CN111470486B - Three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material, preparation method thereof and application thereof in lithium ion battery - Google Patents
Three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material, preparation method thereof and application thereof in lithium ion battery Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in a lithium ion battery, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: step one, freezing and drying the bacterial cellulose hydrogel to obtain aerogel, then soaking the aerogel in nano silicon source dispersion liquid, fully absorbing and drying to obtain bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel; and step two, performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel in an inert atmosphere, wherein the pyrolysis temperature is 700-1200 ℃, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material. The three-dimensional carbon nanofibers derived from the bacterial cellulose obtained after pyrolysis are mutually crosslinked, so that the three-dimensional carbon nanofibers have good plastic strain and excellent mechanical properties, and the obtained three-dimensional carbon nanofibers have a porous network structure, so that the volume expansion of silicon-based materials in the charging and discharging processes can be fully accommodated, and the cycle and rate performance of the materials are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in a lithium ion battery, belonging to the field of lithium ion battery negative electrode materials.
Background
Due to the rapid development and wide application of various portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, the demand for high-energy, long-cycle-life energy storage batteries is pressing. At present, the capacity (350 mAh/g) of a graphite cathode of a commercial lithium ion battery is close to the theoretical capacity (372mAh/g), the improvement space is limited, and the development of a novel high-energy cathode material is a necessary trend.
Silicon negative electrodes have been widely studied due to their ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (4200mAh/g) and better safety, compared to conventional graphite negative electrodes, and are considered to be one of the most promising next-generation high-energy negative electrode materials. But the significant volume effect (300-.
In order to solve the above problems, at present, the electrochemical performance is often improved by alleviating the volume expansion of the silicon particles during the circulation process and improving the electrical conductivity through the nanocrystallization and carbon coating. However, since the carbon material as the coating layer has a small plastic strain, the carbon layer tends to crack along with the volume expansion of the silicon material during the lithium deintercalation process of the composite material, so that the silicon material is in sufficient contact with the electrolyte solution, and an electrolyte interface (SEI) film is continuously formed, thereby causing the first efficiency reduction of the battery and the capacity fade during a long period of time. Therefore, the search for the coating material with good plastic strain and conductivity has very important significance for improving the electrochemical performance of the silicon-based composite material.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in a lithium ion battery.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of a three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material comprises the following steps:
step one, freezing and drying the bacterial cellulose hydrogel to obtain aerogel, then soaking the aerogel in nano silicon source dispersion liquid, fully absorbing and drying to obtain bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel;
and step two, performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel in an inert atmosphere, wherein the pyrolysis temperature is 700-1200 ℃, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material.
Preferably, in the first step, the nano silicon source dispersion liquid is obtained by adding one or a mixture of two of nano elemental silicon powder and nano silica powder into a solvent and dispersing.
Further, the total mass concentration of the nano elemental silicon powder and the nano silica powder in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid is 1-20%.
Further, the solvent is one or a mixture of water, ethanol, isopropanol and N-methyl pyrrolidone.
Furthermore, the average particle size of the nano elemental silicon powder and the average particle size of the nano silica powder are both 50-300 nm.
Preferably, in the first step, the drying is liquid nitrogen freeze drying or supercritical drying.
Preferably, in the second step, the pyrolysis time is 0.5-3 h.
The three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is prepared by the preparation method.
The three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is applied to lithium ion batteries.
Preferably, the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is punched by a punching machine and then is used as a negative electrode.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the invention adopts the bacterial cellulose aerogel to absorb the nano silicon source dispersion liquid, then the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel is obtained by drying, and the three-dimensional carbon nano fiber/nano silicon composite aerogel derived from the bacterial cellulose is obtained by pyrolysis. The three-dimensional carbon nanofibers are mutually crosslinked, have good plastic strain and are endowed with excellent mechanical properties, and the obtained three-dimensional carbon nanofibers have a porous network structure, so that the volume expansion of a silicon-based material in the charging and discharging process can be fully accommodated, and the cycle and rate performance of the material are improved. The preparation method is simple and efficient, the adopted bacterial cellulose hydrogel is a biomass material which is low in cost, environment-friendly and capable of being produced in a large scale, and the derived carbon nanofiber has obvious advantages compared with other carbon nanofiber materials.
Compared with the existing silicon-carbon cathode material, the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite cathode material has an advanced three-dimensional porous network cross-linked structure and excellent plastic strain, and can effectively relieve the volume effect of nano silicon, thereby improving the cycle and rate performance of the material.
The three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is a macroscopic three-dimensional sheet structure, is used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, does not need to add a binder, a conductive agent and a current collector in the preparation of an electrode compared with the existing material, simplifies the assembly process of the battery, and can obviously improve the specific capacity of the battery.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the process of the present invention;
fig. 2 is an optical photograph of three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode materials with different thicknesses prepared in examples 1 and 2;
fig. 3 is an SEM picture of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material prepared in example 1;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of good mechanical properties of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material prepared in example 2.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the invention.
The preparation method of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material disclosed by the invention comprises the following specific steps as shown in figure 1:
step one, freezing and drying bacterial cellulose hydrogel to obtain aerogel, then soaking the aerogel in nano silicon source dispersion liquid, wherein the mass concentration of the nano silicon source dispersion liquid is 1-20%, and fully absorbing the aerogel, and then freezing and drying the aerogel by liquid nitrogen or performing supercritical drying to obtain the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel;
and step two, performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel obtained in the step one in an inert atmosphere at the temperature of 700-.
The nano silicon source dispersion liquid is obtained by adding one or a mixture of two of nano elemental silicon powder and nano silica powder into a solvent, fully stirring and ultrasonically dispersing; the solvent is preferably one or a mixture of water, ethanol, isopropanol or N-methyl pyrrolidone;
the average particle size of the nano elemental silicon powder or the nano silica powder in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid is preferably 50-300 nm.
Example 1:
1) cutting the bacterial cellulose hydrogel into rectangles (4 x 2 x 0.2 cm)3) Then, freeze-drying by liquid nitrogen to obtain the bacterial cellulose aerogel; adding 10mg of elemental silicon powder with the average particle size of 50nm into 190mg of deionized water, fully stirring, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 30min by using an ultrasonic crusher to obtain a stable nano silicon source dispersion liquid with the mass concentration of 5%;
2) soaking the bacterial cellulose aerogel in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid for 30min, taking out, washing out residual liquid on the surface by using deionized water, and then freezing and drying the liquid nitrogen to obtain the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel;
3) and (3) performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel obtained in the step (2) at 700 ℃ for 1h in a nitrogen atmosphere, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material.
As shown in fig. 2, the prepared silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material has a macroscopic three-dimensional structure, and the shape of the material can be controlled by the shape of the initial bacterial cellulose hydrogel; as shown in fig. 3, through SEM analysis, the prepared material has a porous network structure, the carbon nanofibers derived from bacterial cellulose are cross-linked to each other to facilitate electron transport and support of a mechanical structure, and the nano-silicon particles are uniformly attached to the carbon nanofibers.
Example 2:
1) cutting the bacterial cellulose hydrogel into rectangles (4 x 3 x 1.5 cm)3) Then, freeze-drying by liquid nitrogen to obtain the bacterial cellulose aerogel; adding 30mg of elemental silicon powder with the average particle size of 80nm into 270mg of absolute ethyl alcohol, fully stirring, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 30min by using an ultrasonic crusher to obtain a stable nano silicon source dispersion liquid with the mass concentration of 10%;
2) soaking the bacterial cellulose aerogel in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid for 30min, taking out, washing out residual liquid on the surface by using ethanol, and then performing supercritical drying on the residual liquid to obtain the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel;
3) and (3) performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel obtained in the step (2) at 800 ℃ for 2h in an argon atmosphere, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material.
As shown in fig. 4, the volume of the prepared material becomes about 1/3 of the original volume after compression, and the prepared material can return to the original volume after pressure release, and shows good plastic strain capacity, which indicates that the material can fully accommodate volume expansion and stress change of the silicon-carbon composite material in the charging and discharging processes, and maintain the structural stability of the material.
Example 3:
1) cutting the bacterial cellulose hydrogel into rectangles (5 x 2 x 0.5 cm)3) Then, freeze-drying by liquid nitrogen to obtain the bacterial cellulose aerogel; adding 40mg of elemental silicon powder with the average particle size of 80nm into 360mg of absolute ethyl alcohol, fully stirring, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 30min by using an ultrasonic crusher to obtain a stable nano silicon source dispersion liquid with the mass concentration of 10%;
2) and (2) soaking the bacterial cellulose aerogel in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid for 30min, taking out the bacterial cellulose aerogel, washing out the residual liquid on the surface by using ethanol, and then performing supercritical drying on the residual liquid to obtain the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel.
3) And (3) performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel obtained in the step (2) at 1100 ℃ for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite cathode material.
Example 4
1) Cutting the bacterial cellulose hydrogel into rectangles (5 x 3 x 1.0 cm)3) Then, freeze-drying by liquid nitrogen to obtain the bacterial cellulose aerogel; adding 30mg of elemental silicon powder with the average particle size of 100nm into 170mg of absolute ethyl alcohol, fully stirring, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 30min by using an ultrasonic crusher to obtain a stable nano silicon source dispersion liquid with the mass concentration of 15%;
2) and (2) soaking the bacterial cellulose aerogel in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid for 30min, taking out the bacterial cellulose aerogel, washing out the residual liquid on the surface by using ethanol, and then performing supercritical drying on the residual liquid to obtain the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel.
3) And (3) performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel obtained in the step (2) at 800 ℃ for 2h in an argon atmosphere, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material.
Example 5
1) Cutting the bacterial cellulose hydrogel into rectangles (4 x 1.5 cm)3) Then, freeze-drying by liquid nitrogen to obtain the bacterial cellulose aerogel; adding 30mg of elemental silicon powder with the average particle size of 200nm into 170mg of absolute ethyl alcohol, fully stirring, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 30min by using an ultrasonic crusher to obtain a stable nano silicon source dispersion liquid with the mass concentration of 15%;
2) and (2) soaking the bacterial cellulose aerogel in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid for 30min, taking out the bacterial cellulose aerogel, washing out the residual liquid on the surface by using ethanol, and then performing supercritical drying on the residual liquid to obtain the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel.
3) And (3) performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel obtained in the step (2) at 1200 ℃ for 2h in an argon atmosphere, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material.
Example 6
1) Cutting the bacterial cellulose hydrogel into rectangles (5 x 3 x 1.0 cm)3) Then, freeze-drying by liquid nitrogen to obtain the bacterial cellulose aerogel; adding 40mg of nano-silica powder with the average particle size of 300nm into 160mg of absolute ethyl alcohol, fully stirring, and carrying out ultrasonic dispersion for 30min by using an ultrasonic crusher to obtain a stable nano-silica source dispersion liquid with the mass concentration of 20%;
2) and (2) soaking the bacterial cellulose aerogel in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid for 30min, taking out the bacterial cellulose aerogel, washing out the residual liquid on the surface by using ethanol, and then performing supercritical drying on the residual liquid to obtain the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel.
3) And (3) performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel obtained in the step (2) at 1000 ℃ for 0.5h in an argon atmosphere, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material.
The method for testing the half cell comprises the following steps: directly punching the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material by using a punching machine to be used as an electrode, and drying for 4 hours in a vacuum oven at 80 ℃ for later use; in a glove box filled with argon, a metal lithium sheet is taken as a counter electrode, a diaphragm adopts Cellgard 2000, and an electrolyte is 1mol/L LiPF6/EC-DMC-DMC (volume ratio is 1:1:1), so that a CR 2025 button cell meeting the specification is assembled; the electrochemical performance is carried out on a Xinwei 5V/10mA type battery tester, the charging and discharging voltage range is 0.01-2.0V, and the charging and discharging rates are 0.1C, 0.2C, 0.5C and 1C. The test data are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Performance test data of three-dimensional Si-C composite cathode material as electrode
As shown in table 1, the silicon-carbon composite material prepared based on the nano elemental silicon or the nano silicon oxide has higher first efficiency; the reversible capacity under different charge-discharge multiplying power is reduced less, and the material has better multiplying power performance; the capacity retention rate after 100 times and 200 times of circulation shows that the material has good circulation performance.
The composite material is formed by compounding carbon nano fibers derived from bacterial cellulose and nano silicon, has a porous network structure, good conductivity and mechanical properties, and is uniform in distribution of loaded nano silicon and controllable in loading capacity; the composite material is used as a lithium battery negative electrode material, a conductive agent, a binder and a current collector are not required to be added in the preparation of an electrode, the cycle performance and the rate capability are good, and the mass energy density of the whole battery core can be obviously improved. The invention solves the problem that the cycle performance of the electrode is influenced by the shedding of the loaded active substance caused by the low conductivity of the existing high-capacity silicon-carbon negative electrode material and the larger volume expansion effect generated in the charging and discharging processes.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one, freezing and drying the bacterial cellulose hydrogel to obtain aerogel, then soaking the aerogel in nano silicon source dispersion liquid, fully absorbing and drying to obtain bacterial cellulose/nano silicon composite aerogel;
and step two, performing pyrolysis on the bacterial cellulose/nano-silicon composite aerogel in an inert atmosphere, wherein the pyrolysis temperature is 700-1200 ℃, and naturally cooling to obtain the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material.
2. The method for preparing the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the nano silicon source dispersion liquid is obtained by adding one or a mixture of two of nano elemental silicon powder and nano silica powder into a solvent and dispersing the mixture.
3. The preparation method of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the total mass concentration of the nano elemental silicon powder and the nano silica powder in the nano silicon source dispersion liquid is 1-20%.
4. The preparation method of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the solvent is one or a mixture of water, ethanol, isopropanol and nitrogen-methyl pyrrolidone.
5. The preparation method of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the average particle size of the nano elemental silicon powder and the average particle size of the nano silica powder are both 50-300 nm.
6. The method for preparing the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the drying is liquid nitrogen freeze drying or supercritical drying.
7. The method for preparing the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite anode material according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the pyrolysis time is 0.5-3 h.
8. The three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material obtained by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 7.
9. The use of the three-dimensional silicon carbon composite anode material of claim 8 in a lithium ion battery.
10. The application of the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material as claimed in claim 9, wherein the three-dimensional silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is punched by a punching machine and then used as a negative electrode.
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| CN111470486A (en) | 2020-07-31 |
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