CN113756865A - Diversion drainage system for railway tunnel foundation and construction method thereof - Google Patents
Diversion drainage system for railway tunnel foundation and construction method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113756865A CN113756865A CN202010485350.7A CN202010485350A CN113756865A CN 113756865 A CN113756865 A CN 113756865A CN 202010485350 A CN202010485350 A CN 202010485350A CN 113756865 A CN113756865 A CN 113756865A
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- drainage
- diversion
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- drain
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- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 241001669679 Eleotris Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004746 geotextile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F16/00—Drainage
- E21F16/02—Drainage of tunnels
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a diversion drainage system for a railway tunnel foundation, which comprises: the horizontal flow guiding devices are arranged below the sleepers and are uniformly spaced along the line direction; longitudinal drainage grooves which are arranged at two sides of the transverse flow guide device and extend along the line direction, and the longitudinal drainage grooves are communicated with the transverse flow guide device; the transverse drain pipes are arranged on the transverse outer sides of the longitudinal drain grooves and are communicated with the longitudinal drain grooves and drain ditches on two sides of the bottom of the railway tunnel; the bottom of the transverse flow guide device is provided with an opening, and the flow guide drainage system is constructed to enable accumulated water on the base of the tunnel to enter the transverse flow guide device through the opening and flow into the longitudinal drainage groove, and then the accumulated water is drained into the drainage ditch through the transverse drainage pipe. The invention also provides a construction method of the diversion and drainage system for the railway tunnel foundation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of railway tunnel substrate reinforcement and protection, and particularly relates to a diversion and drainage system for a railway tunnel substrate. The invention also relates to a construction method of the diversion and drainage system for the railway tunnel foundation
Background
In the operation process of a railway tunnel, the tunnel base usually has base water gushing, channel core water seeping and other diseases, and the structural performance and stability of the tunnel base are seriously influenced by the defects of the tunnel base, so that the normal operation of a train is seriously influenced. For example, after the cracks of the tunnel floor are gradually emptied by the groundwater, driving safety hazards such as vehicle shaking may occur.
In addition, the treatment of diseases such as basement gushing water, way heart ponding that exist to the tunnel base among the prior art adopts ordinary drain pipe to drain water mostly, and its corrosion resisting property is poor, and easily blocks up, and drainage efficiency is low to lead to the drainage effect poor, this has caused serious influence to the normal operation of train.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the technical problems as described above, the present invention is directed to a diversion drainage system for a railway tunnel foundation,
the invention also provides a construction method of the diversion and drainage system for the railway tunnel foundation.
To this end, according to a first aspect of the present invention, a diversion drainage system for a railway tunnel foundation is proposed, comprising: the horizontal flow guiding devices are arranged below the sleepers and are uniformly spaced along the line direction; longitudinal drainage grooves which are arranged at two sides of the transverse flow guide device and extend along the line direction, and the longitudinal drainage grooves are communicated with the transverse flow guide device; the transverse drain pipes are arranged on the transverse outer sides of the longitudinal drain grooves and are communicated with the longitudinal drain grooves and drain ditches on two sides of the bottom of the railway tunnel; the bottom of the transverse flow guide device is provided with an opening, and the flow guide drainage system is constructed to enable accumulated water on the base of the tunnel to enter the transverse flow guide device through the opening and flow into the longitudinal drainage groove, and then the accumulated water is drained into the drainage ditch through the transverse drainage pipe.
In one embodiment, the lateral flow guide device comprises a support plate and a plurality of flow guide plates fixedly connected with the support plate, and the flow guide plates are vertically connected with the support plate.
In one embodiment, the baffle is configured to include a baffle body and connection plates connected to both ends of the baffle body, respectively, and the connection plates are connected perpendicular to the baffle body.
In one embodiment, the connecting plate at one end of the deflector body is fixedly connected with the support flat plate, and the deflectors are uniformly arranged at intervals, so that a deflector flow channel is formed between the adjacent deflectors.
In one embodiment, the opening is formed between the connection plates at the other end of the adjacent baffle bodies, and the width of the opening is set to not less than 30 mm.
In one embodiment, the longitudinal drainage channel is configured to include a plurality of sub-longitudinal drainage channels which are continuously laid along the line direction, the longitudinal drainage channel is provided with a plurality of drainage openings which are uniformly distributed at intervals along the line extending direction, and two ends of the transverse flow guiding device are respectively communicated with the corresponding drainage openings.
In one embodiment, the longitudinal drainage channels are configured as double rectangular flow channels.
In one embodiment, the diversion drainage device further comprises a plurality of transverse drainage pipes arranged on two transverse sides of the longitudinal drainage groove, the plurality of transverse drainage pipes are arranged at intervals along the line direction, and the longitudinal drainage groove is communicated with the drainage ditch through the transverse drainage pipes.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a construction method of a diversion drainage system for a railway tunnel foundation, comprising the steps of:
shifting adjacent sleepers in the damaged section of the tunnel base, and carrying out ballast removing construction, so as to clean a distribution space;
drilling drain holes in the lateral outer side area of the tunnel substrate, which is positioned on the sleeper, towards the drainage ditch, and arranging lateral drainage pipes in the drain holes;
arranging and installing the transverse flow guide device and the longitudinal drainage groove in the arrangement space;
and resetting the sleeper, and tamping the ballast so as to finish the laying construction of the diversion drainage system.
In one embodiment, the drain hole is drilled in a manner of inclining downwards along the direction perpendicular to the line, and one end of the drain hole close to the drainage ditch is lower than one end close to the sleeper.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
according to the diversion and drainage system for the railway tunnel base, provided by the invention, the water gushing from the base and the accumulated water in the road center of the damaged section of the railway tunnel base can be effectively diverted into the drainage ditch at the arch foot of the tunnel, so that the diversion and drainage effect of the tunnel base is greatly improved, and the diversion and drainage system is very favorable for treating the damage of the tunnel base. Moreover, the diversion drainage system can effectively improve the diversion drainage efficiency of the water gushing at the bottom of the tunnel and the water accumulated in the road core, and enhance the diversion drainage effect, thereby effectively ensuring the stability of the tunnel base structure. In addition, the diversion drainage system has good corrosion and rust resistance, and the drainage effect of the diversion drainage system can be further improved. According to the construction method of the diversion drainage system, the transverse drainage pipes are arranged and installed in a certain gradient, so that the diversion drainage effect of the diversion drainage system is obviously enhanced. In addition, the construction method is simple to operate, high in construction efficiency and low in construction cost.
Drawings
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a distribution structure of a diversion drainage system for a railway tunnel foundation according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 and 3 show the structure of a lateral deflector in the diversion drainage system of fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a longitudinal drainage channel in the diversion drainage system of fig. 1.
Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the diversion drainage system of fig. 1 deployed in the tunnel floor.
In the present application, the drawings are all schematic and are used only for illustrating the principles of the invention and are not drawn to scale.
Detailed Description
The invention is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 shows the structure of a diversion drainage system 100 for a railway tunnel foundation according to the present invention. As shown in fig. 1, the diversion drainage system 100 includes a plurality of lateral diversion devices 110 disposed below sleepers and longitudinal drainage grooves 120 disposed at both lateral sides of the lateral diversion devices 110. Both ends of the lateral flow guide 110 are configured to communicate with the longitudinal drainage grooves 120. The diversion drainage device 100 is arranged in a damaged section of the tunnel base, water gushing from the tunnel base and water accumulated in the road core can permeate into the transverse diversion device 110 and then flow into the longitudinal drainage groove 120, and the longitudinal drainage groove 120 is constructed to be capable of draining the accumulated water flowing into the longitudinal drainage groove into drainage ditches 101 on two sides of the tunnel base.
According to the present invention, the longitudinal drainage groove 120 is configured to include a plurality of sub-longitudinal drainage grooves 121 laid continuously in the course direction. The longitudinal drainage channel 120 is provided with a plurality of drainage openings 122 evenly spaced along the line. The spacing between the drain openings 122 adjacent in the in-line direction is set to not less than 1.2 m. The transverse guiding devices 110 are uniformly spaced along the line direction, and two ends of the transverse guiding devices 110 are respectively and correspondingly communicated with the water outlets 122. Thereby, the lateral flow guide 110 and the longitudinal drainage groove 120 are communicated, thereby forming a drainage passage.
Fig. 2 and 3 show the structure of the lateral flow guide 110. As shown in fig. 2, the lateral air guiding device 110 includes a support plate 111 and a plurality of air guiding plates 112 fixedly connected to the support plate 111. The baffle 112 is disposed in vertical connection with the support plate 111. The support flat plate 111 is configured in a rectangular plate shape, and a plurality of baffles 112 are provided on the same face (lower end face in fig. 2) of the support flat plate 111. As shown in fig. 3, the baffle 112 is configured to include a baffle body 1121 and connection plates 1122 connected to both ends of the baffle body 1121, respectively, and the connection plates 1122 are vertically connected to the baffle body 1121. The connecting plate 1122 at one end of the baffle body 1121 is fixedly connected to the support plate 111, and the plurality of baffles 112 are uniformly spaced apart, so that a flow guide channel 113 is formed between adjacent baffles 112. The interval between the adjacent baffles 112 is set to not less than 10 cm. At least 5 guide plates 112 are fixedly connected to the lower end of the support plate 111, so that at least 4 guide flow channels 113 are formed.
In one embodiment, the connecting plate 1122 at one end of the deflector body 1121 is fixedly connected to the support plate 111 by welding.
As shown in fig. 3, the webs 1122 at the other end of adjacent baffle bodies 1121 are spaced apart from each other, thereby forming openings 114 between adjacent webs 1122. In order to secure the effect of water permeation of the substrate, the width of the opening 114 is set to not less than 30 mm. Further, the height of the lateral flow guide 110 is set to not less than 200 mm.
In addition, a plurality of baffles 113 are connected by a plurality of bolted connections 115. As shown in fig. 3, a plurality of evenly spaced apart mounting holes are provided in the middle of the baffle body 1121 of the baffle 112. The bolt connection 115 passes through the corresponding mounting hole to connect the baffle 113. The bolt connection 115 can effectively ensure the stability of the connection between the guide plates 113, thereby effectively enhancing the structural stability and the supporting performance of the transverse flow guiding device 110.
Fig. 4 shows the structure of the cross section of the longitudinal drainage groove 120. As shown in fig. 4, the longitudinal drainage grooves 120 are configured as double rectangular flow channels 123. The height of the longitudinal drainage grooves 120 is set to be smaller than that of the lateral flow guide devices 110. In one embodiment, the longitudinal drainage channels 120 may be made of a polypropylene composite. The longitudinal drainage channel 120 has good corrosion resistance, and can effectively enhance the diversion and drainage effects of the diversion and drainage device 100.
According to the present invention, the diversion drainage system 100 further includes a plurality of transverse drainage pipes 130 disposed laterally outside the longitudinal drainage channel 120, the plurality of transverse drainage pipes 130 being disposed at regular intervals in the line direction. As shown in fig. 1, the lateral drainage pipes 130 are disposed at both ends of the sub longitudinal drainage groove 121, laterally outside the drainage openings 122, and laterally outside the middle of the sub longitudinal drainage groove 121, respectively. And, the horizontal drainage pipes 130 disposed at both ends of the sub-vertical drainage groove 121 communicate with the vertical drainage groove 121 through the drainage openings 122, a drainage hole (not shown) is provided at the middle portion of the sub-vertical drainage groove 121, and the horizontal drainage pipes 130 disposed at the middle portion of the sub-vertical drainage groove 121 communicate with the vertical drainage groove through the drainage hole. In one implementation, the lateral drains 130 are 100mm diameter PVC pipe.
As shown in fig. 5, the lateral deflector 110 is disposed below the railroad tie 103 with the opening 114 of the lateral deflector 110 facing downward and the support plate 111 facing upward. Thereby, the support slab 111 forms a support for the upper ballast 104 and the track. The water gushing from the base of the damaged section of the tunnel base and the water accumulating in the core of the tunnel can enter the diversion channel 113 through the opening 114 at the lower end of the transverse diversion device 110 and flow transversely to both sides to flow into the longitudinal drainage grooves 120 through the drainage port 122, and the accumulated water entering the longitudinal drainage grooves 120 is drained into the drainage ditches 101 at both sides of the tunnel base through the transverse drainage pipe 130. Therefore, the water diversion and drainage device 100 can improve the treatment effect and efficiency of water gushing at the base of the damaged section of the tunnel base and water accumulated in the road center, and is very favorable for ensuring the integrity and stability of the structure of the tunnel base.
The construction method of the diversion drainage system 100 according to the present invention includes the following construction steps. In the construction process of laying the diversion drainage system 100 on the basement, firstly, the adjacent sleepers of the basement damaged section are displaced, so that the gap is vacated. And then, carrying out ballast raking construction to clean the railway ballast in the moved clearance area until the railway ballast is cleaned to the surface of the pavement, thereby forming a layout space for laying the diversion drainage system 200.
After ballast raking construction is completed, a drain hole is drilled in the transverse outer side area of the sleeper of the tunnel substrate by using an air drill, and the drain hole extends towards the direction of a drain ditch of the tunnel arch springing. In one embodiment, the drain hole is provided with a 6cm diameter and the outlet of the orifice is preferably provided at the side of the drain 101 near the bed and 20cm from the bottom of the drain. In order to facilitate the accumulated water in the longitudinal drainage channel 120 to flow to the drainage ditch 101, the drainage hole is drilled to be inclined downwards in the direction perpendicular to the line, and one end of the drainage hole close to the drainage ditch 101 is lower than one end close to the sleeper. After the drain hole drilling construction is completed, the lateral drain pipe 130 is placed into the drain hole. Meanwhile, in order to prevent the lateral drainage pipe from being blocked during operation, a filter such as geotextile is wrapped at the opening of the lateral drainage pipe 130.
After the transverse drainage pipe 130 is arranged, the transverse flow guiding device 110 and the longitudinal drainage channel 120 are arranged and installed in the arrangement space formed by the ballast raking. The transverse deflectors 110 and the longitudinal drainage channels 120 are arranged below the broad sleeper of the rail. During the arrangement and installation of the transverse diversion device 110 and the longitudinal drainage channel 120, the sub-longitudinal drainage channels 121 are continuously arranged along the line direction, and a plurality of drainage openings 121 uniformly spaced and distributed along the line direction are reserved. The transverse diversion devices 110 are uniformly spaced along the line direction, and two ends of the transverse diversion devices 110 are respectively and correspondingly communicated with the water outlets 122. Thereby, the lateral flow guide 110 is communicated with the longitudinal drainage groove 120, thereby forming a drainage passage.
And then, resetting the displaced sleeper and backfilling the railway ballast. And after the ballast is backfilled, effectively tamping the ballast. Therefore, the diversion drainage system 100 is arranged below the sleeper and in the railway ballast, and the arrangement construction of the diversion drainage system 100 is completed.
After the diversion drainage system 100 is laid and constructed, the gradient of the line is retested to ensure that the smoothness of the track after the affected area is rectified meets the railway operation requirement, so that the train can stably operate. In one embodiment, a ruler is used for linear review of the disease control segment.
According to the diversion and drainage system 100 for the railway tunnel foundation, the foundation gushing water and the road core accumulated water in the damaged section of the railway tunnel foundation can be effectively diverted into the drainage ditch 101 at the arch foot of the tunnel, so that the diversion and drainage effect of the tunnel foundation is greatly improved, and the treatment of the tunnel foundation damage is greatly facilitated. Moreover, the diversion and drainage system 100 can effectively improve the diversion and drainage efficiency of the water gushing at the bottom of the tunnel and the water accumulated in the road core, and enhance the diversion and drainage effect, thereby effectively ensuring the stability of the tunnel base structure. In addition, the diversion drainage system 100 has good corrosion resistance and rust resistance, and the drainage effect of the diversion drainage system 100 can be further improved. According to the construction method of the diversion drainage system 100, the transverse drainage pipes 130 are arranged and installed in a certain gradient, so that the diversion drainage effect of the diversion drainage system 100 is obviously enhanced. In addition, the construction method is simple to operate, high in construction efficiency and low in construction cost.
Finally, it should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments described in the foregoing examples, or that equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A diversion drainage system for a railway tunnel foundation comprising:
a plurality of transverse air guiding devices (110) arranged below the sleepers, wherein the transverse air guiding devices are uniformly arranged at intervals along the line direction;
longitudinal drainage grooves (120) which are arranged at two sides of the transverse flow guide device and extend along the direction of the line, and the longitudinal drainage grooves are communicated with the transverse flow guide device; and
a plurality of transverse drain pipes (130) arranged at the transverse outer side of the longitudinal drain grooves, wherein the transverse drain pipes are communicated with the longitudinal drain grooves and drainage ditches (101) at two sides of the bottom of the railway tunnel;
wherein the bottom of the transverse diversion device is provided with an opening (114), and the diversion drainage system is configured to enable accumulated water at the base of the tunnel to enter the transverse diversion device through the opening and flow into the longitudinal drainage groove, and then to be drained into the drainage ditch through the transverse drainage pipe.
2. Diversion drainage system according to claim 1, characterised in that said lateral diversion means comprise a support plate (111) and a plurality of diversion plates (112) fixedly connected to said support plate, said diversion plates being connected perpendicularly to said support plate.
3. The diversion drainage device of claim 2, wherein the diversion plate is configured to include a diversion plate body (1121) and connection plates (1122) connected to both ends of the diversion plate body, respectively, and the connection plates are connected perpendicularly to the diversion plate body.
4. The diversion drainage device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the connection plate at one end of the deflector body is fixedly connected with the support plate, and a plurality of deflectors are arranged at regular intervals, so that diversion flow channels (113) are formed between adjacent deflectors.
5. The diversion drainage device according to claim 4, wherein said opening is formed between said connection plates of the other ends of the adjacent deflector bodies, and the width of said opening is set to not less than 30 mm.
6. Diversion drainage device according to claim 1, characterised in that said longitudinal drainage channel is configured to comprise a plurality of sub-longitudinal drainage channels (121) laid successively in the direction of the line, and said longitudinal drainage channel is provided with a plurality of drainage openings (122) distributed evenly spaced apart in the direction of the line extension, both ends of said transverse diversion device communicating with the corresponding drainage openings, respectively.
7. Diversion drainage device according to claim 1 or 6, characterised in that said longitudinal drainage channels are configured as double rectangular flow channels (123).
8. The diversion drainage device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of lateral drainage pipes (130) disposed on both lateral sides of the longitudinal drainage channel, the plurality of lateral drainage pipes being disposed at regular intervals in a line direction, and the longitudinal drainage channel being communicated with the drainage ditch through the lateral drainage pipes.
9. A construction method of the diversion drainage system for a railway tunnel foundation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of:
shifting adjacent sleepers in the damaged section of the tunnel base, and carrying out ballast removing construction, so as to clean a distribution space;
drilling drain holes in the lateral outer side area of the tunnel substrate, which is positioned on the sleeper, towards the drainage ditch, and arranging lateral drainage pipes in the drain holes;
arranging and installing the transverse flow guide device and the longitudinal drainage groove in the arrangement space;
and resetting the sleeper, and tamping the ballast so as to finish the laying construction of the diversion drainage system.
10. The construction method according to claim 9, wherein the drain hole is drilled to be inclined downward in a direction perpendicular to a line, and an end of the drain hole adjacent to the drainage ditch is lower than an end adjacent to the sleeper.
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CN202010485350.7A CN113756865A (en) | 2020-06-01 | 2020-06-01 | Diversion drainage system for railway tunnel foundation and construction method thereof |
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CN202010485350.7A CN113756865A (en) | 2020-06-01 | 2020-06-01 | Diversion drainage system for railway tunnel foundation and construction method thereof |
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09256311A (en) * | 1996-03-22 | 1997-09-30 | Morimura Kosan Kk | Draining method and drain induction body for penetrated water in permeable pavement road |
KR100986157B1 (en) * | 2010-04-08 | 2010-10-07 | 주식회사 도화종합기술공사 | Tunnel with drain bracing and supporting channel |
CN109537371A (en) * | 2019-01-02 | 2019-03-29 | 中南大学 | A kind of longitudinal beam type track structure drained |
CN111005759A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-04-14 | 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Super long tunnel separation drainage structures of decontaminating suitable for cold areas |
CN210636556U (en) * | 2019-06-18 | 2020-05-29 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Quick assembly disassembly recycles interim escape canal |
-
2020
- 2020-06-01 CN CN202010485350.7A patent/CN113756865A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09256311A (en) * | 1996-03-22 | 1997-09-30 | Morimura Kosan Kk | Draining method and drain induction body for penetrated water in permeable pavement road |
KR100986157B1 (en) * | 2010-04-08 | 2010-10-07 | 주식회사 도화종합기술공사 | Tunnel with drain bracing and supporting channel |
CN109537371A (en) * | 2019-01-02 | 2019-03-29 | 中南大学 | A kind of longitudinal beam type track structure drained |
CN210636556U (en) * | 2019-06-18 | 2020-05-29 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Quick assembly disassembly recycles interim escape canal |
CN111005759A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-04-14 | 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Super long tunnel separation drainage structures of decontaminating suitable for cold areas |
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