CN109007402B - 蛋鸡饲料添加剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种蛋鸡饲料添加剂及其制备方法。该蛋鸡饲料添加剂由以下重量份的原料组成:枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕的微生物发酵产物15~25份,土豆粉70~80份,枸杞子2~6份,八角0.5~1份,百里香0.1~0.3份。并设计了一种所述蛋鸡饲料添加剂的制备方法。本发明的蛋鸡饲料添加剂能够提高蛋鸡的抗氧化能力,并增强蛋鸡的免疫力,有利于提高生产性能和蛋品质,其制备方法操作简便、成本可控。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及禽畜饲料技术领域,具体涉及一种蛋鸡饲料添加剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着畜禽养殖业的快速发展,畜禽饲料及饲料添加剂行业也迅速扩大,市场上出现了各种降低饲养畜禽成本、提高畜禽内免疫力和生产性能等的饲料及饲料添加剂。然而由于畜禽定向选育的生长性状、优化的营养供给以及精准化的养殖模式,致使畜禽的消化吸收频率处于高强度状态,这严重畜禽破坏肠黏膜的完整性,损害其肠道健康,甚至引发肠道疾病。同时导致肠道内菌群失调、免疫力降低,最后致使畜禽生产性能下降。
由于我国的蛋鸡养殖业存在高密度饲养环境、频繁免疫以及产蛋后期生理特点等问题,我国蛋鸡生产性能和产蛋品质均不能得到很好的保证。且我国每年因蛋壳质量问题造成的鸡蛋损失高达10%以上,这严重限制了蛋鸡养殖业的发展。所以增强蛋鸡免疫力、提高蛋鸡产蛋生产性能和蛋品质是目前养殖业亟待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种蛋鸡饲料添加剂及其制备方法,以期能够促使蛋鸡健康成长,有利于提高蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用如下技术方案:
设计一种蛋鸡饲料添加剂,由以下重量份的原料组成:枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕的微生物发酵产物15~25份,土豆粉70~80份,枸杞子2~6份,八角0.5~1份,百里香0.1~0.3份。
其中,所述微生物发酵产物的制备方法为:
取枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕,粉碎过筛,添加微生物;培养后烘干,得发酵产物。
优选的:所述枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕的质量比为0.5~1.5:0.5~1.5:0.1~0.3:0. 05~0.2。
优选的:所述微生物为植物乳杆菌BNCC187897和/或枯草芽孢杆菌AS1.9086。
优选的:所述微生物与发酵液的质量比为5:1。
优选的:所述枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕等粉碎过50~70目筛。
设计一种所述蛋鸡饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)取所述枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕,粉碎过筛,添加微生物,培养后烘干,得到发酵产物;
(2)将所述土豆粉与所得发酵产物混合搅拌至混合均匀,然后依次加入所述八角粉、百里香粉和枸杞子粉,搅拌至混合均匀,即得。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益技术效果在于:
1.本发明蛋鸡饲料添加剂是针对蛋鸡的生长发育特点而设计,各组分互相配合增效,能大大改善蛋鸡盲肠菌群结构,不但能增强禽只消化吸收能力,进而有效提高蛋鸡产蛋性能,并提高蛋品质,而且还能提高蛋鸡的免疫能力。
2. 进一步而言,本发明制备添加的发酵产物中含有大量的粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗灰分、总氨基酸、水分、乙酸、丙酸、乳酸、粗多糖、多酚、粗黄酮,其中,多酚是重要的生物活性物质,具有强的抗氧化特性,能增强畜禽抗氧化能力;粗黄酮具有很强的抗氧化、抗肝脏毒和抗炎等功效,能增强畜禽的免疫力,促进畜禽的健康生长,有利于提高畜禽生产性能和产蛋品质;研究发现八角和百里香含有丰富的植物精油,具有抗细菌、真菌、病毒和抗寄生虫等功能,在本发明中能够起到替代抗生素的作用;本发明所添加的枸杞子粉不但能提高畜禽的免疫能力,还可以增强畜禽的生殖能力,提高产蛋率;本发明的蛋鸡饲料添加剂中合理搭配粗蛋白、粗纤维及总氨基酸,能增强畜禽的消化吸收能力。
3.本发明原料来源广泛、各成分配合增效,生产成本较低、效果显著,有利于在畜禽生产中广泛应用。
附图说明
图1为门水平上的物种相对丰度柱形图,其中C为对照组,S为试验组;
图2为属水平上的物种相对丰度柱形图,其中C为对照组,S为试验组;
图3为门水平蛋鸡产蛋后期盲肠菌群主成分分析图,图中横坐标表示第一主成分,百分比则表示第一主成分对样品差异的贡献值;纵坐标表示第二主成分,百分比表示第二主成分对样品差异的贡献值;图中的每个点表示一个样品,同一个组的样品使用同一种颜色表示,下同;
图4为属水平蛋鸡产蛋后期盲肠菌群主成分分析图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例来说明本发明的具体实施方式,但以下实施例只是用来详细说明本发明,并不以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
在以下实施例中所涉及的仪器设备如无特别说明,均为常规仪器设备;所涉及的产品如无特别说明,均为市售常规产品;所涉及的试验方法或分析方法,如无特别说明,均为常规方法。
实施例一:蛋鸡饲料添加剂制备
1.筛选发酵菌种
经大量的试验研究,优选出适于枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕混合料的植物乳杆菌BNCC187897冻干粉(购自中国微生物菌种保藏中心,BNCC)、枯草芽孢杆菌AS1.9086(购自中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏中心)作为发酵微生物,发酵产物营养物质全面丰富,能够充分降解枸杞叶、枸杞柄、芝麻粕等物料,生成更多的适于禽只的有效成分。
2. 培养基
营养肉汤培养基(NB):牛肉粉3g、蛋白胨10g,氯化钠5g,蒸馏水1000mL。pH值6.8~7.0,121℃灭菌15min。
营养琼脂培养基:在营养肉汤培养基的基础上,每升培养液中添加琼脂粉15~20g。
MRS肉汤培养基:蛋白胨10g,酵母粉4g,牛肉粉5g,葡萄糖20g,乙酸钠5g,柠檬酸三铵2g,磷酸氢二钾2g,硫酸镁0.2g,硫酸锰0.05g,吐温80 1mL。
MRS琼脂培养基:在MRS肉汤培养基的基础上,每升培养液中添加琼脂粉15~20g。
3. 种子液制备
枯草芽孢杆菌:挑取少量冻存的枯草芽孢杆菌菌种划线接种到已灭菌的营养琼脂培养基上,37℃恒温培养24h进行菌种活化,然后将活化的菌种接种于已灭菌的营养肉汤培养基中,置于恒温摇床中,温度37℃,转速180r/min,培养24h备用。
植物乳杆菌:挑取少量冻存的植物乳杆菌菌种划线接种到已灭菌的MRS琼脂培养基上,37℃恒温培养24h进行菌种活化,然后将活化的菌种接种于已灭菌的MRS肉汤培养基中,置于恒温培养箱中37℃培养24h备用。
4. 发酵底物的组成与制备
取枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕粉碎,过60目筛。4种原料按1:1:0.2:0. 1质量比混合,备用。
5. 固体发酵
发酵条件:
取发酵底物,料液按10:1的质量比的接种量添加,其中,植物乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的料液比为5:1。
质量比初始含水量35%,37℃培养72小时,发酵样品送河南海瑞正检测技术有限公司检测。
发酵产物中常规营养成分如表1所示:
表1 发酵产物中常规营养成分(干物质计)
粗蛋白% | 粗纤维% | 粗灰分% | 总氨基酸% | |
含量 | 18.11 | 8.81 | 23.86 | 13.08 |
依据 | GB/T 6432-1994 | GB/T 6434-2006 | GB/T 6438-2007 | GB/T18246-2000 |
发酵产物中生物活性成分如表2所示:
表2 发酵产物中生物活性成分
乙酸mg/kg | 丙酸mg/kg | 乳酸mg/kg | 粗多糖% | 多酚% | 粗黄酮% | |
含量 | 2296.18 | 102.21 | 974.52 | 2.40 | 0.98 | 0.91 |
依据 | 气相色谱 | 气相色谱 | GB/T 23877-2009 | SN/T4260-2015 | 分光光度 | 分光光度 |
6. 发酵产物烘干
发酵产物50℃烘干,备用。
7. 制备蛋鸡饲料添加剂
具体包括以下步骤:
将75份土豆粉与20份发酵产物混合搅拌3~5min至混合均匀,然后依次加入0.8份八角粉、0.2份百里香粉和4份枸杞子粉,搅拌5min至混合均匀,即得。
实施例二:蛋鸡饲料添加剂制备
与实施例一不同之处在于:
1. 发酵底物中枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕粉碎按0.5:1.5:0.1:0.2质量比混合,备用。
2. 制备蛋鸡饲料添加剂
将70份土豆粉与15份发酵产物混合搅拌3~5min至混合均匀,然后依次加入0.5份八角粉、0.1份百里香粉和2份枸杞子粉,搅拌5min至混合均匀,即得。
实施例三:蛋鸡饲料添加剂制备
与实施例一不同之处在于:
1. 发酵底物中枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕粉碎按1.5:0.5:0.3:0.05质量比混合,备用。
2. 制备蛋鸡饲料添加剂
将80份土豆粉与25份发酵产物混合搅拌3~5min至混合均匀,然后依次加入1份八角粉、0.3份百里香粉和6份枸杞子粉,搅拌5min至混合均匀,即得。
实施例四:蛋鸡饲料添加剂对蛋品质的影响研究
1. 试验动物
动物试验在北京鑫盛养殖有限公司进行,蛋鸡品种为海兰褐蛋鸡。
2.试验设计与管理
试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选用5000只健康、活泼、产蛋率、体重相近的406日龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为2个处理组,分别为对照组和试验组。设预饲期7天,预饲期内对海兰褐蛋鸡进行防疫、喂料和饮水,而后进入正式的试验期。对照组饲喂常规基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在常规基础饲粮中按其重量的0.5%添加实施例一所述饲料添加剂的饲粮,试验期为49天。
3.日常管理
试验采用舍内笼养方式饲养,自然光照,所有蛋鸡自由饮水和采食,消毒和免疫按常规方法进行。每日下午16:00称量并记录每组采食量和产蛋重。两天清粪一次。试验期间每日观察蛋鸡的精神状态、行为,记录每组日耗料量、产蛋量和破蛋量,试验期为49天。
4.数据处理
采用SPSS统计软件18.0对数据进行方差分析和多重比较(LSD法)。
5.测定指标
蛋品质分析在河南牧业经济学院蛋品质分析室检测。
(1)生产性能
根据产蛋量和称重,统计全期耗料量、产蛋量和蛋重,计算全期平均产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量、料蛋比和平均破蛋率。
结果如表3所示:
表3 生产性能试验结果对比
项目 | 对照组 | 试验组 |
产蛋率(%) | 82.04±0.12<sup>b</sup> | 84.81±0.16<sup>a</sup> |
蛋 重 | 62.58±1.78<sup>b</sup> | 66.84±4.71<sup>a</sup> |
采食量 | 125.22±2.10 | 123.08±0.47 |
料蛋比 | 2.34±0.05<sup>a</sup> | 2.21±0.02<sup>b</sup> |
破蛋率(%) | 1.70±0.06<sup>a</sup> | 0.67±0.04<sup>b</sup> |
注:同列数值后的不同小写字母表示在5%水平上差异显著,下同。
(2)蛋品质
结果如表4所示:
表4 蛋品质试验结果对比
项目 | 对照组 | 试验组 |
蛋壳重(g) | 7.93±0.24<sup>b</sup> | 8.81±0.91<sup>a</sup> |
蛋壳强度 | 4.21±0.35 | 4.33±0.37 |
蛋黄颜色 | 6.46±0.57<sup>b</sup> | 7.50±0.29<sup>a</sup> |
蛋白高度(mm) | 7.29±0.56 | 7.93±0.81 |
蛋白重量(g) | 37.30±1.16<sup>b</sup> | 39.95±2.37<sup>a</sup> |
蛋黄重量(g) | 16.84±1.47 | 17.54±1.01 |
哈氏单位 | 84.50±6.22<sup>b</sup> | 85.81±6.95<sup>a</sup> |
由表3和表4可知:
蛋鸡饲养试验中,饲喂饲料中添加本发明饲料添加剂的蛋鸡有以下变化:产蛋率和蛋重均显著增加,采食量、料蛋比和破蛋率均明显降低,蛋壳重、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度、蛋白重量和蛋黄重量的数值均增加,即蛋鸡产蛋品质明显提高,且哈氏单位数值也有显著变化,即产蛋的新鲜度明显提高。
实施例五:检测蛋鸡饲料添加剂对蛋鸡肠道菌群的影响
1. 试验动物和试验设计同实施例四
2. 测定指标及方法
测定指标:蛋鸡盲肠菌群相对丰度和盲肠菌群结构。
测定方法:利用Illumina HiSeq测序平台,对细菌的16S rDNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序,对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。
检测单位:蛋鸡盲肠菌群检测在北京诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司,有关数据由该公司提供。
3. 蛋鸡产蛋后期盲肠菌群相对丰度
为研究样品的物种组成多样性,对所有样品的Tags进行聚类,以97%的一致性将序列聚类成为OTUs,然后对OTUs的代表序列进行物种注释。根据物种注释结果,选取每个分组在门和属分类水平上最大丰度排名靠前的物种,生成物种相对丰度柱形累加图,以便直观查看各样品在不同分类水平上,相对丰度较高的物种及其比例。
在门分类水平上,丰度>1%盲肠内容物菌群结构组成情况如图1所示。
由图1可知,丰度大于1%的有厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等菌门。与对照组相比,试验组拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),厚壁菌门和梭杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),变形菌门和放线菌门差异不显著(P>0.05)。
在属分类水平上,丰度>1%的盲肠内容物菌属组成情况如图2所示。
由图2可知,对照组和试验组之间有5个菌属统计学差异显著(P<0.05),与对照组相比,试验组的拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和unidentified_Ruminococcaceae相对丰度显著升高,梭形杆菌属(Fusobacterium)、Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005、厌氧球菌属(Anaerotruncus)丰度显著显著降低。
4. 蛋鸡产蛋后期盲肠菌群结构
主成分分析(PCA),是一种应用方差分解,对多维数据进行降维,从而提取出数据中最主要的元素和结构的方法。应用PCA分析,能够提取出最大程度反映样品间差异的两个坐标轴,从而将多维数据的差异反映在二维坐标图上,进而揭示复杂数据背景下的简单规律。如果样品的群落组成越相似,则它们在PCA图中的距离越接近。PCA分析使用R软件的ade4包和ggplot2软件包。
在门分类水平上,组间微生物菌群差异分析见图3。
由图3可以看出,主成分1 (PC1) 和主成分2 (PC2) 是造成样品的2个最大差异特征,贡献率分别为32.06%和20.85%。对照组和试验组主成分存在明显差异,对照组主成分2贡献率较大,试验组主成分1贡献率较大。对照组的6个样本距离较近,且相对集中,说明对照组中6个样本的物种相似性较高。试验组的6个样本距离较远,说明试验组中6个样本的物种相似性差异较大。
在属分类水平上,组间微生物菌群差异分析见图4。
由图4可以看出,主成分1 (PC1) 和主成分2 (PC2)贡献率分别为18.40%和14.13%。对照组和试验组主成分存在明显差异,对照组主成分2贡献率较大,试验组主成分1贡献率较大。
上面结合实施例对本发明作了详细的说明,但是,所属技术领域的技术人员能够理解,在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下,还可以对上述实施例中的各个具体参数进行变更,形成多个具体的实施例,均为本发明的常见变化范围,在此不再一一详述。
Claims (3)
1.一种蛋鸡饲料添加剂,其特征在于:由以下重量份的原料组成:枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕的微生物发酵产物15~25份,土豆粉70~80份,枸杞子2~6份,八角0.5~1份,百里香0.1~0.3份;
所述微生物发酵产物的制备方法为:
取质量比为0.5~1.5:0.5~1.5:0.1~0.3:0. 05~0.2的枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕,粉碎过筛,添加微生物;培养后烘干,得发酵产物;
所述微生物为植物乳杆菌BNCC187897和枯草芽孢杆菌AS1.9086;
所述微生物与发酵产物的质量比为5:1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蛋鸡饲料添加剂,其特征在于:所述过筛的目数为50~70目。
3.一种权利要求1所述蛋鸡饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)取所述枸杞叶、枸杞柄、玉米粉和芝麻粕,粉碎过筛,添加微生物,培养后烘干,得到发酵产物;
(2)将所述土豆粉与所得发酵产物混合搅拌至混合均匀,然后依次加入所述八角粉、百里香粉和枸杞子粉,搅拌至混合均匀,即得。
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CN108013263A (zh) * | 2018-01-17 | 2018-05-11 | 霍邱县科瑞达禽业有限公司 | 一种添加枸杞粉的鸡饲料配方的制备方法 |
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