CN114554062A - Super-lens-based light field camera and algorithm thereof - Google Patents
Super-lens-based light field camera and algorithm thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114554062A CN114554062A CN202210181411.XA CN202210181411A CN114554062A CN 114554062 A CN114554062 A CN 114554062A CN 202210181411 A CN202210181411 A CN 202210181411A CN 114554062 A CN114554062 A CN 114554062A
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Abstract
The present disclosure relates to a superlens-based light field camera, including a main lens, a superlens array, and an imaging unit; the main lens is used for acquiring radiation from a target; the super lens array is arranged at the focal plane of the main lens; the imaging unit is arranged on the focal plane of the super lens array; the super lens array comprises a plurality of super lens units, each super lens unit comprises a substrate and structural units arranged on the surface of the substrate in an array mode, and each structural unit is composed of periodically arranged nano structures. The disclosure also relates to a refocusing method of the light field camera, which comprises inputting a light field image and refocusing parameters; carrying out interpolation on an original light field image to obtain a light field; calculating a pixel value of the refocusing plane; and repeatedly executing the steps of calculating the pixel value until a complete refocused image is obtained, and the like. The light field camera and the light field algorithm can solve the distortion problem caused by difficulty in precise control of parallelism in the prior art.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of optics, and particularly relates to a light field camera based on a superlens and an algorithm thereof.
Background
Light field, i.e. light rays in all directions of propagation and at all positions. The light field imaging is a single three-dimensional measurement technology, and due to the special optical structure, the light collection of a target scene in multiple directions can be completed in one imaging process, namely, the propagation direction and the position information are collected simultaneously.
In the existing light field camera, the parallelism of each lens and a sensor plane is difficult to control accurately. The non-parallelism of each optical device causes tangential error, the existing radial error of the optical device and the error of the optical device cause the distortion of the lens. The traditional lens light field camera must consider the influence of distortion on imaging and correct the distortion, so that the algorithm is complex.
Disclosure of Invention
To address the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, the present disclosure provides a light field camera to solve the distortion problem, and simultaneously provides a refocusing calculation method that adapts the above-mentioned light field camera.
The superlens based light field camera described above, comprising: the system comprises a main lens assembly, a super lens array and an imaging unit;
wherein the main lens assembly is used for acquiring radiation from a target; the super lens array is arranged on the focal plane of the main lens assembly; the imaging unit is arranged on the focal plane of the super lens array;
wherein the primary lens assembly includes a plurality of lenses, at least one of which is a superlens; the super lens array comprises a plurality of super lens units arranged in an array; the main lens assembly and the super lens array are formed in a wafer level package.
Preferably, the superlens in the main lens assembly includes a substrate, and a structural unit arranged on a surface of the substrate in an array, where the structural unit is composed of periodically arranged nanostructures.
Preferably, the superlens units are arranged at different regions of the same substrate surface, an
The super lens unit comprises structural units arranged in an array, and the structural units consist of periodically arranged nano structures;
based on the phase distribution of the nano structure, the focal lengths of the super lens units are the same.
Preferably, the structural unit is a regular hexagon, and at least one nanostructure is arranged at each vertex and/or central position of the regular hexagon.
Preferably, the structural unit is a square, and at least one nano structure is arranged at each vertex and/or central position of the square.
Preferably, the nanostructures comprise one or more combinations of cylindrical, square, fin-shaped or elliptical cylinders.
Preferably, the superlens and superlens cells are configured differently in optical properties based on the phase distribution of the nanostructures.
Preferably, the main lens assembly further includes a refractive lens.
Preferably, the main lens assembly, the super lens array and the imaging unit are formed in a wafer level package.
Method for image refocusing with the light field camera of any of the above, comprising the steps of:
inputting a light field image and a refocusing parameter;
carrying out interpolation on an original light field image to obtain a light field;
calculating a pixel value of the refocusing plane;
and repeatedly calculating each pixel value of the refocusing plane until a complete refocusing image is obtained.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
and repeatedly obtaining refocused images with different focal depths based on different refocused parameters, and outputting a clear image superposed with different focal depths.
Preferably, in the calculating of the pixel value of the refocusing plane, the pixel value of the refocusing plane is calculated based on the following equation:
wherein alpha is a refocusing position control parameter, (u, v) is a main optical device plane coordinate, (x, y) is a super lens array plane coordinate, and (x ', y') is a pixel coordinate of a refocusing surface; the light field formed by the primary optics and the superlens array is denoted as L (u, v, x, y).
The technical scheme can at least realize the following advantages or effects: the super lens array can be packaged with a main lens wafer level formed by the super lenses, further, the super lens array and the imaging unit can be packaged together with the wafer level, parallelism is easy to control, lens distortion caused by tangential errors, radial errors and errors of the main lens is avoided, the whole size can be smaller and lighter, and the super lens array has a better prospect when being used as a handheld type or a micro system.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a light field camera configuration as described in the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is an optical diagram of a light field camera described in this disclosure at a particular viewing angle;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of multi-view optical paths;
FIG. 4 illustrates a process for superlens based light field camera ray screening;
FIG. 5 is a refocusing schematic diagram of a light field camera as described in the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a superlens based light field camera algorithm in the present disclosure;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a structural unit in a superlens array;
fig. 8 is an exemplary diagram of a nanostructure.
The figure is marked with:
1, a main lens; 2 a super lens array; 3 imaging unit.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the application.
Detailed Description
The present disclosure now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. Also, in the drawings, the thickness, ratio and size of the components are exaggerated for clarity of illustration.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, "a," "an," "the," and "at least one" do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather are intended to include both the singular and the plural, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, "a component" means the same as "at least one component" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. "at least one of" should not be construed as limited to the quantity "one". "or" means "and/or". The term "and
or "comprising any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein, including technical and scientific terms, have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Terms defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having the same meaning as is in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
The meaning of "comprising" or "comprises" indicates a property, a quantity, a step, an operation, a component, a part, or a combination thereof, but does not exclude other properties, quantities, steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof.
Embodiments are described herein with reference to cross-sectional views that are idealized embodiments. Variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, regions shown or described as flat may typically have rough and/or nonlinear features. Also, the acute angles shown may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims
In the prior art, the parallelism of a micro-lens plane and a CCD plane is difficult to control accurately due to a main lens of a light field camera. In particular, it is difficult to ensure high alignment accuracy and parallelism of conventional lenses and spherical microlens arrays having varying thicknesses. Resulting in tangential and radial errors, resulting in lens distortion. Based on the above, the light field camera with the traditional lens must consider the correction effect of distortion on imaging, and the algorithm is relatively complex.
In view of the drawbacks in the prior art, the present disclosure provides a light field camera to which a superlens array is applied. Illustratively, the system comprises a main lens assembly, a super lens array, an imaging unit and the like, as shown in fig. 1, wherein the main lens assembly 1 is used for acquiring optical radiation from a target; the super lens array 2 is arranged at the focal plane of the main lens assembly 1; the imaging unit 3 is arranged on the focal plane of the super lens array 2;
the super lens array 2 comprises an array formed by a plurality of super lens units, the super lens unit 2 comprises a substrate and structural units arranged on the surface of the substrate in an array mode, and the structural units are formed by periodically arranged nano structures.
Supplementary explanations for the above embodiment are as follows:
the main lens assembly 1 may include a single-lens super lens, a super lens array, a multi-lens super lens set, a super lens and a conventional lens set. Each superlens unit in the superlens array 2 and the imaging unit covered by the superlens unit constitute a miniature camera system. The imaging unit may be selected from a CCD or a CMOS, and may be an array of a plurality of imaging units. Focal length f of each superlens in superlens arrayarraySimilarly, the focal length f of the main lens is much larger than farray。
With the light field camera in the above embodiment, the direction of the light rays inside it can be determined. After passing through the main lens assembly 1, the light impinges on the superlens array 2 and is imaged again. The superlens array 2 and the imaging unit 3 correspond to a clear recording of all light rays passing through the main lens assembly 1. And during post-processing, re-tracking the light to complete a refocusing process. In short, a light field camera is equivalent to directly recording a four-dimensional light field, and images with different focal depths are two-dimensional integrated under different conditions.
The specific imaging process is as follows:
the main lens plane (u, v), the superlens array plane (x, y), and the light field can be represented as L (u, v, x, y), and when (u, v) is fixed, the integration of all (x, y), i.e. all the elements in the superlens array, forms an image of a specific viewing angle, as shown in fig. 2.
The total amount of information collected by a superlens based light field camera is equal to the spatial information multiplied by the angular information. The size of the light field image at a single specific viewing angle is equal to the number of superlenses in the superlens array. The larger the number of the superlenses in the superlens array is, the higher the corresponding imaging definition is. Repeating the different (u, v) results in a multi-view image, as shown in fig. 3.
For the above examples, the structural units and nanostructures are described as follows:
the superlens array 2 in the embodiment takes advantage of the technical characteristics of a supersurface. The super surface is a layer of sub-wavelength artificial nano-structure film, and incident light can be modulated according to super surface structure units on the super surface. The super-surface structure unit comprises a full-medium or plasma nano antenna, and the phase, amplitude, polarization and other characteristics of light can be directly adjusted and controlled. In this example, the nanostructure is an all-dielectric structural unit, and has high transmittance in a target wavelength band, and the selectable materials include: titanium oxide, silicon nitride, fused silica, aluminum oxide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, and the like. The nanostructures may be filled with air or other transparent or semitransparent material with other working wavelength bands, and it should be noted that the absolute value of the difference between the refractive index of the material and the refractive index of the nanostructures is greater than or equal to 0.5.
The structural units can be hexagonal, square, fan-shaped and other topological structures formed by nano structures.
The nano-structure can be a polarization-dependent structure, such as a nano-fin, a nano-elliptic cylinder and the like, and the structure exerts a geometric phase on incident light; the nanostructure may also be a polarization independent structure, such as a nanocylinder or a nanocylinder, which imparts a propagation phase to the incident light.
Because the processing of the super surface is compatible with the processing technology of a semiconductor, compared with a micro lens array used in the prior art, the super lens array is easier to process, smaller in size magnitude and lower in cost, and can be packaged at a wafer level with a CMOS or CCD which is also manufactured on the surface of a wafer, so that the distortion problem in the traditional optical field camera is solved.
In a preferred embodiment, the structural unit is a regular hexagon, and each vertex and the central position of the regular hexagon are provided with at least one nano structure. Or the structural unit is a square, and at least one nano structure is arranged at each vertex and the center of the square. Ideally, the structural units should be hexagonally-arranged and centrally-arranged nanostructures or quadrate-arranged and centrally-arranged nanostructures, and it should be understood that the actual product may have the loss of nanostructures at the edge of the superlens due to the limitation of the superlens shape, so that the actual product does not satisfy the complete hexagon/quadrate. Specifically, as shown in fig. 7, the structural units are formed by regularly arranging nanostructures, and a plurality of structural units are arranged in an array to form a super-surface structure.
One embodiment, as shown in the left side of fig. 7, includes a central nanostructure surrounded by 6 peripheral nanostructures at equal distances from the central nanostructure, and the peripheral nanostructures are uniformly distributed circumferentially to form a regular hexagon, which can also be understood as a combination of regular triangles formed by a plurality of nanostructures.
One embodiment, shown in the right side of fig. 7, is a central nanostructure surrounded by 4 peripheral nanostructures spaced equally apart from it, forming a square.
In a preferred embodiment, the array-shaped superlens unit is formed by etching an array-shaped structural unit and a nanostructure constituting the structural unit on the bottom surface of the same substrate through a photolithography process and the like. That is, the superlens array 2 includes the same substrate, and the structural units are disposed in different regions of the same substrate; based on the phase distribution of the nano structure, the focal length of each super lens unit in the super lens array is the same. The superlens array may be formed of a single monolithic wafer, which facilitates wafer-level packaging with the main lens or imaging unit.
In a preferred embodiment, the nanostructures comprise one or more combinations of cylinders, square columns, fin-shaped columns, or elliptical columns. And searching the nanostructure with the closest phase in the nanostructure database according to the phase required by the nanostructure at different wavelengths.
The search for nanostructures may be performed by an optimization algorithm that minimizes the weighted error, and the principle can be expressed by the following formula:
where Δ (x, y) is the total error at the hyper-surface coordinate (x, y),
is a wavelength lambdaiThe theoretical phase of the following (a) is,
at wavelength λ for the jth structure in the databaseiActual phase c ofiFor this weight coefficient of wavelength, the weight is generally 1. By searching through the database, the structure that minimizes the total error Δ is found to be placed at the super-surface (x, y) location.
In a preferred embodiment, the primary lens is a mirror group comprising lenses and/or superlenses. It should be understood that the primary lens may be a monolithic conventional lens, or a monolithic superlens; or a lens group consisting of a plurality of traditional lenses or a lens group consisting of a plurality of super lenses; or a lens group formed by mixing a traditional lens and a super lens. It should be understood that the above lens assembly may include optical devices actually required by the optical system, such as a filter, a polarizer, etc.
In the preferred embodiment, when the main lens is a super lens, it is packaged with the super lens array at wafer level to achieve smaller error and improve the distortion problem in the prior art.
In a preferred embodiment, at least two of the main lens, the superlens array and the imaging unit are constructed in the form of a wafer level package. Including but not limited to: compared with the prior art, the wafer level packaging of the main lens-the super lens array, the wafer level packaging of the super lens array-the imaging unit and the wafer level packaging of the main lens-the super lens array-the imaging unit do not need to consider the distortion problem caused by the main lens in the traditional light field camera, and the algorithm difficulty is greatly reduced.
The disclosure also relates to a calculation method adapted to the light field camera, and since the direction of the light rays inside the light field camera can be determined, the light rays of different image points can be refocused by screening the light rays, so that clear imaging of the image points is realized. Namely, the light field camera carries out calculation imaging on the acquired information through a refocusing process. The light screening process of a light field camera based on a superlens and an array thereof is shown in fig. 4.
Mathematically, a schematic diagram of refocusing is shown in FIG. 5. x is the coordinate on the plane of the detector, l is the distance from the main lens to the detector, x ' is the coordinate on the image plane after refocusing, l ' is the distance from the plane to the main lens, the difference between the two relations is a multiple relation, l ' is alpha l, alpha is a refocusing position control parameter, and the refocusing images at different optical axis positions are corresponded.
As shown in fig. 5, according to the triangle similarity relationship,
after L (u, v, x, y) is collected, the intensity can be expressed as
I(x,y)＝∫∫L(u,v,x,y)dudv Eq-3
Substituting Eq-1 and Eq-2 into Eq-3 to obtain the refocusing integral relation of the light field as
The transformation alpha yields images of the refocused plane at different depths.
Illustratively, as shown in fig. 6, the algorithm includes the following steps:
s1, inputting a light field image and a refocusing parameter;
s2, carrying out interpolation on the original light field image to obtain a light field;
s3, calculating a pixel value of a refocusing focal plane;
and S4, repeatedly executing the step S3 until a complete refocus image is obtained.
In a preferred embodiment, further comprising:
and S5, repeatedly executing the step S4 based on different refocusing parameters, and outputting the superposed clear images with different focal depths.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step S3, the pixel value of the refocus plane is calculated based on the following formula:
wherein alpha is a refocusing position control parameter, (u, v) is a main optical device plane coordinate, (x, y) is a super lens array plane coordinate, and (x ', y') is a pixel coordinate of a refocusing surface; the light field formed by the primary optics and the superlens array is denoted as L (u, v, x, y).
The light field camera based on the superlens and the superlens array, the superlens array and the detection element can be packaged at wafer level, the distortion problem caused by a main lens in the traditional light field camera is not needed to be considered, and the algorithm difficulty is greatly reduced. Light field cameras based on superlenses and arrays thereof can be smaller and lighter in size, and are more promising when used as handheld or miniature systems.
The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and not to limit the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (12)
1. A superlens based light field camera, comprising: the system comprises a main lens assembly, a super lens array and an imaging unit;
wherein the main lens assembly is used for acquiring radiation from a target; the super lens array is arranged on the focal plane of the main lens assembly; the imaging unit is arranged on the focal plane of the super lens array;
wherein the primary lens assembly includes a plurality of lenses, at least one of which is a superlens; the super lens array comprises a plurality of super lens units arranged in an array; the main lens assembly and the super lens array are formed in a wafer level package.
2. A superlens-based light field camera as claimed in claim 1, wherein the superlens in the main lens assembly comprises a substrate, and an array of structural units arranged on the surface of the substrate, the structural units being composed of periodically arranged nanostructures.
3. The superlens-based light field camera of claim 1, wherein the superlens units are disposed at different regions of the same substrate surface, an
The super lens unit comprises structural units arranged in an array, and the structural units consist of periodically arranged nano structures;
based on the phase distribution of the nano structure, the focal lengths of the super lens units are the same.
4. A superlens-based light field camera according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the structural units are regular hexagons, each vertex and/or central position of which is provided with at least one nanostructure.
5. A superlens-based light field camera according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the structural units are squares, each of the vertices and/or central positions of the squares being provided with at least one nanostructure.
6. A superlens-based light field camera as claimed in claim 2 or 3, wherein the nanostructures comprise one or more combinations of cylindrical, square cylindrical, finned cylindrical or elliptical cylindrical.
7. A superlens-based light field camera according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the superlens and superlens cells are constructed differently in optical properties based on the phase distribution of the nanostructures.
8. A superlens-based light field camera as claimed in claim 1, wherein the primary lens assembly further comprises a refractive lens.
9. The superlens-based light field camera of claim 1, wherein the main lens assembly, the superlens array and the imaging unit are constructed in a wafer-level package.
10. Method for image refocusing with the light field camera of any of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it comprises:
inputting a light field image and refocusing parameters;
carrying out interpolation on an original light field image to obtain a light field;
calculating a pixel value of the refocusing plane;
and repeatedly calculating each pixel value of the refocusing plane until a complete refocusing image is obtained.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
and repeatedly obtaining refocused images with different focal depths based on different refocusing parameters, and outputting clear images superposed with different focal depths.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein in calculating the pixel value of the refocusing plane, the pixel value of the refocusing plane is calculated based on:
wherein alpha is a refocusing position control parameter, (u, v) is a main optical device plane coordinate, (x, y) is a super lens array plane coordinate, and (x ', y') is a pixel coordinate of a refocusing surface; the light field formed by the primary optics and the superlens array is denoted as L (u, v, x, y).
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11927769B2 (en) | 2022-03-31 | 2024-03-12 | Metalenz, Inc. | Polarization sorting metasurface microlens array device |
| US11978752B2 (en) | 2019-07-26 | 2024-05-07 | Metalenz, Inc. | Aperture-metasurface and hybrid refractive-metasurface imaging systems |
| US11988844B2 (en) | 2017-08-31 | 2024-05-21 | Metalenz, Inc. | Transmissive metasurface lens integration |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11988844B2 (en) | 2017-08-31 | 2024-05-21 | Metalenz, Inc. | Transmissive metasurface lens integration |
| US11978752B2 (en) | 2019-07-26 | 2024-05-07 | Metalenz, Inc. | Aperture-metasurface and hybrid refractive-metasurface imaging systems |
| US11927769B2 (en) | 2022-03-31 | 2024-03-12 | Metalenz, Inc. | Polarization sorting metasurface microlens array device |
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