CN113364141A - Optimal design method for wireless power transmission system of electric vehicle - Google Patents

Optimal design method for wireless power transmission system of electric vehicle Download PDF

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CN113364141A
CN113364141A CN202110586119.1A CN202110586119A CN113364141A CN 113364141 A CN113364141 A CN 113364141A CN 202110586119 A CN202110586119 A CN 202110586119A CN 113364141 A CN113364141 A CN 113364141A
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coil
voltage
primary
frequency
size
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程瑜华
李涌屿
李文钧
王高峰
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Hangzhou Dianzi University
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Priority to CN202111347028.9A priority patent/CN114825661B/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an optimal design method of a wireless power transmission system of an electric automobile. The current of the primary coil is measured in a magnetic coupling mode, and compared with a power resistor sampling mode, the current of the primary coil is electrically isolated from the main power circuit in the magnetic coupling mode. The self-inductance of the small coil, the mutual inductance between the small coil and the primary coil can be ignored compared with the secondary coil, and the influence on the efficiency of wireless power transmission is small. A de-feedback scheme is provided for all wireless transmission applications. The scheme does not need to add a new wireless communication system to the system, thereby reducing the complexity of the system. The required feedback system in the wireless power transmission process of the electric automobile based on LCC topology can be effectively removed, the leakage magnetic field generated in the wireless power transmission process is utilized, the originally lost leakage magnetic is taken as the basis for representing the current size of the primary coil, and the efficiency of the system is increased.

Description

Optimal design method for wireless power transmission system of electric vehicle
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of power electronics, and particularly relates to an optimal design method of a wireless power transmission system of an electric vehicle.
Background
In the present day when environmental problems and energy crisis are getting more severe, new energy vehicles represented by electric vehicles are gradually replacing the conventional vehicles due to their advantages of quietness, cleanliness, energy regeneration, etc. The charging mode of the electric automobile can be divided into a wired charging mode and a wireless charging mode. Under the condition of high-power transmission electric energy, a heavy and expensive charging plug is not needed in a wireless charging mode, and a user does not need to directly process high-voltage electricity, so that the cost of the system is reduced, and the charging safety is improved. No matter wireless charging or wired charging, all need do accurate control in order to improve the life of charging speed and lithium cell to the charging process of lithium cell, the concrete expression is for letting the lithium cell carry out constant current and constant voltage charging step by step, and wireless charging still has the defect in this aspect of comparing in wired charging. In many existing wireless charging systems, charging control is performed by using DC-DC, but the number of cascade systems is inevitably increased, and the efficiency of the system is reduced.
In recent years, researchers have proposed that two LCC topologies on two sides are utilized to complement different electrical characteristics of two resonance points to realize constant-current and constant-voltage charging systems, and although the systems better solve the problem of constant-current and constant-voltage charging control of wireless charging, the systems also have great defects: these systems require the secondary coil end to send the charging status information to the primary coil end continuously to prompt the control circuit to change the transmitting frequency, which results in a new wireless communication protocol to be designed between the electric vehicle and the charging system, and this will greatly limit the application of wireless charging mode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an optimal design method for a wireless power transmission system of an electric automobile.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, determining the size, the size and the number of turns of a primary coil and a secondary coil used for wireless electric energy transmission.
And step two, determining the length of the air gap between the primary coil and the secondary coil according to the size and the size of the coil and the information of the number of turns.
Step three, under the condition of giving the size and the air gap of the coil, measuring the two coilsSize L of the inductor1、L2And the mutual inductance M between the two coils.
Step four, selecting the L of the LCC topology in the range of 0-200kHz1p、L1s、C1p、C2p、C1s、C2sThe value of (c). Wherein L is1p、L1sSeries inductance, C, respectively of primary and secondary LCC topology1p、C1sSeries capacitors, C, each of which is an original secondary LCC topology2p、C2sAre parallel capacitors of the original secondary LCC topology respectively. LCC topological constant current output angular frequency point omegaCCSatisfies the following conditions:
Figure BDA0003087511820000021
the LCC topological parameters of the primary side and the secondary side are consistent:
Figure BDA0003087511820000022
for constant voltage output angular frequency omegaCVIn terms of circuit parameters, the following should be satisfied:
Figure BDA0003087511820000023
wherein
Figure BDA0003087511820000024
Through the calculation, a rough reference is provided when the values of all the components of the LCC topology are determined, and two frequency points of the circuit can be ensured to fall within the interval of 20-200KHz by the selected LCC topology.
And step five, determining the magnitude of the constant-current and constant-voltage output angular frequency. The primary LCC topology is excited with a square wave inverter and a 70 ohm purely resistive load is connected to the secondary winding. One channel of the oscilloscope is connected to the two ends of the load to observe the waveform of the two ends of the load. The frequency of the inverter is increased from 0 and when the voltage across the load is seen to have a gain greater than 1dB compared to the supply voltage, the magnitude of the frequency is recorded. Continuing to increase the frequency of the inverterUntil the occurrence of a second frequency point. The first angular frequency point is ωCCConstant current charging angular frequency point, the second angular frequency point being ωCVAnd is a constant voltage charging angular frequency point. If the two obtained frequency points are not in the frequency range of 20-200kHz, changing each parameter value of the LCC topology in the step four, and repeating the step five until omegaCC、ωCVThe size meets the design requirements.
The equivalent impedance of the secondary coil beside the primary coil is expressed as:
Figure BDA0003087511820000025
wherein R isACIs the load ac equivalent impedance. As the charging voltage increases, the equivalent load of the lithium battery also increases. By means of the impedance representation it can be derived: the impedance of the receiving end equivalent to the side of the primary coil is increased, which inevitably causes the current of the primary coil to be reduced, thereby reducing the excited magnetic field, which is an important basis for the feedback-free wireless power transmission.
And step six, designing and installing a small coil receiving circuit. A small coil is arranged beside the primary transmitting coil, and a capacitor is connected in parallel with the coil, so that the resonance frequency of the coil and the capacitor is in omegaCCTo (3). Meanwhile, a change-over switch is added for realizing the change-over of the resonant frequency of the small coil LC circuit, so that the small coil LC circuit can also pick up the frequency omegaCVOf the signal of (1). And then, the voltage output by the LC resonance circuit is rectified, filtered and operated and then is supplied to a next-stage circuit. The designed coils are fixed on the same plane of the primary coil, the fixed position should satisfy the coupling coefficient between the primary coil and the small coil between 0.05-0.08, and the specific size is determined according to the size of the power supply voltage in the application.
And step seven, setting a frequency switching threshold voltage. The magnitude of the current excited in the small coil is only related to the magnitude of the voltage across the primary coil, and the magnitude of the voltage across the coil will increase with increasing load. The magnitude of the current excited in the small coil can be used as a basis for representing the magnitude of the primary voltage, and the magnitude of the voltage between two ends of the primary coil can represent the magnitude of the secondary load because the magnitude of the primary voltage is related to the load resistance. In the practical application process, the threshold value of the voltage at the time of generating the jump edge is set according to the electrical characteristics of the lithium battery.
And step eight, designing a single chip microcomputer control system. And the singlechip system is used for receiving the jumping edge output by the small coil circuit designed in the step seven and changing the transmitting frequency according to the jumping edge.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the feedback system required in the wireless power transmission process of the electric automobile based on the LCC topology can be effectively eliminated, and a feedback removing scheme is provided for all wireless transmission applications. The scheme does not need to add a new wireless communication system to the system, thereby reducing the complexity of the system.
2. The system utilizes the leakage magnetic field generated in the wireless electric energy transmission process, and the originally lost leakage magnetic is used as the basis for representing the current magnitude of the primary coil, so that the efficiency of the system is improved.
3. The system measures the current of the primary coil in a magnetic coupling mode, and compared with a power resistor sampling mode, the magnetic coupling mode realizes the electrical isolation of the measuring circuit and the main power circuit. The self-inductance of the small coil, the mutual inductance between the small coil and the primary coil can be ignored compared with the secondary coil, and the influence on the efficiency of wireless power transmission is small.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a simplified circuit diagram of a two-sided LCC topology wireless power transfer system;
FIG. 2 is a simplified circuit diagram of a two-sided LCC topology de-feedback system;
FIG. 3 is a voltage waveform of the output voltage of the LCC topology 50KHz secondary coil;
FIG. 4 is an LCC topology 20KHz secondary winding output voltage waveform;
FIG. 5 is a small coil 20KHz output voltage waveform;
fig. 6 is a circuit diagram of the small coil output voltage processing.
Detailed Description
The system is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, an electric vehicle wireless power transmission system includes a full-bridge inverter circuit, a primary and secondary LCC topology circuit, a transmitting coil and a receiving coil, a rectifier circuit, a filter circuit, and a load. The system adopts a high-power MOSFET full-bridge inverter circuit, the selected MOSFET is a MOSFET which is manufactured by XXX company and has the model number of FDA50N50, the selected MOSFET is an N-channel MOSFET, the VDSS size is 500V, and the ID size is 48A. The system adopts an STM32F103C8T6 singlechip of Italian semiconductor company as a main controller. The system is powered by a high-power direct-current power supply, and the power supply voltage is set to be 200V. The system adopts a GDT mode to drive the MOSFET, and realizes the electrical isolation between the driving circuit and the power supply. The topological capacitor adopts a polyethylene capacitor, and the withstand voltage value is 600V. The topological inductor is a spiral coil, adopts an air magnetic core, and is not easy to reach the magnetic saturation condition under the large current condition. The transmitting coil is wound by using 1mm and 20 strands of Litz wires, the coil is a circular plane spiral coil, the diameter of the coil is 50CM, and the number of turns of the coil is 30. The rectifier bridge is a GBJ3510 type rectifier bridge manufactured by XXX company, and can process 35A of current at most. The filter capacitor adopts a 22uF polymer capacitor, and the withstand voltage value is 500V. The load was a 100W 70 ohm load resistor.
As shown in fig. 2, the present invention adds a coupling inductor to the primary coil and the secondary coil for implementing the feedback-removing function; the coupling coefficient between the coupling inductor and the secondary coil can be ignored, and for simple analysis, the system assumes that the coupling coefficient between the small coil and the secondary coil is 0. In the system, the small coil adopts a plane spiral coil structure, the number of turns of the coil is 6, the diameter of the coil is 6CM, and the bottom of the coil is provided with ferrite for shielding. The capacitor connected in parallel with the small coil uses a relay as a resonant capacitor change-over switch. The LC parallel resonant tank can be switched between two frequency points to handle different transmission frequencies.
An optimal design method for a wireless power transmission system of an electric vehicle comprises the following specific steps:
step one, determining a primary coil ruler and a secondary coil ruler for wireless power transmissionInch, size and number of turns. When the charging power and the height of the chassis of the automobile from the ground are determined, the wire diameter and the diameter of the coil can be determined by roughly determining the current flowing through the coil and the selected power supply voltage. The wireless electric energy transmission frequency of the electric automobile is in the range of 20-200KHz, the transmission power is more than 1KW, and according to the skin depth of a conductor:
Figure BDA0003087511820000051
where ρ is the resistivity, ω is the operating angular frequency, and μ is the permeability. Under the working frequency of 100KHz at 20 ℃, the skin depth of copper is about 0.209mm, so when Litz lines are selected, Litz lines with the small strand of conducting wires and the wire diameter smaller than 0.2mm are selected, which is beneficial to reducing the internal resistance of the coil and improving the coil efficiency. Under the work of more than 1KW transmission power, the current in the coil is more than 5A, and litz wire with the diameter more than 1mm is selected to wind the coil.
And step two, determining the length of the air gap between the primary coil and the secondary coil according to the size and the size of the coil and the information of the number of turns. The air gap length between the primary coil and the secondary coil is determined according to the chassis height of an application vehicle, the size of the coil and the size of transmission power.
Step three, under the condition of setting the size and the air gap of the coil, measuring the inductance L of the two coils1、L2And the mutual inductance M between the two coils. Connecting the coils installed in the above steps with SMA heads, and measuring the mutual inductance between the two coils and the respective inductance L by using a vector network analyzer1、L2。
Step four, selecting the L of the LCC topology in the range of 0-200kHz1p、L1s、C1p、C2p、C1s、C2sA value of (b), wherein L1p、L1sSeries inductance, C, respectively of primary and secondary LCC topology1p、C1sAre respectively as
Figure BDA0003087511820000052
Figure BDA0003087511820000053
The inductance of the LCC topology is selected as hollow spiral inductance and inductance value
Figure BDA0003087511820000054
Wherein d is the diameter of the spiral coil, and n is the number of turns of the spiral coil.
The air core inductor is difficult to generate a magnetic saturation phenomenon due to excessive current. In this example, a spiral coil was wound on a paper tube having a diameter of 10CM, the coil had a length of 11mm and 12 turns, and the calculated inductance value was 49.7 uH. The size of the topological capacitor selected by the system is C1p＝C1s＝47nF，C2p＝C2s100 nF. All the components and the coils are connected through litz wires.
For constant voltage output angular frequency omegaCVIn terms of circuit parameters, the following should be satisfied:
Figure BDA0003087511820000061
wherein
Figure BDA0003087511820000062
Through the calculation, a rough reference is provided when the values of all the components of the LCC topology are determined, and two frequency points of the circuit can be ensured to fall within the interval of 20-200KHz by the selected LCC topology. Z1、Z2、Z3、ZMThere is no specific meaning, and only intermediate amounts are used.
And step five, determining the magnitude of the constant-current and constant-voltage output angular frequency. The primary and secondary coils are fixed according to the length of the air gap, and the centers of the circles of the primary and secondary coils are ensured to be overlapped. The secondary LCC topological output is connected with a 70 ohm resistance load. The method comprises the steps of exciting a primary coil circuit by using a square wave inverter, changing the transmitting frequency of the inverter, measuring the output voltage at two ends of a load by using an oscilloscope, and determining a frequency point at the moment as a resonant frequency point when the gain of the output voltage relative to the power voltage is more than 1 dB. In this embodiment, the positions of the two resonant frequency points are 20KHz and 50KHz, where 20KHz is the constant current output angular frequency, and 50KHz is the constant voltage output angular frequency. The resulting output waveforms are shown in fig. 3 and 4.
And step six, designing and installing a small coil receiving circuit. The installation position of the small coil is determined so that the coupling coefficient with the primary coil is in the range of 0.05-0.08, and the coupling coefficient in this range is selected according to the application scenario. The coupling coefficient of this example is 0.06. When the power supply voltage is 200V and the load is 70 ohms, the voltage level in the small coil is about 12V. The excitation voltage of around 12V is still too high compared with the single chip system, and the output voltage of the small coil needs to be processed. The small coil output voltage processing circuit diagram is shown in fig. 6. In order to allow the coil to simultaneously receive the electromagnetic field excited by the two resonant frequency points, the capacitance in parallel with the coil must be changed to change the resonant frequency value of the LC resonant circuit. The embodiment adopts a dual-channel relay as a selection switch for selecting the parallel resonant circuit. At the 50KHz resonance frequency point, the capacitance in parallel with the coil is 367nF, and at the 20KHz resonance frequency point, the capacitance in parallel with the coil is 430 nF. The small coil output voltage waveform is shown in fig. 5. And filtering and rectifying the output voltage of the resonant circuit to obtain direct-current voltage, wherein the rectifier diode uses IN4007, and the filter capacitor uses a 220nF capacitor. And the voltage obtained by rectification and filtering is divided and then input into the homodromous input end of the LM393 voltage comparator, and the reverse input end of the comparator is the voltage of the potentiometer voltage divider.
And step seven, setting a frequency switching threshold voltage. The voltage threshold of the primary coil of the frequency switching is set by changing the voltage value of the reverse input end.
Measuring the mutual inductance M between the primary and small coilsPSDeducing the current excited in the small coil in the parallel resonant circuit of the small coil
Figure BDA0003087511820000071
Similarly, in the constant voltage charging stage, the small coil is changedThe parallel capacitance makes the resonance frequency point of the LC loop at omegaCV. At this time, the open-circuit voltage of the parallel resonant circuit is as follows:
Figure BDA0003087511820000072
wherein IinFor magnitude of input current, ZRThe equivalent impedance of the secondary coil beside the primary coil is shown, and M is the mutual inductance between the primary coil and the small coil. ZRAnd IinThe current excited in the small coil increases linearly with the increase of the load resistance under the condition that the circuit parameters are unchanged.
Taking a high-power lithium battery as an example, when the equivalent load of the lithium battery is increased from 30 Ω to 90 Ω, the voltage at two ends of the primary coil will be increased by 3 times, the voltage excited by the small coil will be decreased, and when the voltage is decreased to a set threshold voltage, the output level of the comparator will be changed to remind the inverter to change the transmitting frequency.
And step eight, designing a single chip microcomputer control system. When the voltage excited by the small coil is rectified, filtered and divided into more than the voltage of the reverse input end, the output voltage of the comparator is changed from high to low. In the charging process, the lithium battery is charged in a constant current mode, and when the voltage at two ends of the lithium battery reaches a certain value, constant voltage charging is carried out, so that the voltage of the lithium battery is higher and higher, and the external equivalent resistance is higher and higher. The PWM output frequency is set to be 20KHz in the microcontroller, and the switching is switched to be 50KHz when the switching time comes. The microcontroller may use a form of external interrupt to capture the falling edge of the comparator, change the coil transmit frequency within the interrupt service function, and switch the select channel of the relay, change the size of the capacitance in parallel with the small coil, change the resonant frequency of the LC loop.

Claims (1)

1. An optimal design method for a wireless power transmission system of an electric vehicle is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, determining the size, the size and the number of turns of a primary coil and a secondary coil used for wireless electric energy transmission;
determining the length of an air gap between the primary coil and the secondary coil according to the size and the size of the coil and the information of the number of turns;
step three, under the condition of setting the size and the air gap of the coil, measuring the inductance L of the two coils1、L2And a mutual inductance M between the two coils;
step four, selecting the L of the LCC topology in the range of 0-200kHz1p、L1s、C1p、C2p、C1s、C2sA value of (d); wherein L is1p、L1sSeries inductance, C, respectively of primary and secondary LCC topology1p、C1sSeries capacitors, C, each of which is an original secondary LCC topology2p、C2sParallel capacitors of original secondary LCC topology are respectively arranged; LCC topological constant current output angular frequency point omegaCCSatisfies the following conditions:
Figure FDA0003087511810000011
the LCC topological parameters of the primary side and the secondary side are consistent:
Figure FDA0003087511810000012
for constant voltage output angular frequency omegaCVIn terms of circuit parameters, the following should be satisfied:
Figure FDA0003087511810000013
wherein
Figure FDA0003087511810000014
Through the calculation, a rough reference is provided when the values of all the components of the LCC topology are determined, and two frequency points of the circuit can fall in a 20-200KHz interval by the selected LCC topology;
step five, determining constant current and constant voltage output angular frequencySize; exciting a primary LCC topology by using a square wave inverter, and connecting a 70-ohm pure resistive load to a secondary coil; connecting one channel of an oscilloscope to two ends of a load to observe the waveforms of the two ends of the load; increasing the frequency of the inverter from 0, and recording the frequency when the gain of the voltage at two ends of the load is larger than 1dB compared with the power supply voltage; continuing to increase the frequency of the inverter until a second frequency point occurs; the first angular frequency point is ωCCConstant current charging angular frequency point, the second angular frequency point being ωCVA constant voltage charging angular frequency point; if the two obtained frequency points are not in the frequency range of 20-200kHz, changing each parameter value of the LCC topology in the step four, and repeating the step five until omegaCC、ωCVThe size meets the design requirements;
the equivalent impedance of the secondary coil beside the primary coil is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003087511810000021
wherein R isACIs the load AC equivalent impedance; along with the increase of the charging voltage, the equivalent load of the lithium battery is increased; by means of the impedance representation it can be derived: the impedance of the receiving end equivalent to the side of the primary coil is increased, so that the current of the primary coil is reduced inevitably, and the excited magnetic field is reduced;
designing and installing a small coil receiving circuit; a small coil is arranged beside the primary transmitting coil, and a capacitor is connected in parallel with the coil, so that the resonance frequency of the coil and the capacitor is in omegaCCAt least one of (1) and (b); meanwhile, a change-over switch is added for realizing the change-over of the resonant frequency of the small coil LC circuit, so that the small coil LC circuit can also pick up the frequency omegaCVThe signal of (a); then, the voltage output by the LC resonance circuit is rectified, filtered and operated and then is provided for a next-stage circuit; fixing the designed coils on the same plane of the primary coil, wherein the fixing position is required to meet the condition that the coupling coefficient between the primary coil and the small coil is between 0.05 and 0.08;
step seven, setting a frequency switching threshold voltage; the current excited in the small coil is only related to the voltage of the two ends of the primary coil, and the voltage of the two ends of the coil is increased along with the increase of the load; the size of the current excited in the small coil can be used as a basis for representing the size of the primary voltage, and the size of the primary voltage is related to the load resistance, so that the size of the ground voltage at two ends of the primary coil can represent the size of the secondary load; setting the threshold value of the voltage of the generation time of the jumping edge according to the electrical characteristics of the lithium battery;
step eight, designing a singlechip control system; and the singlechip system is used for receiving the jumping edge output by the small coil circuit designed in the step seven and changing the transmitting frequency according to the jumping edge.
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CN114334338B (en) * 2022-01-12 2024-05-10 桔充充(杭州)新能源有限公司 Optimal design method for wireless charging coil of two-wheel light-load electric vehicle

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Application publication date: 20210907