CN113181914B - 一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂、制备方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂、制备方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113181914B CN113181914B CN202110410323.8A CN202110410323A CN113181914B CN 113181914 B CN113181914 B CN 113181914B CN 202110410323 A CN202110410323 A CN 202110410323A CN 113181914 B CN113181914 B CN 113181914B
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- -1 transition metal cation Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003837 high-temperature calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KZKQFFFEMJUSJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].CN1CCOCC1 Chemical compound [N].CN1CCOCC1 KZKQFFFEMJUSJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical group [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 35
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 23
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 38
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 24
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002073 nanorod Substances 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 4
- SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylmorpholine Chemical compound CN1CCOCC1 SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GEGMBGQDMLMJFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N]=O.CN1CCOCC1 Chemical compound [N]=O.CN1CCOCC1 GEGMBGQDMLMJFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RXPAJWPEYBDXOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron;methyl 4-methoxypyridine-2-carboxylate;chloride Chemical compound Cl.COC(=O)C1=CC(OC)=CC=N1 RXPAJWPEYBDXOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011941 photocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013032 photocatalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-sulfonyl chloride Chemical compound S1C(S(Cl)(=O)=O)=C(C)N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical group [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XIEPJMXMMWZAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nitrate Inorganic materials [Cd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XIEPJMXMMWZAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229940045803 cuprous chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- NMHMNPHRMNGLLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phloretic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NMHMNPHRMNGLLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical group [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XURCIPRUUASYLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Omeprazole sulfide Chemical compound N=1C2=CC(OC)=CC=C2NC=1SCC1=NC=C(C)C(OC)=C1C XURCIPRUUASYLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- FDWREHZXQUYJFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M gold monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Au+] FDWREHZXQUYJFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Pt+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂、制备方法及应用。以H2Ti3O7为原料,在过渡金属阳离子水溶液中进行离子交换得到MxH2‑ xTi3O7前驱体,经过高温煅烧使H2‑xTi3O7转变为TiO2基体,而交换的Mn+则以过渡金属单原子或多原子的形式原位掺杂入TiO2的晶格中,制得原子层面的过渡金属原子原位掺杂的M‑TiO2材料。该制备方法工艺路线简单、操作简便,掺杂离子分散度高,均匀性好,所需设备简单、易于放大生产,制得的过渡金属原位掺杂的M‑TiO2催化剂材料在水处理、催化氧化、储能、传感等领域展现出较好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂制备技术领域,具体涉及一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂、制备方法及应用。
背景技术
TiO2材料是一种常见的工业原料,不仅价格低廉,无毒无污染,耐高温,耐酸碱,化学性质稳定,并且与金属作用力强,是一种理想的催化剂载体材料。
此外,TiO2材料还被发现具有良好的光电化学特性,可以作为光催化剂在多个化学反应中表现出良好的催化活性。但是纯的TiO2光催化剂还存在两大缺点,使其至今未能真正应用于工业光催化生产中:(1)TiO2的本征禁带宽度太大(3.2eV),使其只能被紫外光激发,不能响应可见光。而在太阳光中的紫外线成分仅占3-5%,所以对太阳光的吸收效率太低成为制约TiO2光催化应用的一大难点;(2)单纯的TiO2材料的荧光效率较低,表面被光照所激发的光生电子(e-)会在极短的时间内与光生空穴(h+)重新结合,将能量释放出去,导致单纯的TiO2材料的光催化活性大大受限。研究显示在TiO2晶体结构中引入金属原子,会在TiO2半导体的带隙中创造新的过渡能级。过渡能级的引入一方面使得TiO2的禁带宽度变窄,可以被可见光激发。另一方面过渡能级可以有效转移光生电子或空穴,加快光生载流子的分离,提高TiO2的量子效率和光催化活性。所以制备金属掺杂的TiO2光催化剂,是实现TiO2材料在工业光催化应用的理想解决方案。
目前有许多种TiO2负载的金属或金属氧化物催化剂得以开发,并成功应用于多个催化反应中,催化剂的催化活性与其所负载的金属或金属氧化物的尺寸、分散度和载量等性质有很大影响。研究发现将金属或金属氧化物的颗粒尺寸减小到纳米尺度甚至是原子水平,可以极大提升催化剂的利用效率、催化效率和经济性,所以如何制备具有原子水平的金属掺杂/负载的TiO2催化剂,是实现这类催化剂工业生产的关键。
目前有许多的实验方案被提出,以制备金属掺杂的M-TiO2催化剂,但是现有的方法却不同程度地存在以下缺点:(1)实验方案中涉及危险性较大的强酸(如浓硫酸、浓硝酸、氢氟酸等)或昂贵的试剂。(2)使用了激烈的制备方法(如等离子体轰击,激光法等),不适合大规模生产,并且所掺入的金属原子分布不均匀,对M-TiO2催化剂的整体性能影响较大。(3)许多制得的M-TiO2催化剂中金属元素的种类、掺杂量、存在形式等多个关键参数调控空间小,大大限制了其催化性能的调变和应用范围。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明提供一种操作简单、成本低廉的以H2Ti3O7为原料,构筑原位过渡金属掺杂的M-TiO2催化剂的方法,本发明方法获得催化剂的结构稳定,性质可控,催化效率高,在催化氧化、光催化反应均表现出较好的应用性。
本发明所述具体步骤为:
一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)前驱体制备:将3.88×10-3mol原料H2Ti3O7超声均匀分散到50~300mL浓度为0.01~0.5mol/L的过渡金属盐溶液中,室温下不断磁力搅拌,搅拌时间不少于18h,过滤,在不超过100℃的条件下干燥,得到MxH2-xTi3O7前驱体;
(2)高温煅烧:将步骤(1)的MxH2-xTi3O7前驱体放入管式炉中,在一定的气氛下高温煅烧,煅烧温度为600~900℃,升温速率在1~10℃/min,煅烧时间为1~4h,得到过渡金属原位掺杂的M-TiO2催化剂;
所述M为过渡金属元素,x为原子比,0<x<1。
优选地,所述过渡金属盐为醋酸锌、硝酸铋、硝酸锰、硝酸镉、硝酸铈、硝酸镧、硝酸钇、硝酸铁、硝酸钴、硝酸镍、硝酸铜、硝酸银、硝酸钯、硝酸铂、氯化金或氯化钌。
优选地,所述搅拌时间为24h。
优选地,所述煅烧处理的气氛是空气、氧气、氮气、氩气、氢气或氨气。
一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂的制备方法得到的M-TiO2催化剂。
优选地,所述过渡金属原子嵌入到催化剂晶格中。
一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂的制备方法得到的M-TiO2催化剂在催化氧化中的应用。
一种过渡金属原位掺杂TiO2催化剂的制备方法得到的M-TiO2催化剂在光催化中的应用。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)方法适用范围广,可以适用不同的过渡金属盐溶液制备不同的过渡金属原子掺杂的M-TiO2催化剂;
(2)原料廉价易得,制备方法简单、安全,实验条件易于控制,生产成本低,适合大规模的工业生产;
(3)过渡金属原子可以均匀地分散在TiO2晶格中,过渡金属原子与基体TiO2的相互作用较强;
(4)M-TiO2材料整体的结构均匀性较好,结构稳定,所以此法所制备的M-TiO2材料非常适合用于催化氧化、光催化等各种催化反应中,并且可以通过调控过渡金属种类、载量、形态等条件达到控制M-TiO2催化剂催化活性的目的。
附图说明
图1是本发明所述的Cu原子掺杂的Cu-TiO2纳米棒的扫描电镜照片;
图2是本发明所述的Cu原子掺杂的Cu-TiO2纳米棒的XRD图;
图3是本发明所述的Cu原子掺杂的Cu-TiO2纳米棒的透射电镜照片;
图4是本发明所述的Ag原子掺杂的Ag-TiO2纳米棒的XRD谱图;
图5是本发明所述的Fe、Co、Ni原子掺杂的TiO2催化剂在催化氧化氮甲基吗啉(NMM)反应中的转化率图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到40mL浓度为0.1mol/L的氯化亚铜的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Cu+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的CuxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的CuxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到700℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到棕色的Cu原子原位掺杂的Cu-TiO2催化剂,所得材料的XRD图谱如图1所示,可以看出,铜原子的掺杂并未改变TiO2的晶型结构,在电镜下观察可以看出,催化剂晶粒呈棒状,晶粒尺寸均一。
实施例2
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到50mL浓度为0.1mol/L的醋酸锌的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Zn2+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的ZnxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的ZnxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以10℃/min的速率升温到800℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到灰黑色的Zn原子原位掺杂的Zn-TiO2催化剂。
实施例3
称取0.5g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到100mL浓度为0.05mol/L的硝酸银的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌22h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Ag+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的AgxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于75℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的AgxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到750℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到灰蓝色的Ag原子原位掺杂的Ag-TiO2催化剂。
实施例4
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到50mL浓度为0.05mol/L的氯化铁的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Fe3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的FexH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于60℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的FexH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以3℃/min的速率升温到750℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到淡黄色的Fe原子原位掺杂的Fe-TiO2催化剂。
实施例5
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到100mL浓度为0.2mol/L的醋酸钴的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Co2+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的CoxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的CoxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以8℃/min的速率升温到900℃,并在该温度下恒温4h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到淡绿色的Co原子原位掺杂的Co-TiO2催化剂。
实施例6
称取0.02g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到40mL浓度为0.15mol/L的硝酸铈的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Ce3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的CexH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于70℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的CexH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入氩气,然后从室温开始以1℃/min的速率升温到650℃,并在该温度下恒温3h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到Ce原子原位掺杂的Ce-TiO2催化剂。
实施例7
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到40mL浓度为0.1mol/L的醋酸镍的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Ni2+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的NixH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于75℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的NixH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以6℃/min的速率升温到700℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到淡黄色Ni原子原位掺杂的Ni-TiO2催化剂。
实施例8
称取0.2g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到400mL浓度为0.01mol/L的氯化钯的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Pd2+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的PdxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的PdxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到600℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温。待高温反应完全结束,收集得到Pd原子原位掺杂的Pd-TiO2催化剂。
实施例9
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到60mL浓度为0.1mol/L的硝酸镧的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的La3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的LaxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的LaxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入氢气,然后从室温开始以10℃/min的速率升温到800℃,并在该温度下恒温3h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到La原子原位掺杂的La-TiO2催化剂。
实施例10
称取0.5g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到100mL浓度为0.1mol/L的硝酸锰的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Mn2+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的MnxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的MnxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以3℃/min的速率升温到900℃,并在该温度下恒温3h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到黄绿色的Mn原子原位掺杂的Mn-TiO2催化剂。
实施例11
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到50mL浓度为0.01mol/L的氯金酸的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Au3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的AuxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的AuxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到600℃,并在该温度下恒温1h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到Au原子原位掺杂的Au-TiO2催化剂。
实施例12
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到300mL浓度为0.01mol/L的氯铂酸的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Pt4+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的PtxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的PtxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以4℃/min的速率升温到750℃,并在该温度下恒温4h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到Pt原子原位掺杂的Pt-TiO2催化剂。
实施例13
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到100mL浓度为0.2mol/L的硝酸钇的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Y3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的YxH2Ti3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的YxH2Ti3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入氧气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到900℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到Y原子原位掺杂的Y-TiO2催化剂。
实施例14
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到80mL浓度为0.05mol/L的硝酸铟的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的In3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的InxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的InxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入氮气,然后从室温开始以10℃/min的速率升温到800℃,并在该温度下恒温3h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得In原子原位掺杂的In-TiO2材料。
实施例15
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到50mL浓度为0.01mol/L的氯化钌的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Ru3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得到交换完全的RuxH2-xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的RuxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以3℃/min的速率升温到600℃,并在该温度下恒温3h,之后自然冷却至室温。待高温反应完全结束,收集得到Ru原子原位掺杂的Ru-TiO2催化剂。
实施例16
称取0.2g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到100mL浓度为0.1mol/L的硝酸镉的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Cd3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的CdxH2- xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的CdxH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到700℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到Cd原子原位掺杂的Cd-TiO2催化剂。
实施例17
称取0.1g的H2Ti3O7原料,在超声辅助下将其加入到50mL浓度为0.1mol/L的硝酸铋水溶液中(加入适量的硝酸,使硝酸铋溶解),并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,使H2Ti3O7中的H+离子与溶液中的Bi3+离子交换达到平衡,过滤得交换完全的BixH2-xTi3O7样品(x为原子比,0<x<1),用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的BixH2-xTi3O7样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入氨气,然后从室温开始以10℃/min的速率升温到900℃,并在该温度下恒温3h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到Bi原子原位掺杂的Bi-TiO2催化剂。
通过研究发现,H2Ti3O7原料与过渡金属阳离子经过长时间的离子交换,在温和条件下干燥,再经过高温煅烧,H2Ti3O7转变为TiO2,而其表面交换的过渡金属原子则被留在TiO2晶格中,形成单原子或多原子掺杂的M-TiO2材料。增加过渡金属盐的浓度,可以使交换到MxH2-xTi3O7前驱体上的过渡金属离子载量得以提高,经过高温煅烧之后,掺杂到TiO2中的过渡金属原子含量也随之增加。如果交换的过渡金属原子继续增加,TiO2结构中不仅有掺杂的过渡金属原子,而且表面还有过渡金属或过渡金属氧化物颗粒生成,制备得到既有颗粒负载又有原子掺杂的M-TiO2材料。由于此法是通过均匀交换的MxH2-xTi3O7前驱体原位高温制备的,所以在所得到的M-TiO2材料中掺杂过渡金属的分散性较高。过渡金属是原子级别嵌入TiO2晶格中,所以过渡金属原子与基体TiO2的相互作用较强。M-TiO2材料整体的结构均匀性较好,结构稳定,所以此法所制备的M-TiO2材料非常适合用于催化氧化、光催化等各种催化反应中,并且可以通过调控过渡金属种类、载量、形态等条件达到控制M-TiO2催化剂催化活性的目的。
实施例18
称取0.1g的TiO2,在超声辅助下将其加入到40mL浓度为0.1mol/L的氯化亚铜的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,过滤得固体样品,用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到700℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到的CuO负载的CuO/TiO2催化剂。
实施例19
称取0.1g的TiO2,在超声辅助下将其加入到40mL的水溶液中,并继续超声5-10min,得到分散均匀的悬浊液。室温下将此悬浊液持续磁力搅拌24h,然后将固体样品取出,放于80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将烘干的样品放入管式炉内煅烧,通入空气,然后从室温开始以5℃/min的速率升温到700℃,并在该温度下恒温2h,之后自然冷却至室温,收集得到白色的TiO2催化剂。
实施例20
光催化反应
按实施例1、实施例18和实施例19的方法制备催化剂,分别编号为I、II、III,用于可见光照射下降解水体中的有毒污染物(四环素)的反应中,催化剂用量为0.1g,超声分散在400mL浓度为20mg/L的四环素水溶液中。黑暗下搅拌0.5小时之后,将300W的Xe灯打开以提供可见光开始光催化反应。反应过程中使用风扇给灯源和反应器降温使整个反应体系始终保持室温,反应时间为2h。最终得到不同样品的催化结果如下表。
实施例21
催化氧化反应
将0.02g通过实施例4、5、7制得的催化剂加入到10g氮甲基吗啉(NMM)中,温度保持28℃,搅拌完全后逐滴滴加15g H2O2,从第一滴加入后计时开始,当H2O2全部加入之后将温度升至35℃,直至反应结束。期间每20min取一次样品,稀释后用液相色谱仪检测溶液中反应物氮甲基吗啉和产物氧化氮甲基吗啉(NMMO)的含量,得到Fe、Co、Ni原子掺杂的TiO2催化剂催化氧化氮甲基吗啉(NMM)反应的转化率图,可以看出,反应60min后,氮甲基吗啉的转化率均达到80%以上。
本发明方法具有较强普遍性,可以适用于不同的过渡金属盐溶液制备不同的过渡金属原子掺杂的M-TiO2催化剂。本发明所得过渡金属掺杂的M-TiO2材料的制备方法简便、安全、生产成本较低,易于操作和调控,适宜工业生产应用。
以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰,这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。
Claims (4)
1.一种过渡金属原位掺杂 TiO2催化剂在催化氧化氮甲基吗啉中的应用,其特征在于,所述催化剂的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)前驱体制备:将 3.88×10-3mol 原料 H2Ti3O7超声均匀分散到
50~300 mL 浓度为 0.01~0.5 mol/L 过渡金属盐溶液中,室温下不断磁力搅拌,搅拌时间不少于18 h,过滤,在不超过100℃的条件下干燥,得到 MXH2-XTi3O7前驱体;
(2)高温煅烧:将步骤(1)的 MXH2-XTi3O7前驱体放入管式炉中,
在一定的气氛下高温煅烧,煅烧温度为 600~900℃,升温速率在 1~10℃/min,煅烧时间为 1~4 h,得到过渡金属原位掺杂的M-TiO2催化剂;
所述M为过渡金属元素,x为原子比,0<x<1;
所述过渡金属盐为硝酸铁、硝酸钴或硝酸镍。
2.根据权利要求 1 所述的应用,其特征在于,所述搅拌时间为 24 h。
3.根据权利要求 1 所述的应用,其特征在于,所述煅烧处理的气氛是空气、氧气、氮气、氩气、氢气或氨气。
4.根据权利要求 1 所述的应用,其特征在于,所述过渡金属原子嵌入到催化剂的晶格中。
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