CN113231099B - 一种z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备及应用 - Google Patents
一种z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备及应用 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungstate Chemical compound [O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
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- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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Abstract
本发明提供一种Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备及应用,涉及光催化领域。本发明通过将9mmol的Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和4.5mmol的Na2WO4·2H2O在溶于乙二醇中经溶剂热反应后清洗烘干形成第一次沉淀物;然后将其转入马弗炉煅烧;煅烧后将其分散于FeCl3·6H2O溶液中,加入吡咯从而使吡咯原位聚合并沉积在其表面形成聚吡咯-钨酸铋的复合材料。本发明催化剂的制备方法简便,只用到了常规溶剂热法、煅烧法以及原位聚合沉积过程,增强了光生载流子的分离与迁移能力,也保留了催化剂更高的氧化还原能力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种催化剂制备方法,具体为一种Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备及应用,属于光催化技术领域。
背景技术
Cr(VI)是一种十分常用的工业试剂,广泛应用于电镀、印染和鞣制等领域。随着工业化进程的不断发展,Cr(VI)被持续不断的排放到环境中,在水环境中的浓度范围为0.5-270.0mg/L。然而,由于高毒性、致癌性和致突变性,Cr(VI)在水生环境中的残留对人、动物和植物都构成了潜在的威胁。目前,常用的Cr(VI)废水处理方法包括膜分离、离子交换、吸附、化学还原等技术。这些方法存在成本高、二次污染严重、能源消耗多等缺点。因此,迫切需要一种有效、经济、清洁的Cr(VI)环境修复方法。因此,开发一种有效、经济的Cr(VI)处理工艺势在必行。随着光催化技术的发展,人们逐渐将其应用于Cr(VI)污水的处理。光催化技术利用清洁的太阳能作为能源,将 Cr(VI)高效的还原为低毒且为人体必需的微量元素的Cr(Ⅲ)离子,因此光催化技术被认为是一种经济环保,清洁有效的Cr(VI)处理策略。
钨酸铋是一种钙钛矿型半导体材料,其带隙宽度约为3.0eV,因此能够对可见光产生吸收和响应。同时,钨酸铋具有易于控制的形貌,微球结构的钨酸铋具有更大的比表面积和更多的反应活性位点。此外,钨酸铋还具有无毒、高稳定性、制备简单等许多优异的特性,受到了人们的广泛关注,在光催化领域具有很大的应用前景。然而,单一的材料会有光生载流子分离能力弱,迁移效率低,电子-空穴对复合速率高等缺点,进而影响光催化活性。因此,必须对钨酸铋进行修饰改性以提高其光催化性能,故制备一种Z型聚吡咯- 钨酸铋光催化剂(PPY/BWO)。
发明内容
(一)解决的技术问题
本发明的目的就在于为了解决上述问题而提供一种Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备及应用,以解决现有技术中的问题。
(二)技术方案
为实现以上目的,本发明通过以下技术方案予以实现:一种Z型聚吡咯 -钨酸铋光催化剂的制备方法,步骤一、将9mmol的Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和4.5mmol 的Na2WO4·2H2O分别溶解于30mL乙二醇中;
步骤二、将溶解于乙二醇中的Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和Na2WO4·2H2O混合,剧烈搅拌1h,形成混合物;
步骤三、将混合物转移到一个100mL带有聚四氟乙烯内胆的高压反应釜中,并将反应釜放入烘箱中使其在180℃下反应5h,取出并冷却至室温,得到第一次沉淀物;
步骤四、将得到的沉淀物分别用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤三次,然后在60℃下烘干,将烘干后的固体研磨后放入坩埚,然后将坩埚移送至马弗炉;
步骤五、在马弗炉中以5℃/min的升温速率加热到300℃保持3h,得到的材料记作BWO;
步骤六、在150.0mL的FeCl3·6H2O溶液中加入1.0gBWO并不断的搅拌 1h,随后,向混合物中加入特定数量的吡咯,溶液持续搅拌6小时并形成黑色的第二次沉淀物;
步骤七、将第二次沉淀物用去离子水和乙醇洗涤多次,并在60℃下烘干,形成复合材料。
优选地,所述吡咯的质量百分比设置为1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,4wt%,所述复合材料分别记作1%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、3%聚吡咯-钨酸铋和4%聚吡咯-钨酸铋。
制备方法所制备得到的Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂在Cr(VI)中的应用,步骤一、制备的15.0mg的复合材料分散于100.0mLCr(VI)的用量10.0mg/L 的水溶液中,加入1.0mL浓度为100.0g/L的柠檬酸溶液作为空穴清除剂,使用盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液调节反应溶液的pH值,形成混合物;
步骤二、光催化反应进行前,对步骤一中的混合物在黑暗中搅拌20min,使其达到吸附平衡;
步骤三、将搅拌完成的混合物移至配备了420nm滤光片的300W氙灯下照射;
步骤四、每5分钟取1.0mL反应悬浮液,立即离心,离心后的上清液用于Cr(VI)的测定。
本发明提供了一种Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备及应用,其具备的有益效果如下:
1、本发明催化剂的制备方法简便,只用到了常规溶剂热法、煅烧法以及原位聚合沉积过程。
2、本发明中两种材料的复合形成了独特的直接Z型载流子传输结构,既提高了可见光的吸收响应,增强了光生载流子的分离与迁移能力,也保留了催化剂更高的氧化还原能力。
3、本制备方法产生的催化剂具有优异的光催化活性,对Cr(VI)污水有良好的处理能力,不产生二次污染,回收利用能力强,为光催化技术的应用奠定基础。
附图说明
图1为本发明BWO与聚吡咯-钨酸铋催化剂的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱;
图2为本发明扫描电镜观察催化剂样品微观形貌以及颗粒分布图;其中, (a)为BWO的扫描电镜图(SEM);(b)为2聚吡咯-钨酸铋纳米复合材料的 SEM图;(c)为2聚吡咯-钨酸铋的透射电镜(TEM)图谱(插图为电子衍射图SAED);(d)为2聚吡咯-钨酸铋纳米复合材料的高分辨透射电镜图谱(HRTEM);
图3为本发明为2聚吡咯-钨酸铋纳米复合材料的X光电子能谱图(XPS), (a)全图谱;(b)Bi4f;(c)W4f;(d)O1s;(e)C1s;(f)N1s;
图4为本发明催化剂的光学和光电性能(a)BWO和聚吡咯-钨酸铋纳米复合材料的紫外-可见漫反射谱(UV-visDRS);(b)为吸收带边图;(c)为 Mott-Schottky(M-S)曲线;(d)为电化学阻抗曲线(EIS);
图5为本发明BWO和聚吡咯-钨酸铋(0.15g/L)纳米复合材料降解 10mg/LCr(VI)的光催化实验(a)和一级动力学常数(b);
图6为本发明2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋纳米复合材料在可见光照射下的电子顺磁共振(EPR)光谱,(a)为超氧自由基谱图;(b)为羟基自由基谱图;(c) 为2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机理示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明实施例提供一种Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备方法,步骤一、将9mmol的Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和4.5mmol的Na2WO4·2H2O分别溶解于30mL 乙二醇中;
步骤二、将溶解于乙二醇中的Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和Na2WO4·2H2O混合,剧烈搅拌1h,形成混合物;
步骤三、将混合物转移到一个100mL带有聚四氟乙烯内胆的高压反应釜中,并将反应釜放入烘箱中使其在180℃下反应5h,取出并冷却至室温,得到第一次沉淀物;
步骤四、将得到的沉淀物分别用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤三次,然后在60℃下烘干,将烘干后的固体研磨后放入坩埚,然后将坩埚移送至马弗炉;
步骤五、在马弗炉中以5℃/min的升温速率加热到300℃保持3h,得到的材料记作BWO;
步骤六、在150.0mL的FeCl3·6H2O溶液中加入1.0gBWO并不断的搅拌1h,随后,向混合物中加入特定数量的吡咯,溶液持续搅拌6小时并形成黑色的第二次沉淀物;
步骤七、将第二次沉淀物用去离子水和乙醇洗涤多次,并在60℃下烘干,形成复合材料。
吡咯的质量百分比设置为1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,4wt%,复合材料分别记作 1%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、3%聚吡咯-钨酸铋和4%聚吡咯-钨酸铋。
制备方法所制备得到的Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂在Cr(VI)中的应用,步骤一、制备的15.0mg的复合材料分散于100.0mLCr(VI)的用量10.0mg/L 的水溶液中,加入1.0mL浓度为100.0g/L的柠檬酸溶液作为空穴清除剂,使用盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液调节反应溶液的pH值,形成混合物;
步骤二、光催化反应进行前,对步骤一中的混合物在黑暗中搅拌20min,使其达到吸附平衡;
步骤三、将搅拌完成的混合物移至配备了420nm滤光片的300W氙灯下照射;
步骤四、每5分钟取1.0mL反应悬浮液,立即离心,离心后的上清液用于Cr(VI)的测定。
本发明在进行制备时,制备方法简便,只用到了常规溶剂热法、煅烧法以及原位聚合沉积过程。
两种材料的复合形成了独特的直接Z型载流子传输结构,既提高了可见光的吸收响应,增强了光生载流子的分离与迁移能力,也保留了催化剂更高的氧化还原能力。
具有优异的光催化活性,对Cr(VI)污水有良好的处理能力,不产生二次污染,回收利用能力强,为光催化技术的应用奠定基础。
请参阅图1,聚吡咯-钨酸铋复合催化剂结晶良好,特征衍射峰与钨酸铋正交晶相(PDF#39-0256,JCPDS)匹配。由于PPy的非晶态结构,没有出现其他杂质峰,加入PPy后钨酸铋衍射峰的位置和强度没有发生变化。因此,PPy 的引入并没有改变钨酸铋的晶体结构。
请参阅图2,其中,(a)为BWO的扫描电镜图(SEM);(b)为2%聚吡咯 -钨酸铋纳米复合材料的SEM图;(c)为2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的透射电镜(TEM) 图谱(插图为电子衍射图SAED);(d)为2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋纳米复合材料的高分辨透射电镜图谱(HRTEM)。
从SEM中可以看出,将2%PPy与钨酸铋复合后,得到的复合材料呈现出类似于原始钨酸铋的花球状结构(图2a,2b),这种结构具有更大的表面积,能提供更多的催化活性位点。TEM和HRTEM显示了复合材料更为细致的形貌结构。如图2c所示,2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋颗粒直径小于10nm,并有轻微的团聚现象。SAED图(如图2c所示)由几个由晶体衍射组成的圆环组成,这些圆环规则而明亮,表明复合材料具有多晶结构且结晶良好。选取衍射图中的圆环对应晶面分别为(131)、(202)、(200)、(391)和(133)面,与XRD数据一致。图2d显示了样品的HRTEM。经过测量可知晶格间距为0.315nm,与钨酸铋的 (131)晶面一致。并且图2d中也可以明显看到PPy颗粒紧密的粘附在钨酸铋颗粒的表面。
请参阅图3,其中(a)全图谱;(b)Bi4f;(c)W4f;(d)O1s;(e)C1s; (f)N1s。
如图3a所示,BWO和2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的XPS显示复合表面有Bi、W、O、 C和N。单个元素Bi、W、O、C和N的高分辨率光谱如图3(b-f)所示。BWO 的Bi4f7/2和Bi4f5/2峰的结合能约为159.3和164.6eV(图3b),表示Bi3+氧化态。W4f的XPS谱(图3c)分为两个峰,分别位于35.1eV(代表W4f7/2) 和37.2eV(代表W4f5/2),表明W处于W6+氧化态。与BWO相比,在2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋中,Bi4f和W4f的结合能略有降低,表明BWO与PPy之间存在界面相互作用。如图3d所示,O1s的信号在529.7eV、531.4eV和532.8eV处***为三个峰,分别对应晶格氧、-OH和吸附氧。如图3e所示,C1s的XPS谱分为3个峰,结合能为288.4eV、285.9eV和284.5eV,分别对应于N=C(-N)2、 C-N和C-C键。如图3f所示,N1s光谱中有401.3eV、4001eV和398.4eV三个峰,说明PPy中分别存在带正电荷的氮原子(-N+)、中性氮原子(-N-H) 和sp2键的氮原子(C=N-C)。
请参阅图4,其中,(a)BWO和聚吡咯-钨酸铋纳米复合材料的紫外-可见漫反射谱(UV-visDRS);(b)为吸收带边图;(c)为Mott-Schottky(M-S) 曲线;(d)为电化学阻抗曲线(EIS)。
所制备的复合材料的UV-visDRS如图4a所示。在钨酸铋中引入PPy后,所制备样品的吸收边出现了红移现象,这表明PPy成功地修饰了钨酸铋纳米颗粒的表面,并且两者之间的相互作用增强了复合材料对可见光的响应。用 Kubelka-Munk公式计算制备的复合材料的带隙如图4b所示:hv=A(hv-Eg)n/2,式中α为吸收系数,h为普朗克常数,A为比例常数,ν为光频率,Eg为带隙宽度。计算可知BWO、1%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、3%聚吡咯-钨酸铋和4%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的Eg值分别为3.01、2.82、2.77、2.73和2.70eV。这表明聚吡咯-钨酸铋表现出有更窄的带隙,有助于在可见光下表现出更好的性能。
为了进一步了解样品的性质和能带结构,我们得到了纯钨酸铋和2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的M-S曲线(如图4c所示)。拟合曲线斜率为正表明所制备的复合材料为典型的n型。平面带电位分别为-1.13V和-1.28V(vs.Ag/AgCl)。将测量到的电位转化为与正常氢电极(NHE)相对的电极电位,根据如下公式:
VNHE=VAg/AgCl+V0 Ag/AgCl,其中VNHE为转换后的平带电位,V0Ag/AgCl(0.197V,298K)和VAg/AgCl分别为相对于Ag/AgCl电极的标准电位和实验电位。由于n型半导体平带电位可近似视为导带电位(VCB),因此BWO 和2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的VCB分别约为-0.93V和-1.08V(vs.NHE)。由UV-vis 曲线得到的BWO和2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的带隙分别为3.01eV和2.77eV(图4b),因此计算出BWO和2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的VVB位置分别为2.08V和 1.69V(vs.NHE)。
为了探究光生载流子的分离和转移情况,我们对所制备的复合材料进行了EIS分析。如图4d所示,样品的奈奎斯特圆直径为R(BWO)>(4%聚吡咯-钨酸铋)>R(3%聚吡咯-钨酸铋)>R(1%聚吡咯-钨酸铋)>R(2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋)。聚吡咯-钨酸铋的弧半径较小,表明PPy的引入提高了界面电荷的转移速率。这说明PPy的加入能使光生载流子的转移速度更快,从而达到有效的分离。
请参阅图5,如图5a所示,纯钨酸铋样品的光催化还原Cr(VI)活性较低,在可见光辐照30分钟后,Cr(VI)仅降低了31%。当PPy表面沉积后,所有聚吡咯-钨酸铋复合材料的光催化还原效率均优于纯钨酸铋。当PPy的复合比例为2%时,聚吡咯-钨酸铋催化剂的光催化性能最好,15min还原效率就达到了99.7%。此外,我们还考察了2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋的稳定性和重复使用能力,结果表明,经过5次循环使用后,对Cr(VI)还原能力仅降低了7% (图5b)。说明所制备的光催化剂具有良好的回收再利用性能。
参阅图6,其中,(a)为超氧自由基谱图;(b)为羟基自由基谱图;(c) 为2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机理示意图。
如图6(a,b)所示,在未经照射的光催化反应中,未观察到ESR信号。当可见光照射后,观察到强度比为1:1:1:1和1:2:2:1的四线ESR信号,分别是DMPO-·O2 -和DMPO-·OH的特征。此外,随着光照时间的延长,ESR信号强度显著增加,表明***中不断产生大量的·OH和·O2 -。由于O2/·O2 -的氧化还原电位为-0.33V(vs.NHE),H2O/·OH的氧化还原电位为1.99V(vs.NHE),结合钨酸铋和PPy的能带结构,该催化剂的电子传递机制可能为Z型体系。因此,我们得出了2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋降低Cr(VI)的机理,如图6c所示。首先,钨酸铋和PPy都被可见光激发产生光生电子和空穴。同时,Cr(VI)与2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋复合材料表面接触。然后,在钨酸铋的CB上光生成的电子转移到接触界面,并与PPy的HOMO中的空穴重新结合。因此,PPy的LUMO和钨酸铋的VB上的光生载流子被有效地分离,并迅速转移到催化剂表面。高导电性聚吡咯的快速电子传递进一步避免了光生载流子的重组。上述所有电子转移过程都有助于Cr(VI)还原反应。随后,在PPy的LUMO上电子由O2生成·O2 -自由基,在钨酸铋的VB上空穴由H2O生成·OH自由基。电子在PPy和·O2 -的LUMO 上的氧化还原电位高于Cr(VI)/Cr(III)电位(1.15Vvs.NHE,pH=3.0),表明电子和·O2 -可以将Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III)。同时,有机污染物同步降解,消耗空穴和·OH,避免了***中电子和·O2 -物种被氧化物种消耗。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (3)
1.一种Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤一、将9mmol的Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和4.5mmol的Na2WO4·2H2O分别溶解于30mL乙二醇中;
步骤二、将溶解于乙二醇中的Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和Na2WO4·2H2O混合,剧烈搅拌1h,形成混合物;
步骤三、将混合物转移到一个100mL带有聚四氟乙烯内胆的高压反应釜中,并将反应釜放入烘箱中使其在180℃下反应5h,取出并冷却至室温,得到第一次沉淀物;
步骤四、将得到的沉淀物分别用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤三次,然后在60℃下烘干,将烘干后的固体研磨后放入坩埚,然后将坩埚移送至马弗炉;
步骤五、在马弗炉中以5℃/min的升温速率加热到300℃保持3h,得到的材料记作BWO;
步骤六、在150.0mL的FeCl3·6H2O溶液中加入1.0gBWO并不断的搅拌1h,随后,向混合物中加入特定数量的吡咯,溶液持续搅拌6小时并形成黑色的第二次沉淀物;
步骤七、将第二次沉淀物用去离子水和乙醇洗涤多次,并在60℃下烘干,形成复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述吡咯的质量百分比设置为1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,4wt%,所述复合材料分别记作1%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、2%聚吡咯-钨酸铋、3%聚吡咯-钨酸铋和4%聚吡咯-钨酸铋。
3.一种如权利要求1-2中任意一项制备方法所制备得到的Z型聚吡咯-钨酸铋光催化剂在去除 Cr(VI)中的应用,其特征在于:步骤一、制备的15.0mg的复合材料分散于100.0mLCr(VI)浓度为 10.0mg/L的水溶液中,加入1.0mL浓度为100.0g/L的柠檬酸溶液作为空穴清除剂,使用盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液调节反应溶液的pH值,形成混合物;
步骤二、光催化反应进行前,对步骤一中的混合物在黑暗中搅拌20min,使其达到吸附平衡;
步骤三、将搅拌完成的混合物移至配备了420nm滤光片的300W氙灯下照射;
步骤四、每5分钟取1.0mL反应悬浮液,立即离心,离心后的上清液用于Cr(VI)的测定。
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