Visible light response nitrogen-containing defect g-C3N4/MoS2Binary composite photocatalyst, preparation method and application
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of catalysis, in particular to a visible light response nitrogen-containing defect g-C3N4/MoS2A binary composite photocatalyst, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Due to exhaustion of fossil energy, development and utilization of sustainable solar energy become an important issue in current social development. Semiconductor-based photocatalytic degradation of pollutants is considered to be an ideal way to convert solar energy into chemical energy, but due to the thermodynamic contradiction between visible light absorption and redox potential, it is very difficult to develop an efficient single-component photocatalytic system for photodegradation. Most of single-component photocatalyst has low utilization rate of visible light in solar energy, can only be excited by ultraviolet light, and has low photoproduction charge separation efficiency, such as traditional photocatalyst TiO2、ZnO、WO3And the like. To overcome these limitations, various effective strategies have been proposed, including metal or non-metal element doping, dye sensitization and building heterojunctions, among others, where building heterostructures is considered the most feasible method, have been applied in various fields of photocatalysis. Recently, g-C3N4As a semiconductor polymer, it is attracting attention because of its good photoactivity, moderate band gap, low cost, and easy preparation process compared with other similar semiconductors, however, g-C is a low-efficiency polymer due to fast recombination rate of generated charge carriers and low utilization efficiency of visible light3N4Is limited in photocatalytic activity. In contrast, MoS2The material has the advantages of smaller band gap, higher utilization efficiency on visible light, large specific surface area and the like, but the redox capability of the material is poor. g-C3N4And MoS2Is limited by the defects thereof, so that the photocatalyst can not show excellent photocatalytic performance in practical application.
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks, the inventors of the present invention have finally obtained the present invention through a long period of research and practice.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem of g-C3N4And MoS2Due to the limitation of self defects, the problem that the photocatalytic performance is not excellent enough in practical application is solved, and the visible light response nitrogen-containing defect g-C is provided3N4/MoS2A binary composite photocatalyst, a preparation method and application thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention discloses a visible light response nitrogen-containing defect g-C3N4/MoS2The preparation method of the binary composite photocatalyst comprises the following steps:
s1: adding oxalic acid into deionized water, magnetically stirring for 30min, slowly adding sodium molybdate and thiourea during the magnetic stirring process, continuously magnetically stirring for 30min, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 30min to obtain a uniformly dispersed precursor solution;
s2: g-C containing nitrogen defects3N4Dissolving the mixture into deionized water, magnetically stirring for 1 hour, performing ultrasonic treatment for 1 hour, adding the obtained solution into the precursor solution obtained in the step S1, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 1 hour;
s3: magnetically stirring the mixed solution obtained in the step S2, heating to 180 ℃, keeping the temperature for 24h, cooling to room temperature, centrifuging and cleaning the product, and drying at 60 ℃ for 12h to obtain the nitrogen-containing defect g-C3N4/MoS2And (c) a complex.
In the step S1, the mass ratio of the oxalic acid to the sodium molybdate to the thiourea is 1: 4: 5-1: 4: 5.5.
g-C of Nitrogen-containing Defect in the step S23N4The mass ratio of the sodium molybdate to the sodium molybdate is 1: 5-1: 1.55.
g-C of Nitrogen-containing Defect in the step S23N4The preparation process comprises the following steps: adding urea into aqueous solution with potassium hydroxide concentration of 0.1g/L, magnetically stirring for 1h to obtain solution with urea concentration of 150g/L, drying at 80 deg.C for 12h, grinding for 30min after drying, heating the obtained powder to 550 deg.C, storing for 4h, cooling to room temperature, alternately washing the obtained product with deionized water and ethanol for three times, centrifuging, and drying at 60 deg.C to obtain g-C containing nitrogen defect3N4。
The rate of temperature rise of the powder when it is heated to 550 ℃ is 5 ℃/min.
And in the step S3, the product is repeatedly washed for three times by deionized water and ethanol.
The magnetic stirring time of the mixed solution in the step S3 is 2 h.
The invention also discloses the visible light responding nitrogenous defect g-C prepared by the preparation method3N4/MoS2Binary composite photocatalyst, g-C in the composite photocatalyst3N4And MoS2The mass ratio is 1-3: 3-1.
The invention also discloses the visible light responding nitrogenous defect g-C3N4/MoS2The application of the binary composite photocatalyst in the field of photodegradation of environmental pollutants.
Nitrogen-containing defects g-C3N4/MoS2After being irradiated by visible light, the composite photocatalyst absorbs energy to promote electrons to jump between energy levels and reduce the recombination of electron-hole pairs, so that more electrons and holes are generated, and further the electrons react with water, oxygen and hydroxyl ions on the surface of the catalyst to generate active substances with oxidability, and methylene blue which is a simulated pollutant adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst is subjected to oxidative degradation.
To overcome g-C3N4The method improves the performance of the organic electroluminescent material from intrinsic and extrinsic aspects due to the defects of the visible light utilization range and the fast photon-generated carrier recombination rate, and synthesizes the nitrogen-containing defect g-C with smaller band gap by an alkali-assisted thermal polymerization method from two aspects of the visible light utilization rate and the energy band structure3N4Then hydrothermal method and MoS are utilized2A heterostructure is constructed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention is in the pair g-C3N4Construction of Nitrogen-containing Defect g-C after Nitrogen Defect caused by intrinsic modification3N4/MoS2Heterostructure, structural changes after intrinsic and extrinsic modification analyzed by XRD and XPS, and further discussion of photocatalyst by electrochemical methodThe ability to degrade organic contaminants, further elucidating nitrogen defects and heterostructures for g-C3N4The influence of the photocatalytic performance proves that the composite photocatalyst effectively overcomes the defects of low utilization efficiency of single-system visible light, low separation efficiency and transmission efficiency of photoproduction electron-hole pairs, weak oxidation reduction capability and the like, fully utilizes the respective advantages, overcomes the respective defects, improves the utilization rate of the visible light, enhances the oxygen reduction capability of the photocatalyst in degradation, and has a heterostructure and g-C in the composite catalyst3N4The defect of the medium nitrogen acts synergistically, so that the visible light absorption range can be expanded, the photoproduction charge separation efficiency can be improved, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency is greatly improved, the application in the field of photodegradation of environmental pollutants is expected, and the development prospect is wide.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the formula g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And XRD patterns of three N-CN/MS compounds with different proportions;
FIG. 2 is an XPS survey of N-CN/MS (1: 1) for nitrogen defects in composites
FIG. 3 is an XPS high resolution spectrum of the N1s energy level;
FIG. 4 is an XPS high resolution spectrum of the Mo3d energy level;
FIG. 5 is an SEM photograph of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing nitrogen defects;
FIG. 6 is a TEM image of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing a nitrogen defect;
FIG. 7 is a HRTEM image of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing nitrogen defect;
FIG. 8 is g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And the photocatalytic degradation patterns of the compound N-CN/MS in three different proportions;
FIG. 9 shows g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And transient photocurrent spectra of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing nitrogen defects;
FIG. 10 shows g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And the first-order simulation of the photocatalytic degradation of three compounds N-CN/MS with different proportionsA mechanical map;
FIG. 11 shows g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And an impedance profile of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing a nitrogen defect.
Detailed Description
The above and further features and advantages of the present invention are described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Preparation of nitrogen-containing defects g-C3N4/MoS2Binary composite photocatalyst
The method comprises the following specific steps:
the method comprises the following steps: nitrogen-containing defects g-C3N4The preparation of (1): 15g Urea (CO (NH)2)2) The resulting solution was dried in an oven at 80 ℃ for 12h, the remaining white solid after drying was ground in an agate grinding bowl for 30min, and finally the ground white powder was transferred to a 30mL alumina crucible and heated to 550 ℃ in a muffle furnace at a rate of 5 ℃ per minute and stored at this temperature for 4h, after which it was cooled naturally to room temperature. Washing the collected product with deionized water and ethanol for three times alternately, centrifuging, and drying in an oven at 60 deg.C to obtain g-C containing nitrogen defects3N4。
Step two: and preparing a precursor solution A. 0.3g of oxalic acid (H)2C2O4) Added to 40mL of deionized water and magnetically stirred for 30min, followed by slow addition of 1.2g of sodium molybdate (Na) during magnetic stirring2MoO4.2H2O) and 1.6g of thiourea (CH)4N2S), continuing to magnetically stir at a constant speed for 30min, and then carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min to obtain a precursor solution A which is uniformly dispersed.
Step three: nitrogen-containing defects g-C3N4/MoS2And (3) preparing the compound. According to a given ratio x (x represents a nitrogen-containing defect g-C)3N4And MoS2Mass ratio) 100, 300, 900mg of nitrogen-containing defect g-C3N4Dissolve into 10mL deionization and magnetically stir for 1h, followed by sonication for 1h to give a uniformly dispersed solution. The solutions are separately bufferedSlowly adding the precursor solution A into the stirring solution, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, transferring the obtained mixed solution into a 50mL reaction kettle after 2h of magnetic stirring, heating to 180 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 24 h. After the reaction is finished, naturally cooling to room temperature, centrifuging the reaction product, repeatedly washing the reaction product for three times by using deionized water and ethanol, and then drying the reaction product in an oven at 60 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain the nitrogen-containing defects g-C with different proportions3N4/MoS2Complexes (designated N-CN/MS (1: 3), N-CN/MS (1: 1), N-CN/MS (3: 1), respectively).
Second, testing the photocatalytic performance
Selecting a material containing g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And three compounds N-CN/MS with different proportions are used as the photocatalyst for photodegradation of the model pollutant MB, and the performance of the photocatalyst is evaluated according to the degradation efficiency of MB. As described in detail below, 10mg of the catalyst was dissolved in 50mL (20 mg. multidot.L)-1) In MB solution, the mixed solution was magnetically stirred in the dark at 25 ℃ for 30min to reach adsorption equilibrium, and a 300W xenon arc lamp was used at a distance of 15cm from the photocatalytic reactor and at 200 mW.cm-2(lambda > 400nm) power density illuminated visible light suspension, 3mL solution was collected every 20min and centrifuged, and the absorbance of the solution was measured with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer.
Analysis of g-C by XPS3N4And g-C of nitrogen defect3N4Surface element content, results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 g-C3N4And g-C of nitrogen defect3N4Surface element content
As can be seen from Table 1, g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4The surface content of the medium nitrogen element is more traditional g-C3N4Much less, indicating the presence of nitrogen defects.
Simple substance g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And XRD patterns of the N-CN/MS complexes in three different ratios are shown in figure 1, and the XRD patterns show that the g-C of nitrogen defects3N4Does not change the conventional g-C3N4Basic Structure, composite although MoS2The diffraction peaks of the phases are weak but still clearly observable.
FIGS. 2 to 4 are XPS full spectrum, N1s energy level and Mo3d energy level XPS high resolution spectra of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing nitrogen defects of the compound, respectively, and it can be seen from the above that the compound contains C, N, S and Mo, and the high resolution spectra after fitting and peak separation show that Mo exists in +4 valence, further showing that MoS in the compound2Is present.
FIGS. 5-7 are SEM, TEM and HRTEM spectra of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing nitrogen defects, respectively, as can be seen from FIGS. 5 and 6, SEM, TEM and HRTEM, and from FIG. 7, a clear lattice can be seen, further demonstrating the g-C of nitrogen defects in the composite3N4And MoS2Are co-existing.
FIG. 8 is g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And the photocatalytic degradation maps of the compound N-CN/MS with three different proportions show that the compound shows more excellent photocatalytic degradation efficiency, wherein the compound N-CN/MS (1: 1) has the highest degradation efficiency on MB, and MB is almost completely degraded after 100 minutes, so that the excellent photocatalytic performance of the compound is fully embodied.
FIG. 9 shows g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And the transient photocurrent spectrum of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing nitrogen defects, as can be seen by comparing g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4And MoS2The service life of the photon-generated carrier of the compound N-CN/MS (1: 1) is longer, the recombination efficiency of the photon-generated carrier is reduced, and the compound photocatalysis performance is better.
FIG. 10 shows g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And three different proportions of compound N-CN/MS photocatalytic degradation first-order simulated kinetic spectra, the photodegradation efficiency of the composite material is higher than that of the traditional g-C3N4Improved by 4.7 timesBiMoS2Improved by 4.5 times, and the photocatalytic effect is improved remarkably.
FIG. 11 shows g-C3N4g-C of nitrogen deficiency3N4、MoS2And an impedance profile of N-CN/MS (1: 1) containing nitrogen defects, g-C containing nitrogen defects3N4/MoS2Composite photocatalyst g-C3N4And MoS2In other words, the impedance is smaller, which indicates that the limit degree of the photon-generated carriers in the transfer process is smaller, and the photocatalysis effect is more favorably improved.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the invention, which is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications and equivalents may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.