CN118033091A - Water source discrimination method for silica-karite type iron ore deposit based on ore formation analysis - Google Patents
Water source discrimination method for silica-karite type iron ore deposit based on ore formation analysis Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a water source discrimination method of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on ore formation analysis, which relates to the technical field of water damage prevention and control of the skarn type iron ore deposit, and comprises the following steps: (1) Determining an aquifer, a water-resisting layer and a corresponding lithology zone of the skarn type iron ore deposit; (2) determining lithology combinations of each zone; respectively detecting water samples of all the aquifers; analyzing lithology combination and the detection result of each aquifer water sample to determine the discrimination index of each aquifer; (3) When water inrush occurs in the skarn type iron ore deposit, the identification type constant component and the identification type constant component are carried out on the water sample of the water outletIs detected; comparing with the judging index in the step (2) so as to judge the water inrush source and the runoff path. The invention determines the representative water chemistry characteristics of the ore deposit from the mechanism, judges the runoff path of the underground water according to the water chemistry characteristics, prejudges the source of the water gushing on the working surface as soon as possible, and adopts corresponding water prevention measures in time so as to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the mine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water damage prevention and control of a skarn type iron ore deposit, in particular to a water source discrimination method of the skarn type iron ore deposit based on ore formation analysis.
Background
Mine water inrush is one of the main disasters in metal mining. The water burst not only causes great economic loss to the mine, but also seriously threatens the life safety of underground personnel, and restricts the safe and efficient production of the mine. The method is used for timely finding out the main source of underground water burst, determining main runoff channels and dividing the water-rich area of the roof and the floor of the ore body, is a key for controlling water in the metal mine construction and stoping stage, and is an important foundation for reducing unnecessary water exploration and drainage engineering, reducing production cost and improving the efficiency of mining and cutting engineering.
The iron ore beds in China are generally classified into 6 types of cause types of sedimentary metamorphism type, magma type, skarn type, volcanic type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type, and skarn type iron ore is the most important iron-rich ore bed type in China. The skarn type iron ore is produced mainly near the contact zone of acidic invading rock in the Yanshan stage with carbonate formations containing salts of gypsum (fig. 1), and is a typical magnetite ore body formed by hydrothermal exchange. The development of iron deposits is closely related to the formation of paste salts in the overburden carbonate formation.
The evolution of the hydrothermal (fluid) system from formation, storage, migration, circulation to precipitation, i.e. the formation of the skarn type iron-rich deposit. With the cyclic migration of the hydrothermal solution, substitution of the material components between the rock mass and the carbonate surrounding rock is carried out, and the rock near the contact zone of the rock mass and the surrounding rock is subjected to the alteration stages of dry silica-calization, wet silica-calization-magnetite mineralization, sulfide-carbonation and the like, and the rock mass to the carbonate surrounding rock can be basically divided into four alteration zones: the rock composition of the silicate rock type iron deposit is formed by the changed flash rock belt, the silicate rock belt, the magnetite ore body belt (iron ore body) and the changed carbonate rock belt, and the structure, the mineral and the chemical composition of each changed rock are obviously different. Iron ore bodies are located between the various alteration zones, the direct roof of the ore body is typically an altered carbonate rock, i.e. the karst aquifer is the direct water supply for such deposits; the bottom plate is typically of silica-calico and altered flash rock and is often staggered. Thus, the skarn type iron ore deposit is typically a large water deposit and the water-rich and water-chemical characteristics of the roof and floor are different from those of coal mines and other types of iron ore deposits. In view of this, the present invention provides a water source discrimination method for a skarn type iron ore deposit based on an ore formation analysis.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a water source discrimination method for a skarn type iron ore deposit based on ore formation analysis. The purpose is to provide a roof carbonate aquifer and a floor of the skarn type iron ore, and the floor alters the rock fracture aquifer to serve as two water filling sources of the ore deposit; the identification type constant components, the proportion relation and the delta 34 S value of the groundwater of two aquifers are provided. .
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: the water source distinguishing method of the skarn type iron ore deposit based on the ore forming effect analysis comprises the following steps:
(1) Determining an aquifer, a water-resisting layer and a corresponding lithology zone of the skarn type iron ore deposit to obtain an altered flash rock zone to form a bottom plate rock fracture aquifer, and an altered carbonate rock zone to form a top plate karst aquifer;
(2) Determining lithology combinations of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone; the method comprises the steps of detecting rock fracture water of a bottom plate rock fracture aquifer, karst water in a top plate karst aquifer and mixed water formed after the karst water in the top plate karst aquifer flows through a silica-stuck rock zone and/or a magnetite ore zone respectively; analyzing lithology combinations of the changed flash rock zone and the changed carbonate rock zone and water sample detection results of all the aquifers to determine discrimination indexes of all the aquifers;
(3) When water inrush occurs in the skarn type iron ore deposit, detecting the identification type constant component and delta 34 S value of the water sample of the water outlet; and (3) comparing the detection result of the water sample to the discrimination indexes of each aquifer established in the step (2), so as to determine the water inrush source and the runoff path.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: unlike other types of metal deposits and coal mines, the silica-based iron deposits have unique mineralisation processes and mineralisation effects that determine the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the primary aquifer of such deposits; therefore, the invention develops the identification of water chemical characteristics of the aquifer (detection of identification type constant components and delta 34 S values) and tracing of underground water burst sources based on the ore forming effect, can determine the representative water chemical characteristics of the ore deposit mechanically, judges the runoff path of underground water through the water chemical characteristics, pre-judges the water burst source of the working face as soon as possible, takes corresponding water prevention measures in time, prevents the occurrence of vertical and lateral water burst accidents of the tunnel roof and the floor, furthest reduces personnel and property loss caused by water damage, and ensures the safe and efficient operation of mines. Meanwhile, the ore forming effect and mechanism of the silicon-stuck-rock type iron ore deposit are similar, so that the hydrogeological conditions and the water chemical characteristics of typical silicon-stuck-rock type iron ore deposits in north China and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river are consistent, and the invention is applicable to the silicon-stuck-rock type iron ore deposit.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the invention can be improved as follows.
Further, the step (1) comprises the following specific steps: the water-bearing layer, the water-resisting layer and the corresponding lithology zone of the sika type iron ore deposit are determined through investigation and core cataloging of the water-yielding point of the sika type iron ore deposit, and the changed flash long rock zone is obtained to form a bottom plate rock fracture water-bearing layer, the sika rock zone and the magnetite ore zone form a middle water-resisting layer, and the changed carbonate rock zone forms a top plate karst water-bearing layer.
The beneficial effects of adopting the further scheme are as follows: the corresponding relation between the water-rich property, the water permeability and the altered rock zone of the main aquifer and the water-resistant layer of the skarn type iron ore deposit is disclosed through the water outlet condition; determining a main alteration rock zone through core cataloging; the changed flash long rock zone forms a bottom plate rock mass fracture aquifer of the mine water-containing system and is a weak-medium aquifer; the altered carbonate rock zone forms a roof karst aquifer which is a strong aquifer; under natural conditions without recovery damage, groundwater flows in the aquifer near-horizontal.
Further, the step (2) comprises the following specific steps:
(2-1) determining lithology combinations of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone respectively through optical sheet identification, probe and XRD analysis to obtain soluble minerals and insoluble minerals of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone respectively;
(2-2) respectively judging main water chemical components of the rock mass fracture water, the karst water and the mixed water through constant component and sulfur isotope test analysis; judging from the soluble minerals and insoluble minerals of each lithology zone obtained in the step (2-1) which kind of mineral the main water chemical components are derived from;
(2-3) determining the chemical characteristic formation mechanism of the rock mass crevice water, the karst water and the mixed water by analyzing the roles of the soluble minerals in different ore forming stages from high temperature to low temperature and the fractional distillation of sulfur isotopes in the reaction conversion process of the soluble minerals, thereby determining the characteristic of the identification type constant components and the sulfur isotope components of the rock mass crevice water, the karst water and the mixed water; and determining the discrimination index of each aquifer according to the characteristics of the identification type constant component and the sulfur isotope component.
Further, in step (2-3), the identified constant components include at least four of Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO4 2-、CO3 2-、HCO3 - and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
Further, the discrimination index includes at least one of the content of each of the labeled constant components, the equivalent percentage of each of the labeled constant components, the value of (Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2-) the ion proportionality coefficient, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2-) the ion proportionality coefficient, [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/SO4 2-) ]/TDS, δ 34 S.
Further, the rock mass fracture water discrimination index comprises at least one of the following: the rock mass fracture water is of Ca-SO 4 and Ca-Mg-SO 4 types, the TDS is 1400-2400 Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is 28.0-33.8 per mill, the SO 4 2- milliequivalents percentage is more than 85 percent, and the ion proportionality coefficient of the CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is less than 0.1.
Further, the karst water discrimination index includes at least one of: the karst water is Ca.Mg-HCO 3 type, the TDS is less than 300Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is less than 13.7 per mill, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -) milliequivalent percent is more than 60 percent, the SO 4 2- is less than 2 milliequivalents, and the ion proportionality coefficient of CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is more than 1.0.
Further, the mixed water discrimination index includes at least one of: the mixed water is Ca.Mg-HCO 3·SO4、Ca·Mg-SO4·HCO3 type water, the TDS is 300 Mg/L-800 Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is 20.0-26.3 per mill, the HCO 3 - milliequivalent percent is 55-10 percent, the SO 4 2- milliequivalent percent is 40-85 percent, and the ion proportionality coefficient of the CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is less than 1.0.
Further, the step (3) specifically includes:
(3-1) collecting a water sample of the effluent when water inrush occurs in the skarn type iron ore deposit;
(3-2) detecting the identification type constant components and delta 34 S values of the collected water sample, comparing the detection results of the identification type constant components and delta 34 S values of the water sample with each discrimination index, and judging the water inrush source and the runoff path.
Further, the step (3-2) specifically includes the steps of: detecting the identification type constant component and delta 34 S value of the collected water sample, calculating at least one of (Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2- ion proportionality coefficient, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- ion proportionality coefficient, [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/ SO4 2-) ]/TDS ion proportionality coefficient) according to the identification type constant component of the collected water sample, comparing the collected water sample with each discrimination index through a diagram, and further determining a comparison result by adopting the delta 34 S value, thereby judging the water inrush source and the runoff path.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an iron ore survey line of the Handan chen area of the present invention; wherein 1 is a fourth gravel layer; 2 is carboloy shale; 3 is medium-austenite Tao Tong limestone (a changed flash rock zone); 4 is cream-soluble breccia; 5 is silica-calix; 6 is an iron ore body; 7 is an altered flash rock zone; 8 is a drilling hole; 9 is a fault;
FIG. 2 is a representation of a light sheet microscopic identification of the present invention; wherein a is single polarization, and is associated with magnetite, gypsum negative protrusion and anhydrite neutral protrusion; b is orthogonal polarized light, gypsum primary gray interference color and anhydrite blue interference color; c is single polarized light, radial gypsum and gypsum aggregate; d is orthogonal polarized light, primary gray interference color, and gypsum develops in the periphery or gaps of calcite veins; e is single polarization, a small amount of gypsum develops in calcite veins, and gypsum replaces calcite veins; f is orthogonal polarized light, gypsum first-order gray-white interference color, and a piece of blue beside a pulse is anhydrite;
FIG. 3 is an XRD pattern for a lyotropic salt of the present invention; wherein a is the XRD interpretation of the soluble salt separated from the silica band, and b is the XRD interpretation of the soluble salt separated from the ore band;
FIG. 4 is a Piper three-line graph of various water gushes points according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of ionic proportion of mine water gushes versus sulfate mineral dissolution curve in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing ion ratios of various water points according to the present invention; wherein a is the water inrush point (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- ion proportion graph; b is the water inrush point [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/SO4 2-) ]/TDS relation graph).
Detailed Description
The principles and features of the present invention are described below with examples given for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The specific techniques or conditions are not identified in the examples and are described in the literature in this field or are carried out in accordance with the product specifications. The reagents or apparatus used were conventional products commercially available through regular channels, with no manufacturer noted.
The invention takes the water sample collected from the altered carbonate rock zone as a karst water sample, takes the water sample collected from the altered flash rock zone, the silicon-stuck rock layer or the ore layer as rock mass fracture water, also called (ore body) water sample, takes the water sample of the water surge point after the tunnel roof and the side wall break as a sample, and further analyzes the classification and runoff path through water chemistry.
Examples
The embodiment relates to a water source judging method of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on ore formation analysis, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Determining an aquifer, a water-resisting layer and a corresponding lithology zone of the skarn type iron ore deposit to obtain an altered flash rock zone to form a bottom plate rock fracture aquifer, and an altered carbonate rock zone to form a top plate karst aquifer;
Preferably, the step (1) includes the following specific steps: the water-bearing layer, the water-resisting layer and the corresponding lithology zone of the sika type iron ore deposit are determined through investigation and core cataloging of the water-yielding point of the sika type iron ore deposit, and the changed flash long rock zone is obtained to form a bottom plate rock fracture water-bearing layer, the sika rock zone and the magnetite ore zone form a middle water-resisting layer, and the changed carbonate rock zone forms a top plate karst water-bearing layer.
Geological drilling, water drainage holes and tunneling engineering reveal that the direct water filling water source of the silicon-stuck rock type iron ore deposit not only has a top plate karst aquifer of an altered carbonate rock zone of an upper plate of an ore body, but also has a bottom plate rock fracture aquifer formed by an altered flash rock zone of a lower plate of the ore body, which is different from the previous knowledge of rock water isolation. Wherein the altered carbonate rock zone and the altered flash rock zone are aquifers. The altered carbonate aquifer develops a large number of vertical and horizontal cracks and pores formed by hydrothermal corrosion, and has strong water enrichment and water permeability; the water-bearing layer with the fissure of the changed flash rock is weak to medium in water-rich property, weak to medium in water permeability, small in water inflow and basically unpressurized. The silica-bearing zone and magnetite-bearing zone are relatively water-resistant due to compact lump formation, calcareous cementation, and relatively high content of fine clay minerals, respectively.
(2) Determining lithology combinations of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone; the method comprises the steps of detecting rock fracture water of a bottom plate rock fracture aquifer, karst water in a top plate karst aquifer and mixed water formed after the karst water in the top plate karst aquifer flows through a silica-stuck rock zone and/or a magnetite ore zone respectively; analyzing lithology combinations of the changed flash rock zone and the changed carbonate rock zone and detection results of all the aquifers to determine discrimination indexes of all the aquifers;
preferably, the step (2) includes the following specific steps:
(2-1) determining lithology combinations of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone respectively through optical sheet identification, probe and XRD analysis to obtain soluble minerals and insoluble minerals of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone respectively;
(2-2) respectively judging main water chemical components of the rock mass fracture water, the karst water and the mixed water through constant component and sulfur isotope test analysis; judging from the soluble minerals and insoluble minerals of each lithology zone obtained in the step (2-1) which kind of mineral the main water chemical components are derived from;
(2-3) determining the chemical characteristic formation mechanism of the rock mass crevice water, the karst water and the mixed water by analyzing the roles of the soluble minerals in different ore forming stages from high temperature to low temperature and the fractional distillation of sulfur isotopes in the reaction conversion process of the soluble minerals, thereby determining the characteristic of the identification type constant components and the sulfur isotope components of the rock mass crevice water, the karst water and the mixed water; and determining the discrimination index of each aquifer according to the characteristics of the identification type constant component and the sulfur isotope component.
In this embodiment, preferably, in step (2-3), the identification type constant component includes at least three of Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO4 2-、CO3 2-、HCO3 - and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
From these identified macrocomponent plots (Piper trilon plot) the plot positions and water chemistry types of the water samples were derived, and from conventional ions the milliequivalent ratio plot was derived: (Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2- map, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）-SO4 2- map, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -/SO4 2-) -TDS map) the aqueous layer from which the water sample originates is determined according to the illustration, preferably, the discrimination index includes at least one of the content of each of the identified constant components, the equivalent percentage of each of the identified constant components, (the ionic scaling factor of Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2-, (the ionic scaling factor of CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2-, [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/ SO4 2-) ]/TDS ionic scaling factor, and the value of delta 34 S.
In this embodiment, preferably, the discrimination indexes of the rock mass fracture water, the karst water and the mixed water are as follows:
1) The rock mass fracture water discrimination indexes are as follows: comprising at least one of the following: the rock mass fracture water is of Ca-SO 4 and Ca-Mg-SO 4 types, the TDS is 1400-2400 Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is 28.0-33.8 per mill, the SO 4 2- milliequivalents percentage is more than 85 percent, and the ion proportionality coefficient of the CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is less than 0.1.
2) The karst water discrimination index comprises at least one of the following: the karst water is Ca.Mg-HCO 3 type, the TDS is less than 300Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is less than 13.7 per mill, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -) milliequivalent percent is more than 60 percent, the SO 4 2- is less than 2 milliequivalents, and the ion proportionality coefficient of CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is more than 1.0.
3) The mixed water discrimination index includes at least one of the following: the mixed water is Ca.Mg-HCO 3·SO4、Ca·Mg-SO4·HCO3 type water, the TDS is 300 Mg/L-800 Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is 20.0-26.3 per mill, the HCO 3 - milliequivalent percent is 55-10 percent, the SO 4 2- milliequivalent percent is 40-85 percent, and the ion proportionality coefficient of the CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is less than 1.0.
In this embodiment, the method for distinguishing the groundwater of two aquifers comprises the following steps:
(a) Regional and mining geological investigation: logging and sampling a rock core and a tunneling chamber (tunnel), identifying minerals under a light sheet microscope, determining sulfate minerals by a probe and XRD, selecting pyrite and gypsum (anhydrite, celestite and barite) from the probe sheet, and testing delta 34 S values;
(b) The horizon of each water outlet point was verified downhole, groundwater from two main aquifers was sampled, and conventional components and δ 34 S were tested: calculating milliequivalents (meq/L), milliequivalent percent, TDS and other indexes of the macrocomponent ions;
(c) Index analysis and graphic discrimination: and (3) drawing a Piper three-line graph, drawing an ion proportion coefficient graph, analyzing characteristics and differences of groundwater in each aquifer, and determining characteristic indexes, characteristic ions and proportion relations of each aquifer by combining delta 34 S values in minerals and water samples so as to determine the source of water burst.
In the step (a), the rock mass (ore body) is sampled and then made into a light sheet and a probe sheet, and microscopic identification of the light sheet shows (fig. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e and 2 f) that gypsum and anhydrite develop around magnetite and in gaps of calcite veins. Gypsum and anhydrite associated with magnetite are formed in the wet silica-magnetite stage contemporaneously with the formation of magnetite. Gypsum in the gaps of calcite veins has a formation time later than calcite, and is formed under the condition of low temperature in the later stage of hydrothermal process.
In the step (a), rock mass (ore) and rock sample are ground, soaked and evaporated to dryness to obtain soluble salt, wherein each kilogram of rock contains 5-10 g of soluble salt, and the soluble salt powder is identified by XRD (figures 3 a-b) and mainly comprises sulfate, chloride and carbonate
In step (a), in order to determine the source of sulfate minerals in rock and mineral bands, in-situ sulfur isotope tests were performed on pyrite and gypsum in the two rock bands, the pyrite overall was high, and the delta 34 S value varied in the range of 13.98-22.21%o (table 1). The delta 34 S value in pyrite is obviously higher and is far larger than the range of magma sulfur, and the higher the pyrite is formed, the higher the temperature is, the better the crystal form is, the higher the delta 34 S value is, and the fractionation characteristic of the reaction along with the change of temperature is, which indicates that sulfur is added in the middle and high temperature stages. During the migration and circulation of the ore-forming fluid and the surrounding rock, the sulfate of the sea-phase sediment paste salt layer in the changed carbonate rock zone is mixed and dyed into the fluid.
The delta 34 S value of gypsum and anhydrite minerals in the changed flash rock zone (changed flash rock (ore body)) is 24.0 per mill-33.1 per mill. The sulfur is consistent with the salt sulfur of the sea phase evaporation paste in the North China Olympic stratum, and has the characteristic of sulfur isotope of sea phase evaporation deposition.
TABLE 1 test results of the S values of pyrite sulfur isotopes delta 34 on rock (ore body)
The pyrite' S delta 34 S value is between magma sulfur and sea phase deposited paste salt sulfur, indicating that the ore-forming hot liquid draws delta 34 S in the medium ao Tao Tong evaporated deposited paste salt layer, and the deposited gypsum participates in the ore-forming effect. Gypsum plays a role of an oxidant in the generation process of magnetite, part of SO 4 2- in sulfate undergoes a process of being reduced into H 2S、HS-、S2- by Fe 2+, S 2- and Fe 2+ generate pyrite, delta 34 S gradually decreases from high price to low price in the conversion of SO 4 2-H2SHS-S2-, namely, fractionation is generated between synchronously generated gypsum and pyrite, the fractionation coefficient is related to the temperature of fluid, and the higher the temperature is, the smaller the fractionation value is; the lower the temperature, the greater the fractionation value. The fractional value delta approximately equal to 15 per mill of S 2- of SO 4 2- reduced by Fe 2+ is generally below 250 ℃, and is consistent with the fractional values of most of gypsum and pyrite measured by the method, which shows that the deposited gypsum participates in the ore forming effect, the gypsum and pyrite in the rock mass (ore body) are both produced by mixing the deposited gypsum into hot liquid, and 34 S in the two minerals reflects the characteristics of sea phase deposited sulfur.
Wherein, in step (b), water samples of each aquifer were collected for conventional composition and 34 S testing in a typical skarn iron ore region of Handan chen (table 2). The karst water (serial numbers 1,2 and 3) delta 34 S has a value lower than 13.7 per mill, the rock mass fracture water (serial numbers 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18) delta 34 S has a value of 28.0-33.8 per mill, and the mixed water (serial numbers 4-12) delta 34 S has a value of 20.0-26.3 per mill. The value of delta 34 S in the rock mass fracture water is consistent with the sulfur isotope sign of the medium ao Tao Tong sea phase evaporation deposition paste salt, and the value of delta 34 S is higher and is 28.0-33.8 per mill; the value of delta 34 S in karst water is lower and is similar to the value of delta 34 S in the current rainwater in North China, which shows that in the hydrothermal ore forming process, much of the paste salt sulfur in Zhongao Tao Tong is brought by hydrothermal or later-stage underground water into a rock mass (ore body), and the residual paste salt in carbonate surrounding rocks in the ore area is little.
Under normal temperature, the isotope fractionation between gypsum and SO 4 2- in the solution is very low and can be basically ignored; the oxidation of sulphide to sulphate has a fractional value delta approximately 0%o, and therefore the high delta 34 S value of the rock mass crevice water results mainly from the dissolution of sulphate in the rock mass and not from the oxidation of pyrite in the rock mass. The sulfate of the altered flash zone in turn originates from the evaporation of the deposited paste salt from medium austenite Tao Tong. The high sulfate and delta 34 S type water in the rock mass (ore body) is caused by the addition of a deposited paste salt layer in the ore forming process, is determined by the ore forming effect of the skarn iron ore deposit, and is the water chemical characteristic of the primary water of the rock mass fracture aquifer.
In the step (b), the water sample collected at the water inrush point is subjected to conventional component test, Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO4 2-、CO3 2-、HCO3 - indexes such as TDS and the like are measured, milliequivalents (meq/L) of conventional ions and milliequivalents percentage are calculated, and indexes such as TDS and the like are calculated.
Table 2 Handan Chen area typical skarn iron ore downhole water sample delta 34 S value test results
Wherein in step (c), the ionic components of all water samples tested are cast in the Piper trilon graph (FIG. 4), and the water samples fall in zone 1. The cation is mainly Ca 2+、Mg2+, and the anion is mainly HCO 3 -、SO4 2-. And determining the water chemical types from Ca.Mg-HCO 3 (karst water), ca.Mg-HCO 3·SO4 (mixed water), ca.Mg-SO 4·HCO3 (mixed water) to Ca.Mg-SO 4 (rock fracture water) and Ca-SO 4 (rock fracture water) according to the horizon of the water outlet point.
In step (c), the main ion differences for each aqueous layer are: the groundwater in the altered carbonate zone is mainly dissolved by carbonate, the main anion is HCO 3 -, the main cation is Ca 2+、Mg2+, and the TDS is usually less than 300mg/L; the rock mass fracture water is mainly dissolved by sulfate, the main anion is SO 4 2-, the main cation is Ca 2+, and the TDS is generally 1400 mg/L-2400 mg/L; the roadway roof and the side-bound water are characterized by mixing, the karst water is formed by flowing through a rock body (ore body), anions are mainly HCO 3 - and SO 4 2-, the milliequivalent percentage of HCO 3 -、SO4 2- is between the karst water and the rock body crevice water, and the TDS is generally between 300mg/L and 800 mg/L.
The groundwater type of the altered carbonate rock zone is known and consistent in North China plate, while Ca-SO 4 type rock mass fracture water is different from the common fracture water type, the formation mechanism of Ca-SO 4 type fracture water of a fracture water-bearing layer of a silica-karst type iron ore deposit is ascertained through the ore forming process and the ore forming effect research of silica-karst type iron ore, and the Ca-SO 4 type water is determined to be a representative water chemistry type.
SO 4 2- of the groundwater of the fracture aquifer is mainly derived from the dissolution of minerals such as glauberite, gypsum, anhydrite, etc. The characteristic index (Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2- ion ratio relation (figure 5) shows that the karst water, the mixed water and the rock mass water are distributed along the 1:1 line of the gypsum-mirabilite dissolution, and the dissolution of sulfate exists in the karst water, the karst water is low in sulfate content and milliequivalent percentage, the karst water in an open environment has stronger runoff feeding effect, the HCO 3 - content is higher, the mixed water is also more above the 1:1 line, the HCO 3 - content in the mixed water is reduced, and the SO 4 2- content is increased.
In step (c), the water supply and runoff route are determined from the (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- ion ratio, [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/SO4 2-) ]/TDS scheme.
FIG. 6a shows the ratio of water breakthrough points (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- ion ratio graph; FIG. 6b shows the ratio [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/ SO4 2-) ]/TDS relationship) FIGS. 6a and 6b show that from (HCO 3 -+CO3 2-）、SO4 2- milliequivalents, milliequivalent percent, and (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- ratio, respectively) the source of groundwater can be determined. From the Ore water, mixed water to rock crevice water, anions are changed from HCO 3 - to SO 4 2-, and the ratio of CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is gradually decreased. Due to the smaller solubility of CaCO 3 than CaSO 4, caCO 3 precipitation occurs as the karst water rich in HCO 3 - flows through sulfate-containing rock or ore bodies, and SO 4 2- begins to increase to form mixed water with karst water as the parent.
Karst water in a mining area is consistent with karst water characteristics of North China plate, carbonate rock is mainly dissolved, major anions are HCO 3 -,（CO3 2-+HCO3 -), milliequivalents percentage is more than 60%, SO 4 2- is usually less than 2 milliequivalents, and milliequivalents percentage is less than 35%; (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is generally greater than 1.0. Cations are predominantly Ca 2+、Mg2+. Water chemistry type Ca.Mg-HCO 3, TDS is generally less than 300Mg/L, delta 34 S has a value of < 13.7%.
The indexes of the mixed water and the TDS of karst water are more similar, the carbonate rock is mainly dissolved in the initial stage, and the mixed water is formed after the karst water flows through a rock mass belt, a silicon karst belt and a mineral mass belt. The anions of the mixed water are mainly HCO 3 -、SO4 2-, along with the increase of mixed sulfate components when flowing through the rock mass, the milliequivalent percentage of HCO 3 - of the mixed water is reduced from 55 to 10 per mill, the milliequivalent percentage of SO 4 2- is increased from 40 to 85 per mill, and the mixed water (the proportion of CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is usually less than 1.0, the TDS is usually not high and is 300 to 800mg/L, and the value of delta 34 S is 20.0 to 26.3 per mill).
The water chemistry of rock mass fracture water is mainly dissolved by sulfate, anions in the water are mainly SO 4 2-,SO4 2- and are generally more than 85 percent in milliequivalent percent, the milliequivalent percent of (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -) is less than 10 percent, the milliequivalent percent of (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2-) is less than 0.1, the rock mass fracture water cations are mainly Ca 2+, the water chemistry types are Ca-SO 4 and Ca.Mg-SO 4, the TDS is higher, the concentration of the TDS is between 1400Mg/L and 2400Mg/L, and the value of delta 34 S is between 28.0 and 33.8 per mill.
The rock mass fissure water is obviously different from karst water and mixed water, SO 4 2- in the rock mass fissure water is from the dissolution of sulfate minerals such as gypsum, anhydrite, glauber salt and the like in a rock mass (ore body) band from an ore forming process and an ore forming effect analysis, the sulfate minerals are from a deposited paste salt layer in surrounding rock, and after sulfate in the paste salt layer enters the rock mass, the skarn and the ore body band along with ore forming hot liquid, a part of sulfate is reduced to form pyrite, a part of sulfate is crystallized and precipitated along with magnetite, and the rest of sulfate is precipitated and remains in gaps of calcite veins of the rock mass band (ore body band) along with the temperature reduction of the hot liquid after the minerals such as calcite are precipitated. Therefore, the rock mass fracture water under the deep buried surface can be comprehensively determined, has poor circulation flowability, has higher TDS, high SO 4 2- content and high delta 34 S value, and is a main index for judging the rock mass fracture water of the skarn type iron ore deposit.
Karst water generally flows along the underground karst zone in a nearly horizontal manner, and is influenced by mine tunneling and stoping, when a rock body (ore body) is broken, when the karst water vertically flows through the broken rock body zone, the chemical components of water are changed, and mixed water is formed. From the detailed change characteristics of the water chemistry, the runoff passage of the underground water can be further judged, whether new fracture is generated on the rock mass or not is judged, whether falling off is predicted or not is judged, and the like.
(3) When water inrush occurs in the skarn type iron ore deposit, detecting the identification type constant component and delta 34 S value of the water sample of the water outlet; and (3) comparing the detection result of the water sample to the discrimination indexes of each aquifer established in the step (2), so as to determine the water inrush source and the runoff path.
In this embodiment, the step (3) specifically includes:
(3-1) collecting a water sample of the effluent when water inrush occurs in the skarn type iron ore deposit;
(3-2) detecting the identification type constant components and delta 34 S values of the collected water sample, comparing the detection results of the identification type constant components and delta 34 S values of the water sample with each discrimination index, and judging the water inrush source and the runoff path.
Further, the step (3-2) specifically includes the steps of: detecting the identification type constant component and delta 34 S value of the collected water sample, calculating at least one of (Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2- ion proportionality coefficient, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- ion proportionality coefficient, [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/ SO4 2-) ]/TDS ion proportionality coefficient) according to the identification type constant component of the collected water sample, comparing the collected water sample with each discrimination index through a diagram, and further determining a comparison result by adopting the delta 34 S value, thereby judging the water inrush source and the runoff path.
In summary, unlike other types of metal deposits and coal mines, the silica-based iron deposits have unique mineralisation and mineralisation processes, which determine the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the primary aquifer of such deposits; therefore, the invention develops the identification of water chemical characteristics of the aquifer (identification type constant components and delta 34 S values) based on the ore formation effect and tracing of underground water burst sources, can determine the representative water chemical characteristics of the ore deposit mechanically, judges the runoff path of underground water through the water chemical characteristics, pre-judges the water burst source of the working surface as soon as possible, and timely adopts corresponding water prevention measures to prevent the occurrence of vertical and lateral water burst accidents of the tunnel roof and the floor, furthest reduces personnel and property loss caused by water damage and ensures the safe and efficient operation of mines. Meanwhile, the ore forming effect and mechanism of the silicon-stuck-rock type iron ore deposit are similar, so that the hydrogeological conditions and the water chemical characteristics of typical silicon-stuck-rock type iron ore deposits in north China and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river are consistent, and the invention is applicable to the silicon-stuck-rock type iron ore deposit.
While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention, and that variations, modifications, alternatives and variations may be made to the above embodiments by one of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The water source distinguishing method of the skarn type iron ore deposit based on the ore formation analysis is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Determining an aquifer, a water-resisting layer and a corresponding lithology zone of the skarn type iron ore deposit to obtain an altered flash rock zone to form a bottom plate rock fracture aquifer, and an altered carbonate rock zone to form a top plate karst aquifer;
(2) Determining lithology combinations of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone; the method comprises the steps of detecting rock fracture water of a bottom plate rock fracture aquifer, karst water in a top plate karst aquifer and mixed water formed after the karst water in the top plate karst aquifer flows through a silica-stuck rock zone and/or a magnetite ore zone respectively; comparing and analyzing lithology combinations of the changed flash rock zone and the changed carbonate rock zone with detection results of each aquifer to determine discrimination indexes of each aquifer;
(3) When water inrush occurs in the skarn type iron ore deposit, detecting the identification type constant component and delta 34 S value of the water sample of the water outlet; and (3) comparing the detection result of the water sample to the discrimination indexes of each aquifer established in the step (2), so as to determine the water inrush source and the runoff path.
2. The method for determining the water source of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on the analysis of the mineralization according to claim 1, wherein the step (1) comprises the following steps: the water-bearing layer, the water-resisting layer and the corresponding lithology zone of the sika type iron ore deposit are determined through investigation and core cataloging of the water-yielding point of the sika type iron ore deposit, and the changed flash long rock zone is obtained to form a bottom plate rock fracture water-bearing layer, the sika rock zone and the magnetite ore zone form a middle water-resisting layer, and the changed carbonate rock zone forms a top plate karst water-bearing layer.
3. The method for determining the water source of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on the analysis of the mineralization according to claim 1, wherein the step (2) comprises the following steps:
(2-1) determining lithology combinations of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone respectively through optical sheet identification, probe and XRD analysis to obtain soluble minerals and insoluble minerals of the altered flash rock zone and the altered carbonate rock zone respectively;
(2-2) respectively judging main water chemical components of the rock mass fracture water, the karst water and the mixed water through constant component and sulfur isotope test analysis; judging from the soluble minerals and insoluble minerals of each lithology zone obtained in the step (2-1) which kind of mineral the main water chemical components are derived from;
(2-3) determining the chemical characteristic formation mechanism of the rock mass crevice water, the karst water and the mixed water by analyzing the roles of the soluble minerals in different ore forming stages from high temperature to low temperature and the fractional distillation of sulfur isotopes in the reaction conversion process of the soluble minerals, thereby determining the characteristic of the identification type constant components and the sulfur isotope components of the rock mass crevice water, the karst water and the mixed water; and determining the discrimination index of each aquifer according to the characteristics of the identification type constant component and the sulfur isotope component.
4. The method of water source discrimination for a silica-based iron ore deposit based on mineral formation analysis according to claim 3, wherein in step (2-3), said identified constant components include at least four of Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO4 2-、CO3 2-、HCO3 - and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
5. The method according to any one of claims 1to 4, wherein the discrimination index includes at least one of the content of each of the identified macrocomponents, the equivalent percentage of each of the identified macrocomponents, (the ionic scaling factor of Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2-, (the ionic scaling factor of CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2-, [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/ SO4 2-) ]/TDS, and the value of δ 34 S.
6. The method for determining the water source of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on the analysis of the mineralization according to claim 5, wherein the rock mass water fracture determination index comprises at least one of the following: the rock mass fracture water is of Ca-SO 4 and Ca-Mg-SO 4 types, the TDS is 1400-2400 Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is 28.0-33.8 per mill, the SO 4 2- milliequivalents percentage is more than 85 percent, and the ion proportionality coefficient of the CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is less than 0.1.
7. The method for determining the water source of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on the mineralisation analysis of claim 5, wherein the karst water determination index comprises at least one of: the karst water is Ca.Mg-HCO 3 type, the TDS is less than 300Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is less than 13.7 per mill, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -) milliequivalent percent is more than 60 percent, the SO 4 2- is less than 2 milliequivalents, and the ion proportionality coefficient of CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is more than 1.0.
8. The method for determining the water source of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on the mineralization analysis according to claim 5, wherein the mixed water determination index comprises at least one of: the mixed water is Ca.Mg-HCO 3·SO4、Ca·Mg-SO4·HCO3 type water, the TDS is 300 Mg/L-800 Mg/L, the delta 34 S value is 20.0-26.3 per mill, the HCO 3 - milliequivalent percent is 55-10 percent, the SO 4 2- milliequivalent percent is 40-85 percent, and the ion proportionality coefficient of the CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- is less than 1.0.
9. The method for determining the water source of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on the analysis of the mineralization according to claim 1, wherein the step (3) specifically comprises:
(3-1) collecting a water sample of the effluent when water inrush occurs in the skarn type iron ore deposit;
(3-2) detecting the identification type constant components and delta 34 S values of the collected water sample, comparing the detection results of the identification type constant components and delta 34 S values of the water sample with each discrimination index, and judging the water inrush source and the runoff path.
10. The method for determining the water source of a skarn type iron ore deposit based on the ore formation analysis according to claim 9, wherein the step (3-2) comprises the steps of: detecting the identification type constant component and delta 34 S value of the collected water sample, calculating at least one of (Ca 2++Na+-Cl-）/SO4 2- ion proportionality coefficient, (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -）/SO4 2- ion proportionality coefficient, [ (CO 3 2-+HCO3 -)/ SO4 2-) ]/TDS ion proportionality coefficient) according to the identification type constant component of the collected water sample, comparing the collected water sample with each discrimination index through a diagram, and further determining a comparison result by adopting the delta 34 S value, thereby judging the water inrush source and the runoff path.
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