CN111055561B - 一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料 - Google Patents
一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，由高强防爆抗弹面板(材料采用钛合金)、高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(材料采用高硬碳化硼陶瓷材料)、缓冲吸能复合层(由第一超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层、闭孔泡沫缓冲层、第二超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层组成)和高强防爆抗弹背板(材料采用钛合金)层叠复合而成。复合材料通过轻量化、抗冲击、屏蔽一体化材料设计，并通过对材料的吸能结构设计，使复合材料同时具备质轻、抗爆防弹与辐射屏蔽的特点，同时在不增加重量的基础上，通过调节所选材料10B丰度，适配多种屏蔽应用需求。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及抗爆防护技术领域，具体涉及一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料。本发明实现了防护材料兼具轻量化、防爆抗弹以及核辐射屏蔽功能，并在不增加重量的情况下调控辐射屏蔽能力。
背景技术
随着人们对***危害的深化认识，以及国际国内反恐形势不断严峻，防爆材料的应用得到了国内外广泛关注。
传统的防爆材料采用钢筋混凝土、钢板进行隔爆防护，但其对***冲击的衰减非常有限，而最新的防爆机理则是利用材料自身特性对***冲击波进行吸能耗散。目前用于防爆的防护材料主要有防弹金属、陶瓷基复合材料、纤维复合材料、石墨复合材料、防弹玻璃等，常用的复合结构为夹心复合结构，其吸能缓冲能力较强，被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车制造和船舶等领域，但随着复杂应用场景的不断出现，功能单一的防爆材料已不能适应用户需求，如运输放射性物质用的防爆抗弹材料，原有的防护材料已经无法满足辐射场景下的辐射屏蔽需求。同时，在防爆材料辐射屏蔽与防爆抗弹一体化设计中，需要根据不同运用场景的需求，实现辐射屏蔽能力的调节。
本发明基于轻量化、抗冲击、辐射屏蔽耦合设计方法，从材料设计和结构设计角度对防爆抗弹复合材料进行优化设计，同时结合屏蔽材料的作用机理，实现复合材料在不增加重量的情况下适配多种屏蔽需求。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于：提供一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，既提升防爆材料的辐射屏蔽能力，又确保材料的轻量化要求，同时满足屏蔽能力的调节需求，实现防爆材料多场景辐射屏蔽的适配性。所述复合材料广泛应用于乏燃料运输以及辐射环境下车辆蒙皮，尤其适用于未来移动式反应堆包容体方舱。
为了实现上述目标，本发明采取以下方案：
一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：包含高强防爆抗弹面板(1)、高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)、缓冲吸能复合层(3)高强防爆抗弹背板(4)，各层层叠而成。
所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)采用轻量化钛合金防弹材料。所述高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)采用轻量化高硬碳化硼陶瓷材料，所述碳化硼材料为细晶碳化硼单相陶瓷、层状B4C-SiC复相陶瓷或纤维增韧碳化硼陶瓷材料，是复合材料中主要抗弹体侵彻材料，另外，碳化硼的10B丰度根据中子屏蔽需求调节。
所述缓冲吸能复合层(3)由第一超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层、闭孔泡沫缓冲层、第二超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层组成，三种材料均通过轻量化选材。所述高强防爆抗弹背板(4)采用与(1)相同的轻量化钛合金防弹材料，各层材料采用层压胶粘方式粘合。
进一步的，如上所述的辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：复合材料均通过放射性核素活度和材料屏蔽计算进行抗辐射设计。
在传统抗爆材料的基础上，对复合材料中的易活化元素进行严格控制，其中复合材料中Co元素含量≤0.01wt.％，所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)与高强防爆抗弹背板(4)的钛合金的Co元素含量≤0.03wt.％。
轻型复合材料防弹侵彻陶瓷层设计为中子吸收材料碳化硼，能够实现复合材料厚度、质量不变的情况下适配多种辐射屏蔽应用需求。碳化硼辐射屏蔽的机理为：
10B+1n→7Li+4He；
碳化硼中B有11B和10B两种同位素，其中11B几乎不吸收中子，只有10B吸收中子后产生锂和氦。因此，通过改变碳化硼材料的10B丰度，调节材料的屏蔽能力。
另外，其他叠层材料具有优良的辐射屏蔽能力和低活化性能。所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)采用的轻量化、低活化的钛合金材料。所述缓冲吸能复合层(3)采用的超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)，其中的氢原子具有优良的屏蔽性能。所述缓冲吸能复合层(3)的闭孔泡沫铝，属于低活化材料。
进一步的，如上所述的辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：轻型复合材料在考虑辐射屏蔽和轻量化的同时进行防爆抗弹设计。所述高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)采用碳化硼材料，在传统天然碳化硼材料的基础上，增加10B同位素丰度以提高中子吸收性能，10B丰度依据实际辐射剂量及中子学计算结果确定，在19.5～92％之间调节，以满足不同抗辐射需求；另外，所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)采用的钛合金具有高硬、高强的特点，所述缓冲吸能复合层(3)采用的高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层、闭孔泡沫缓冲层、第二超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)，具有缓冲特性。
在结构设计上，复合材料在叠层结构基础上优化布局，通过高强防爆抗弹面板(1)和高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)破碎弹头，降低弹体侵彻；而缓冲吸能复合层(3)通过能量吸收、应力波传递和应变滞后整体吸收耗散剩余冲击能；高强防爆抗弹面板(1)和缓冲吸能复合层(3)的第一高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层有包覆作用，维持中间陶瓷层的整体性，防止陶瓷过早崩溅；缓冲吸能复合层(3)的闭孔泡沫缓冲层塑性应变范围大，且设计厚度大，可有效接收外侧复合层的变形，维持后方的结构完整性。
与已有技术相比，本发明的有益效果体现在：本发明通过轻量化、抗冲击、屏蔽一体化材料设计，并通过对材料的吸能结构设计，使复合材料同时具备质轻、抗爆防弹与辐射屏蔽的特点。与传统方案相比，本发明提升了抗爆材料的辐射屏蔽能力，同时通过中子吸收材料的屏蔽调节性设计，提升了辐射屏蔽的多场景应用适配性。本发明有益于实现防爆材料的轻量化和高屏蔽性。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1为本发明辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料结构图。
其中，(1)为高强防爆抗弹面板、(2)为高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层、(3)为缓冲吸能复合层、(4)为高强防爆抗弹背板。
图2为本发明辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料典型实施例。
其中，(1-1)为钛合金、(2-1)为细晶碳化硼单相陶瓷、(3-1)为超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)、(3-2)为闭孔泡沫铝、(3-3)为超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)、(4-1)为钛合金。
具体实施方式
需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征能够相互组合。下面将参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本发明，但本发明的实施方式不局限于以下的实施例介绍。
参照图1和图2，对本发明的特征详述如下：
辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，包含高强防爆抗弹面板(1)、高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)、缓冲吸能复合层(3)高强防爆抗弹背板(4)，各层层叠而成。
所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)采用轻量化钛合金防弹材料(1-1)。
所述缓冲吸能复合层(3)由第一超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层(3-1)、闭孔泡沫铝缓冲层(3-2)、第二超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层(3-3)组成，三种材料均通过轻量化选材。所述高强防爆抗弹背板(4)采用与(1)相同的轻量化钛合金防弹材料(4-1)。各层材料采用层压胶粘方式粘合。
其中，复合材料通过放射性核素活度和材料屏蔽计算进行抗辐射设计，在传统抗爆材料的基础上，对复合材料中的易活化元素进行严格控制，其中，复合材料中Co元素含量≤0.01wt.％，所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)与高强防爆抗弹背板(4)的钛合金的Co元素含量≤0.03wt.％，钛合金的其他元素组分同现有技术，进而降低材料的活化能力，提高材料的抗辐射性能。
轻型复合材料在考虑辐射屏蔽和轻量化的同时进行防爆抗弹设计，所述高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)设计为细晶碳化硼单相陶瓷(2-1)，采用碳化硼材料，在传统天然碳化硼材料的基础上，增加10B同位素丰度以提高中子吸收性能，10B丰度依据实际辐射剂量及中子学计算结果确定，在19.5～92％之间调节，以满足不同抗辐射需求；结构上高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)通过高强防爆抗弹面板(1)和缓冲吸能复合层(3)的第一高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层延性材料包覆，维持陶瓷层的整体性，防止陶瓷过早崩溅，提高抗爆与辐射屏蔽的综合能力。
例如，在反应堆强辐射场景中，碳化硼材料的10B丰度控制在90～92％，总B量为76.02～77.92wt.％；在航空航天的弱辐射场景中，碳化硼材料的10B丰度控制在19.5～20.1％，总B量为76.02～79.08wt.％。以10B丰度为92％的碳化硼材料为例，由化学交换精馏法富集所得的硼酸和石墨冶炼后，经微粉化处理获得粉末，然后将粉末采用热等静压机制备成块体，热等静压制备方法工艺参数为：高温1500～1600℃、高压180～200MPa、保温40min。所得碳化硼材料，其断裂韧性≥7.42MPa/m2，是传统碳化硼的2.65倍。
根据本发明的一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，一个可选的实施例，所述的高强防爆抗弹面板(1)厚度为1.9～2.1mm、高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)厚度为6.0～6.4mm、第一超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层(3-1)厚度为1.9～2.1mm、闭孔泡沫铝缓冲层(3-2)厚度为18～22mm、第二超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层厚度为1.9～2.1mm，高强防爆抗弹背板(4)厚度为1.9～2.1mm，各层层叠而成。可保证在***载荷和弹体侵彻作用下，达到最大的吸能效果，抗爆防弹能力达到等厚度钢材的3倍。另外该复合材料同时具备辐射屏蔽能力，可根据10B丰度调控辐射屏蔽能力，复合材料中碳化硼的10B丰度为92％，抗中子辐射能力达到等厚度钢材的3.5倍。
本发明未详细阐述部分属于本领域公知技术。
对于本领域技术人员而言，显然本发明不限于上述示范性实施例的细节，而且在不背离本发明的精神或基本特征的情况下，能够以其他的具体形式实现本发明。因此，无论从哪一点来看，均应将实施例看作是示范性的，而且是非限制性的，本发明的范围由所附权利要求而不是上述说明限定，因此旨在将落在权利要求的等同要件的含义和范围内的所有变化囊括在本发明内。不应将权利要求中的任何附图标记视为限制所涉及的权利要求。
此外，应当理解，虽然本说明书按照实施方式加以描述，但并非每个实施方式仅包含一个独立的技术方案，说明书的这种叙述方式仅仅是为清楚起见，本领域技术人员应当将说明书作为一个整体，各实施例中的技术方案经适当组合，形成其他实施方式。
Claims (5)
1.一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：所述复合材料由高强防爆抗弹面板(1)、高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)、缓冲吸能复合层(3)和高强防爆抗弹背板(4)层叠复合而成；
所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)与高强防爆抗弹背板(4)均采用轻量化钛合金防弹材料；
所述缓冲吸能复合层(3)由第一超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层、闭孔泡沫缓冲层、第二超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层组成，所述闭孔泡沫缓冲层材质为泡沫铝或泡沫钛，所述缓冲吸能复合层(3)的三层材料均通过轻量化选材。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：所述高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)采用轻量化高硬碳化硼陶瓷材料，所述碳化硼材料为细晶碳化硼单相陶瓷、层状B4C-SiC复相陶瓷或纤维增韧碳化硼陶瓷中的任意一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：所述复合材料各层之间采用层压胶粘方式粘合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：所述的一体化轻型复合材料中Co元素含量≤0.01wt.％，其中，所述高强防爆抗弹面板(1)与高强防爆抗弹背板(4)所采用的钛合金材料中Co元素含量≤0.03wt.％。
5.根据权利要求1所述的辐射屏蔽与抗爆一体化轻型复合材料，其特征在于：在组分上，所述高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)采用富集10B的碳化硼材料，其中，碳化硼的10B的丰度在19.5～92％之间可调；在结构上，所述高强防弹侵彻陶瓷层(2)通过高强防爆抗弹面板(1)和缓冲吸能复合层(3)的第一高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)层延性材料包覆。
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