CN108975308A - 一种层级孔道炭纳米片及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种层级孔道炭纳米片及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种层级孔道炭纳米片及其制备方法和应用,室温条件下,炭源、金属盐和氯化钠混合加入蒸馏水中,磁力搅拌使炭源和金属盐完全溶解,随后蒸干溶剂;所得样品置于管式炉中,氮气保护下逐渐升温至活化温度,通入活化试剂,并在此温度下活化一段时间,再在氮气氛围下冷至室温;黑色固体依次用蒸馏水、酸溶液、蒸馏水洗涤,直至无金属盐和NaCl为止,干燥后即得层级孔道炭纳米片。所制得的材料具有层级孔道分布,厚度在纳米级可调,用作超级电容器电极材料时具有优异的倍率性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于炭材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种层级孔道炭纳米片及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
多孔炭材料因为具有化学性质稳定、比表面积大、形貌和孔径可调控、成本低廉以及环境友好等优点而受到人们的关注,被广泛的应用于能源存储、环境保护、石油化工、生物制药及食品工业等领域。
孔道结构及孔径分布是影响多孔炭材料应用性能的关键因素之一。层级孔道炭材料的特点是具有大孔框架,中孔通道和微孔纹理结构。一般来说,多孔炭材料的大孔可以作为溶液或离子的缓冲区,中孔作为离子传输通道,微孔则提供比表面积和反应场所。因为具有这些特点,层级孔道炭材料成为人们研究的热点,尤其是在超级电容器电化学能源存储领域。炭材料的层级孔道结构一般通过分级活化法来获得,该技术需要变换不同的活化试剂,具有反应条件苛刻、工艺复杂、环境污染隐患较大等问题,限制了此类炭材料未来的应用和发展。此外,也可以通过模板法来制备层级孔道炭材料,然而这种方法需要昂贵的模板剂,硬模板的去除往往需要强腐蚀性的氢氟酸,工艺复杂且成本高昂,难以规模化应用。
形貌是影响多孔炭材料应用性能的另一关键因素。炭纳米片是一种厚度为纳米级的二维炭材料,因为具有高的表面积与体积比,良好的导电性、可控的片层厚度以及开放的孔隙结构而受到人们的重视。制备炭纳米片的方法主要包括机械剥离法、模板法、自组装法和化学气相沉积法等。这些方法普遍存在工艺复杂耗时、成本高、易对环境造成污染等缺陷。
超级电容器是一种具有功率密度大、充电时间快、使用寿命长、温度特性好、绿色环保和使用安全的绿色储能元件。炭材料是最为常用的超级电容器电极材料。层级孔道炭材料的大孔可以作为离子缓冲区域,介孔有利于离子传输,而微孔则使电荷储存最优化,以其为电极材料的超级电容器往往具有较高的比电容和优异的倍率性能。炭纳米片具有巨大的表面体积比,可以提高与电解液的接触面积,缩短电解液的扩散路径,同时还能提供连续的电子传导路径和应变驰豫,也是一种优异的超级电容器电极材料。然而,一般来说层级孔道炭材料往往为球状或块状,炭纳米片则多以微孔为主,具有层级孔道结构的炭纳米片的制备方法还不成熟。因此,寻找一种工艺简单、成本低廉、绿色环保、易规模化生产的层级结构炭纳米片的制备方法成为当前的研究趋势。
发明内容
解决的技术问题:本发明提供一种层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法和应用。以廉价的氯化钠为分散剂和模板剂,金属盐为催化剂和占位试剂,水溶性生物质为炭源,热解活化并洗除模板和占位试剂得到具有层级孔道结构的炭纳米片。
层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,该方法具有工艺简单、成本低廉、绿色环保和易规模化生产的特点。通过该方法制备炭炭纳米片具有层级孔道分布,厚度在纳米级可调,用作超级电容器电极材料时具有优异的倍率性能。
技术方案:一种层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,步骤包括:炭源、金属盐和氯化钠混合加入蒸馏水中,所述炭源、金属盐和氯化钠的质量比为1: (0.2~0.6): (3~5),氯化钠与蒸馏水的质量比为1: (1~3),室温磁力搅拌使其完全溶解,随后蒸干溶剂;所得样品置于管式炉中,氮气保护下逐渐升温至活化温度600~750 ℃,升温速率为1~10 ℃/min,通入活化试剂,并在活化温度下活化2~6 h,再在氮气氛围下冷至室温得黑色固体;所得黑色固体依次用蒸馏水、酸溶液、蒸馏水洗涤,直至无金属盐和NaCl为止,100~300 ℃干燥后即得层级孔道炭纳米片。
优选的,上述炭源为葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、木质素磺酸钠或壳聚糖。
优选的,上述金属盐为Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、FeCl3·6H2O、Fe(CH3COO)2、Ni(NO3)2·6H2O或NiCl2·6H2O。
优选的,上述溶剂蒸干的温度为室温~100℃。
优选的,上述活化试剂选自CO2、H2O或含5vt.%NH3的Ar气。
优选的,上述酸溶液为HCl、H2SO4或HNO3。
上述制备方法制得的层级孔道炭纳米片。
上述层级孔道炭纳米片在制备超级电容器电极材料中的应用。
本发明的关键在于统筹了纳米片制备技术和层级孔道炭制备技术的关键,在形成纳米片的同时通过金属的占位作用和催化作用(降低活化能和催化石墨化)在片层上形成层级孔道的孔。
有益效果:所得层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法简单,成本低廉,绿色环保,易规模化生产;所制得的材料具有层级孔道分布,厚度在纳米级可调,用作超级电容器电极材料时具有优异的倍率性能。
附图说明
图1为层级孔道炭纳米片的扫描电镜图。其中A为实施例1的扫描电镜图、B为实施例3的扫描电镜图、C为实施例2的扫描电镜图。如图所示,实施例1和实施例3所制备的材料都呈卷曲状,说明它们的片层厚度很薄,实施例2所制备的材料基本没有卷曲,片层较厚;可以推断,纳米片的厚度与炭源的分子量大小相关,分子量越大则厚度越大;此外,还可看到许多大小不一的孔。
图2为实施例1得到的层级孔道炭纳米片的透射电镜图。如图所示,所制备的材料呈泡沫状多孔结构,可以看到明显的金属氧化物洗除后残留的大中孔,且洗除的金属氧化物周围的炭层呈洋葱状,为典型的石墨化炭结构。
图3为实施例1得到的层级孔道炭纳米片的N2吸脱附曲线。如图所示,该N2吸脱附等温曲线属于IV型等温线,表明有中孔的存在;滞后环为H3型,在高压端吸附量有突跃,是片状离子堆积产生的狭缝孔所导致,从而进一步证明了纳米片的存在。
图4位实施例1得到的层级孔道炭纳米片的孔径分布图。如图所示,所制备材料的孔径在0~100 nm范围内均有分布,证明了其层级孔道结构。
图5是炭材料在不同扫描速度下的循环伏安曲线图。其中A为实施例1所得层级孔道炭纳米片的循环伏安曲线图、B为商品活性炭循环伏安曲线图。如图所示,随扫描速度的增大,实施例1所得炭纳米片的循环伏安曲线仍能保持矩形,相比之下普通活性炭的循环伏安曲线则迅速由矩形逐渐变为橄榄形,说明本发明所制备的炭材料具有优异的倍率性能。
图6为不同实施例得到的炭纳米片和对比商品活性炭在不同充放电电流密度下的比电容量(Re为炭材料在20 A/g下和1 A/g下电容量的比值)。如图所示,通过本发明制备的炭纳米片在大电流下充放电仍能保持大的比电容量,说明它们优异的倍率性能。
具体实施方式
为更好的阐述本发明为达成预定发明目的所采取的技术手段及功效,下面通过具体实施例和附图进行说明。
实施例1
室温下,2 g蔗糖,0.8 g Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和7.5 g NaCl的混合物中加入8 mL蒸馏水,磁力搅拌0.5 h后在40 ℃条件下蒸除溶剂,将干燥后的样品置于管式炉中,氮气保护下以5℃/min的升温速率升温至700 ℃,随后通入含5vt.%NH3的Ar气,并在700 ℃下保温3 h,自然冷却至室温得黑色泡沫状固体。黑色泡沫状固体用蒸馏水洗涤除去NaCl,随后在4 M的HCl溶液中回流4 h洗除铁氧化物,蒸馏水洗涤至pH为中性,100 ℃下干燥即得层级孔道炭纳米片。
实施例2
室温下,1.2 g壳聚糖,0.4 g Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和5 g NaCl的混合物中加入10 mL 蒸馏水和2 mL冰醋酸,磁力搅拌12 h后在80 ℃条件下蒸除溶剂,将干燥后的样品置于管式炉中,氮气保护下以10 ℃/min的升温速率升温至750 ℃,随后通入CO2,并在此温度下保温3h,自然冷却至室温。黑色固体用蒸馏水洗涤除去NaCl,随后在4 M的HCl中回流4 h洗除铁氧化物,蒸馏水洗涤至洗出液pH为中性,150 ℃下干燥得层级孔道炭纳米片。
实施例3
室温下,2 g葡萄糖,0.6 g Ni(NO3)3·6H2O和10 g NaCl的混合物中加入10 mL蒸馏水,磁力搅拌0.5 h后在100 ℃条件下蒸除溶剂,将干燥后的样品置于管式炉中,氮气保护下以5 ℃/min的升温速率升温至750 ℃,随后通入含5vt.%NH3的Ar气,并在750 ℃下保温6 h,自然冷至室温。泡沫状固体用蒸馏水洗涤除去NaCl,随后在4 M的HNO3溶液中回流6 h洗除铁氧化物,蒸馏水洗涤至pH为中性,100 ℃下干燥即得层级孔道炭纳米片。
以上所述的实施实例对本发明的技术方案进行了详细的说明,应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,并不用于限制本发明,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内,当可利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许改动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例,但是,凡在本发明的原则范围内所做的任何修改或改进等,均应包含在本发明范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,其特征在于步骤包括:炭源、金属盐和氯化钠混合加入蒸馏水中,所述炭源、金属盐和氯化钠的质量比为1: (0.2~0.6): (3~5),氯化钠与蒸馏水的质量比为1: (1~3),室温磁力搅拌使其完全溶解,随后蒸干溶剂;所得样品置于管式炉中,氮气保护下逐渐升温至活化温度600~750 ℃,升温速率为1~10 ℃/min,通入活化试剂,并在活化温度下活化2~6 h,再在氮气氛围下冷至室温得黑色固体;所得黑色固体依次用蒸馏水、酸溶液、蒸馏水洗涤,直至无金属盐和NaCl为止,100~300 ℃干燥后即得层级孔道炭纳米片。
2.根据权利要求1所述层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,其特征在于所述的炭源为葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、木质素磺酸钠或壳聚糖。
3.根据权利要求1所述层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,其特征在于所述金属盐为Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、FeCl3·6H2O、Fe(CH3COO)2、Ni(NO3)2·6H2O或NiCl2·6H2O。
4.根据权利要求1所述层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,其特征在于所述溶剂蒸干的温度为室温~100 ℃。
5.根据权利要求1所述层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,其特征在于所述活化试剂选自CO2、H2O或含5vt.%NH3的Ar气。
6.根据权利要求1所述层级孔道炭纳米片的制备方法,其特征在于所述酸溶液为HCl、H2SO4或HNO3。
7.权利要求1-6任一所述制备方法制得的层级孔道炭纳米片。
8.权利要求7所述层级孔道炭纳米片在制备超级电容器电极材料中的应用。
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