der DE 25 26 550 A bekannt.Such a suction pipe is known from DE 25 26 550 A.
In dieser Entgegenhaltung ist beschrieben, daß die Ursachen von Saugrohrexplosionen, die zur teilweisen oder ganzen Zerstörung von Gemischaufbereitungsanlagen bei Brennkraftmaschinen durch Bruch oder Brand führen, auf Zündungen des bei offenem Einlaßventil vorgelagerten oder während des Saughubes angesaugten Luft-Kraftstoff-Gemisches zurückzuführen sind. Aufgrund dieser Zündungen kommt es zu einem überproportionalen Anstieg des Druckes in dem Saugrohr, wodurch das Saugrohr beschädigt oder sogar zerstört wird. Bei "dickwandigen" Saugrohren konnte es zu einer solchen Zerstörung nicht kommen, da die Materialstärke des Saugrohres ausreichte, um dem überproportionalen Druck standzuhalten. Solche "dickwandigen" Saugrohre waren beispielsweise aus Sandguß mit Wandungen, die eine Dicke von etwa 4 Millimetern hergestellt und wiesen keine Trenn-Nähte auf. Diese Saugrohre waren schwer und stabil.This document describes that the causes of intake manifold explosions, for the partial or total destruction of mixture processing plants in internal combustion engines due to breakage or fire, on ignition of the Air-fuel mixture upstream of the open intake valve or sucked in during the suction stroke are due. Because of these ignitions it happens a disproportionate increase in pressure in the intake manifold, causing the intake manifold is damaged or even destroyed. With "thick-walled" intake manifolds, it could such a destruction does not occur because of the material thickness of the suction pipe sufficient to withstand the disproportionate pressure. Such "thick-walled" Suction pipes were, for example, made of sand cast with walls that have a thickness of made about 4 millimeters and had no seams. These suction pipes were heavy and stable.
Bei modernen Brennkraftmaschinen steht die Gewichtsersparnis im Vordergrund, so daß Saugrohre aus entsprechend leichteren Materialien (insbesondere Kunststoff oder Aluminium) gefertigt werden. Aus Aluminium-Druckguß oder Kunststoff-Spritzguß in Serie hergestellte Saugrohre haben eine Wandstärke von etwa 2 Millimetern. In modern internal combustion engines, the focus is on saving weight, so that suction pipes made of correspondingly lighter materials (especially plastic or aluminum). Made of die-cast aluminum or plastic injection Series-made suction pipes have a wall thickness of about 2 millimeters.
Bei der DE 25 26 550 A ist zur Vermeidung von Beschädigungen des Saugrohres und zum Abführen des überproportionalen Druckes ein Nebenauslaß (Öffnung) vorgesehen, der bei Übersteigen eines vorbestimmten Druckes innerhalb des Saugohres geöffnet wird. Dabei ist der Nebenauslaß zunächst durch einen topfförmigen Deckel geschlossen, der auf einem Stutzen an der Außenseite der Saugrohrwand aufsetzbar ist. Dieser topfförmige Deckel hat jedoch den entscheidenden Nachteil, daß er zwar beim Auftreten von Saugrohrexplosionen den Nebenauslaß freigibt und somit einen Druckausgleich in die Atmosphäre herstellt; nach Abklingen der Saugrohrexplosion und Freigabe des Nebenauslasses ist der weitere Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine jedoch auf keinen Fall möglich, da nach dem Öffnen des Nebenauslasses der Stromkreis der Kraftstoffpumpe oder der Zündstrom der Brennkraftmaschine unterbrochen wird. Um die Brennkraftmaschine wieder in Betrieb zu setzen, muß der Deckel erst wieder aufgesetzt werden, um beispielsweise den Stromkreis für die Kraftstoffpumpe wieder zu schließen und die Brennkraftmaschine anzulassen. Das bedeutet, daß das Fahrzeug im Falle einer Saugrohrexplosion stehen bleibt, wodurch besonders während der Fahrt sicherheitskritische Situationen auftreten können. Außerdem ist nicht gewährleistet, daß der Fahrer des Fahrzeuges in der Lage ist, beim Ausfall der Brennkraftmaschine die Öffnung mit dem Deckel wieder zu verschließen, so daß ggf. das Fahrzeug in die Werkstatt abgeschleppt werden muß.DE 25 26 550 A is to avoid damage to the intake manifold and a secondary outlet (opening) is provided to discharge the disproportionate pressure, when a predetermined pressure is exceeded within the suction tube is opened. The secondary outlet is initially a cup-shaped one Cover closed, on a nozzle on the outside of the intake manifold wall is attachable. However, this pot-shaped lid has the decisive disadvantage that it releases the secondary outlet when intake manifold explosions occur and thus creates a pressure balance in the atmosphere; after the suction pipe explosion has subsided and release of the secondary outlet is the continued operation of the internal combustion engine however, in no case possible, since after opening the secondary outlet the circuit of the fuel pump or the ignition current of the internal combustion engine is interrupted. To put the engine back into operation, the cover must first be put back on, for example, the circuit for the fuel pump to close again and start the internal combustion engine. This means that the vehicle stops in the event of an intake manifold explosion, which means that safety-critical situations occur especially while driving can. In addition, it is not guaranteed that the driver of the vehicle in the If the internal combustion engine fails, the opening with the cover is closed again lock so that the vehicle may have to be towed to the workshop.
Hiervon ausgehend liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein gattungsgemäßes Saugrohr derart zu gestalten, daß die geschilderten Nachteile vermieden werden.Proceeding from this, the object of the invention is to create a generic one To design the intake manifold so that the disadvantages described are avoided.
Diese Aufgabe ist durch die im Kennzeichen des Patenanspruchs 1 angegebenen
Merkmale gelöst worden.This task is by the specified in the characterizing part of
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird nachfolgend beschrieben.An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and will described below.
Die Zeichnung zeigt einen Schnitt durch einen Abschnitt 1 eines stromab eines nicht
dargestellten Drosselklappenstutzens liegenden Kunststoff-/Metallsaugrohres, das zu
einem der Zylinder der Brennkraftmaschine führt. The drawing shows a section through a
Erfindungsgemäß ist bei diesem Saugrohr vorgesehen, stromab des Drosselklappenstutzens
eine in die Atmosphäre führende Öffnung 2 anzuordnen, die durch ein
auf den Druck im Saugrohr 1 ansprechendes Ventil 3 gesteuert wird.According to the invention, this intake manifold is provided downstream of the throttle valve connector
to arrange an
Bei diesem Ventil 3 handelt es sich hier um ein sogenanntes Elastomer-Regenschirmventil
4, das mit einem Stiel 5 in eine zentrale Öffnung 6 hineinragt und
durch einen Stiftansatz 7 einer Schraubbuchse 8 gehalten ist.This valve 3 is a so-called elastomer umbrella valve
4, which projects with a
Die Schraubbuchse 8 weist einen durch Rippen 9 beabstandeten Kragenring 10 auf,
auf den eine Abdeckklappe 11 aufgeschoben und mit diesem verklippst ist, wobei die
Rippen 9 der Schraubbuchse 8 einen Werkzeugansatz 12 bilden, so daß die
Schraubbuchse 8 in die Öffnung 2 eingeschraubt werden kann.The screw bushing 8 has a
Die Erfindung basiert auf der Erkenntnis, daß das Bersten der Saugrohre 1 durch
nach dem Anlassen der Brennkraftmaschine gelegentlich auftretendes explosionsartiges
Entzünden von im Saugrohr 1 gespeicherten/Kondensierten und mit der im
Saugrohr 1 enthaltenen Luft gemischten Brennstoff-/Brennstoffdampfrückständen
verursacht wird.The invention is based on the knowledge that the bursting of the
Hierdurch entsteht im Saugrohr 1 eine Flamm-Druckwelle, die durch die im Leerlaufbetrieb
nach dem Starten geschlossene Drosselklappe nicht nach außen gelangen
kann und dadurch einen hohen Druckanstieg bewirkt, der eine Zerstörung des Saugrohres
verursachen kann.This creates a flame pressure wave in the
Durch die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen wird dieser Druckanstieg durch Öffnen
des Ventils 3 begrenzt. Die Luft/das Brenngas kann in die freie Atmosphäre austreten.
In der durch Rippen 13 aufgeteilten Öffnung 2 kühlt sich das brennende Gas ab
und ebenso in der durch die Abdeckkappe 11 abgedeckten Auslaßöffnung 13 zwischen
Schraubbuchse 8 und Kragenring 10. Danach schließt das Ventil 3 wieder, die
Brennkraftmaschine bleibt betriebsbereit. Die Abdeckkappe 11 verhindert den Eintritt
von Schmutz und Wasser in die Öffnung 2.By means of the measures according to the invention, this pressure increase is caused by opening
of the valve 3 limited. The air / fuel gas can escape into the free atmosphere.
The burning gas cools down in the
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19625768A DE19625768B4 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1996-06-27 | Thin-walled intake manifold for an internal combustion engine |
DE19625768 | 1996-06-27 | ||
EP97106127A EP0816668B1 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1997-04-15 | Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97106127A Division EP0816668B1 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1997-04-15 | Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1211409A1 true EP1211409A1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
Family
ID=7798193
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97106127A Expired - Lifetime EP0816668B1 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1997-04-15 | Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine |
EP02004931A Withdrawn EP1211409A1 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1997-04-15 | Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97106127A Expired - Lifetime EP0816668B1 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1997-04-15 | Thin-walled suction tube for an internal combustion engine |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5826554A (en) |
EP (2) | EP0816668B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3893192B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100472870B1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9703747A (en) |
DE (2) | DE19625768B4 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2179236T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MX9704054A (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10047197A1 (en) | 2000-09-23 | 2002-04-25 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Intake pipe for an internal combustion engine |
DE10131110A1 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2003-01-09 | Mann & Hummel Filter | Intermediate flange system for a direct injection internal combustion engine |
EP2656868B1 (en) * | 2002-02-04 | 2020-08-05 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Breathing assistance apparatus |
US6571753B1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-06-03 | Brunswick Corporation | Passive air vent for a marine engine |
ATE350572T1 (en) * | 2004-09-28 | 2007-01-15 | Magneti Marelli Powertrain Spa | INLET MANIFOLD WITH AIR RESERVOIR FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
DE102009048209A1 (en) * | 2009-10-05 | 2011-04-07 | Mann + Hummel Gmbh | Air filter for an internal combustion engine |
JP5959156B2 (en) * | 2011-04-11 | 2016-08-02 | 株式会社セキソー | Manufacturing method of duct connecting part |
US9873325B1 (en) | 2014-10-22 | 2018-01-23 | Hydro-Gear Limited Partnership | Drive apparatus |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2526550A1 (en) | 1975-06-13 | 1976-12-23 | Porsche Ag | Induction pipe for internal combustion engines - has auxiliary outlet as safety precaution against blow back |
EP0280122A2 (en) * | 1987-02-24 | 1988-08-31 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft, Patentabteilung AJ-3 | Suction device for an internal-combustion engine |
US5150669A (en) * | 1989-11-06 | 1992-09-29 | General Motors Corporation | Pressure relief means for integrated induction system |
US5186198A (en) * | 1991-12-12 | 1993-02-16 | Penn Troy Maching Company, Inc. | Intake manifold relief valve |
US5280769A (en) * | 1993-05-04 | 1994-01-25 | General Motors Corporation | Pressure relief means for induction system |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1677019A (en) * | 1926-01-14 | 1928-07-10 | Casati Pietro | Arrangement for eliminating the dangers due to back fires in carburetors |
DE1918382A1 (en) * | 1969-04-11 | 1970-10-22 | Porsche Kg | Device on internal combustion engines to prevent fuel from flowing out of the mixture formation system into the atmosphere |
US4499916A (en) * | 1983-01-31 | 1985-02-19 | Allied Corporation | Vacuum check valve |
US4538555A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1985-09-03 | John Kite | Power plate |
DE3536522A1 (en) * | 1985-10-12 | 1987-04-16 | Audi Ag | Intake pipe for an internal combustion engine |
US4986225A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1991-01-22 | General Motors Corporation | Intake reservoir system for an engine having a check valve |
US5018486A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1991-05-28 | General Motors Corporation | Pressure relief system for a check valve |
US4991547A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1991-02-12 | General Motors Corporation | Intake port pressure control system for engine induction system |
US5129426A (en) * | 1991-05-13 | 1992-07-14 | Vernay Laboratories, Inc. | Tube mounted check valve |
US5375565A (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1994-12-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | Flame arrestor and method of manufacture |
JPH08100722A (en) * | 1994-09-29 | 1996-04-16 | Toyota Motor Corp | Air intake pipe structure for internal combustion engine |
US5507256A (en) * | 1995-06-14 | 1996-04-16 | Ford Motor Company | Intake manifold positive pressure relief disk |
-
1996
- 1996-06-27 DE DE19625768A patent/DE19625768B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-04-15 ES ES97106127T patent/ES2179236T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-15 EP EP97106127A patent/EP0816668B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-15 DE DE59708238T patent/DE59708238D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-15 EP EP02004931A patent/EP1211409A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-06-02 MX MX9704054A patent/MX9704054A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-24 KR KR1019970026818A patent/KR100472870B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-26 JP JP16984697A patent/JP3893192B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-27 US US08/884,521 patent/US5826554A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-27 BR BR9703747A patent/BR9703747A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2526550A1 (en) | 1975-06-13 | 1976-12-23 | Porsche Ag | Induction pipe for internal combustion engines - has auxiliary outlet as safety precaution against blow back |
EP0280122A2 (en) * | 1987-02-24 | 1988-08-31 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft, Patentabteilung AJ-3 | Suction device for an internal-combustion engine |
US5150669A (en) * | 1989-11-06 | 1992-09-29 | General Motors Corporation | Pressure relief means for integrated induction system |
US5186198A (en) * | 1991-12-12 | 1993-02-16 | Penn Troy Maching Company, Inc. | Intake manifold relief valve |
US5280769A (en) * | 1993-05-04 | 1994-01-25 | General Motors Corporation | Pressure relief means for induction system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR9703747A (en) | 1998-08-11 |
DE19625768A1 (en) | 1998-01-02 |
DE19625768B4 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
EP0816668A2 (en) | 1998-01-07 |
JP3893192B2 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
EP0816668B1 (en) | 2002-09-18 |
JPH1054314A (en) | 1998-02-24 |
DE59708238D1 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
KR100472870B1 (en) | 2005-05-20 |
MX9704054A (en) | 1997-12-31 |
EP0816668A3 (en) | 1998-04-22 |
US5826554A (en) | 1998-10-27 |
KR980002784A (en) | 1998-03-30 |
ES2179236T3 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
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