CN108213829B - Staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding and adjusting method thereof - Google Patents
Staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding and adjusting method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108213829B CN108213829B CN201810252694.6A CN201810252694A CN108213829B CN 108213829 B CN108213829 B CN 108213829B CN 201810252694 A CN201810252694 A CN 201810252694A CN 108213829 B CN108213829 B CN 108213829B
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
- B23K20/126—Workpiece support, i.e. backing or clamping
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding, which comprises the following components: the bearing is used for connecting the spoke type tool with the cross manipulator type positioner; the bearing sleeve is rotatably sleeved on the bearing; the first supporting ring is annular, and the inner ring is fixedly sleeved on the bearing sleeve and can rotate along with the bearing sleeve; the first cylinder assemblies are arranged on the outer ring of the first supporting ring, and are distributed on the outer side of the first supporting ring at equal intervals in a circumferential array mode; the second support ring is annular and is arranged concentrically with the first support ring, is sleeved outside the first support ring, and is provided with a plurality of round holes through which the cylinder can pass; a third support ring; the support plates are arc-shaped plates, one end, far away from the third support ring, of the first cylinder assembly can be detached, and an adjusting method of the staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding is also disclosed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a welding tool, in particular to a staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding and an adjusting method thereof.
Background
The natural gas, petroleum, coal and processed products thereof can realize interchangeability in a plurality of application fields, and are mainly applied to urban resident gas, transportation, power generation and chemical industry. Tank cars are used as important logistics equipment and are widely used in the automotive transportation industry. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a new type of solid state welding process that has recently emerged. Since the advent of the technology, rapid development and popularization and application have been achieved. In engineering practical application, the friction stir welding has the outstanding technological advantages of large single-pass welding thickness, low defect occurrence rate, small welding residual stress and deformation, high welding efficiency, energy conservation, consumption reduction, green welding and the like. The friction stir welding method is characterized in that a stirring pin with a cylinder or other shapes (such as a cylinder with threads) extends into the joint of a workpiece, and the stirring pin is rotated at a high speed to rub the stirring pin with the material of the welded workpiece, so that the temperature of the material at the joint is increased and softened, and meanwhile, the material is subjected to friction stir welding to finish welding. In the welding process, the workpiece is rigidly fixed on the back pad, the welding head rotates at a high speed, and the welding head moves relatively to the workpiece along the joint of the workpiece. The convex section of the welding head stretches into the material to carry out friction and stirring, the shoulder of the welding head generates heat with the surface of the workpiece by friction, and the welding head is used for preventing the material in a plastic state from overflowing and can play a role in removing the surface oxide film.
Friction stir welding is not very demanding in terms of equipment, the most basic requirements being rotational movement of the welding head and relative movement of the workpiece. However, the rigidity of the weld puddle head and the clamp is very important.
In addition, for automatic production, manual intervention is reduced in each production link, and forced deformation in the welding assembly link is avoided, so that the machining precision of each process is required to be ensured, and an effective fixture clamp is required in the process.
In the technical field of friction stir welding, friction stir welding is mostly used for flat plate longitudinal seam splicing of a cylindrical container and small parts of the friction stir welding are used for longitudinal seam welding of a cylindrical shell, and the friction stir welding tool for circumferential seam butt joint of the cylindrical shell is not widely applied, because the friction stir welding tool for circumferential seam welding of the cylindrical shell is not perfect. In addition, a rounding mechanism is arranged at present and can be suitable for rounding the inside of a shell ring or a tool for a conventional welding method, but the structure is insufficient for friction stir welding, and because after the rounding mechanism is unfolded, the rounding mechanism has a break between each supporting plate, so that the friction stir welding process is unstable. In addition, at present, most of the tools are designed and manufactured by processing a certain product or a certain process, and the tools are required to be redesigned when the size or the shape of the product is changed, so that the problem of small application range of the tools exists.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention designs and develops the staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding, the size of the tooling can be adjusted through the cylinder assembly, and the adaptability is good.
The invention also designs and develops a staggered spoke type telescopic tool adjusting method for friction stir welding, which realizes fine adjustment of the tool size and prolongs the practical life of the tool.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a scalable frock of crisscross spoke formula for friction stir welding includes:
the bearing is used for connecting the spoke type tool with the cross manipulator type positioner;
the bearing sleeve is rotatably sleeved on the bearing;
the first support ring is annular, is fixedly sleeved on the bearing sleeve and can rotate along with the bearing sleeve;
the first cylinder assemblies are arranged on the outer ring of the first supporting ring and distributed on the outer side of the first supporting ring at equal intervals along the circumferential array;
the second support ring is annular and is concentrically arranged with the first support ring, the second support ring is sleeved outside the first support ring, the second support ring is provided with a plurality of round holes, and the first cylinder assembly can pass through the round holes;
the third support ring is annular and is concentrically arranged with the second support ring, the third support ring is sleeved outside the second support ring, the third support ring is provided with a plurality of round holes, and the first cylinder assembly can pass through the round holes;
the support plates are arc-shaped plates and are detachably arranged on the outer side of the first cylinder assembly.
Preferably, the method further comprises:
the second cylinder assemblies are arranged on the outer ring of the second supporting ring, are distributed on the outer side of the second supporting ring at equal intervals along the circumferential array, can penetrate through round holes of the third supporting ring and are detachably connected with the supporting plate;
wherein the first cylinder assembly and the second cylinder assembly are arranged at intervals.
Preferably, the support plate is divided by an annular support ring, and the support plate can be spliced into an annular shape.
Preferably, the cylinder assembly includes:
a cylinder;
the ejector rod is arranged in the cylinder, and one end of the ejector rod can extend out of or retract into the cylinder.
Preferably, the method further comprises:
the mounting groove is arranged below the supporting plate, the mounting groove is sleeved at one end of the ejector rod, the mounting groove is provided with a locking hole, and the ejector rod is provided with a through hole;
and the locking rod can pass through the locking hole and the penetrating hole to fix the ejector rod in the mounting groove.
Preferably, the method further comprises:
the mounting groove is formed below the supporting plate, the mounting groove is sleeved at one end of the ejector rod, the mounting groove is provided with internal threads, the ejector rod is provided with external threads, and the internal threads and the external threads are mutually matched to fix the ejector rod in the mounting groove.
Preferably, the method further comprises:
the expansion joint is arranged on the mounting groove, and the mounting groove is also provided with external threads;
the fastening screw cap is sleeved on the mounting groove and matched with the external threads of the mounting groove, and the ejector rod and the mounting groove are further locked.
Preferably, the ejector rod is provided with a boss, the mounting groove is internally provided with a groove, and the boss can be matched with the groove, so that the supporting plate is tightly matched with the ejector rod.
A staggered spoke type telescopic tool adjusting method for friction stir welding comprises the following steps:
the staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding is arranged on a position changing machine, the acting force between two cylinder sections arranged on the position changing machine is detected through a sensor arranged on the position changing machine, the gap between the two cylinder sections is calculated, and the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein D is f Is the gap between two cylinder sections, F to B is the acting force between two cylinder sections 0 The Person coefficient, K of the shell ring material f To correct the coefficient r c Is the weight density;
according to acting force between two cylinder sections and cylinder section diameter, calculating the length of the cylinder assembly, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein L is 1 For the first cylinder assembly length, F to Is the acting force between two cylinder sections, D f Is the gap between two cylinder sections, D 0 Is the diameter of the cylinder section and Γ k The shearing pressure of the cylinder section is resisted, gamma is a correction coefficient and is 0.14;
wherein L is 2 For the second cylinder assembly length, F to Is the acting force between two cylinder sections, D f Is the gap between two cylinder sections, D 0 Is the diameter of the cylinder section and Γ k Is the shearing pressure of the cylinder section, gamma is the correction coefficient and is 0.14L k Is the original length of the cylinder of the second cylinder assembly.
The beneficial effects of the invention are that
According to the staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding, the diameter of a welding cylindrical section is continuously adjustable in a certain range, and the size of the tooling can be adjusted by the measuring range of an air cylinder; the shape of the welding cylinder section is continuously adjustable in a certain range and is not limited by the shape of the workpiece, so that the application range of the welding tool is enlarged; besides the rigid gasket for friction stir welding, the welding tool can improve the welding quality and can also replace a rounding mechanism. The staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding has the advantages that all support plates are identical in size and structure, and the machining is simple
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of another embodiment of a staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding according to the present invention
Fig. 3 is a front view of a structure of a staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of a support plate and a cylinder ejector rod according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of connection between a support plate and a cylinder ejector rod according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic view of another embodiment of the connection of the support plate and the cylinder ejector according to the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic view of a connection between a support plate and a cylinder ejector according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a schematic view of a circumferential seam butt joint device according to the present invention.
Fig. 9 is an enlarged schematic view of the circumferential seam butt joint device according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention by referring to the description.
As shown in fig. 1, the staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding provided by the invention comprises the following components:
the bearing 110 and the bearing sleeve 120, wherein the bearing sleeve 120 is sleeved on the bearing 110 and is used for connecting a spoke type tool with a cross manipulator type positioner; during friction stir welding, the welding head is unchanged in position, the shell ring rotates along with the positioner, at the moment, the spoke type tooling rotates along with the shell ring, and the bearing is fixed on the cross manipulator type positioner.
The first support ring 130 is positioned at the outer side of the bearing sleeve, and the inner ring of the first bearing ring 130 is connected with the bearing sleeve 120 and can rotate along with the bearing sleeve; the plurality of first cylinder assemblies 140 are arranged on the outer ring of the first support ring 130, and are distributed on the outer side of the first support ring 130 in a circumferential array mode at equal intervals; the second support ring 160 is annular, is concentrically arranged with the first support ring 130, is sleeved outside the first support ring 130, and is provided with a plurality of round holes, and the air cylinder can pass through the round holes; the third support ring 170 is annular, is concentrically arranged with the second support ring 160, is sleeved outside the second support ring 160, and has a plurality of circular holes, and the first cylinder assembly 140 can pass through the circular holes and be fixed. The plurality of support plates 180 are arc-shaped plates, and the first cylinder assembly can be detached from one end of the third support ring 170.
As shown in fig. 2-3, in another embodiment, the engine further includes a plurality of second cylinder assemblies 140a disposed on the outer ring of the second support ring 160, circumferentially arranged at equal intervals outside the second support ring 160, the second cylinder assemblies 140a passing through the circular holes of the third support ring 170 and detachably connected to the support plate 180; the first cylinder assembly 140 and the second cylinder assembly 140a are spaced apart.
Preferably, the support plate 180 is an arcuate plate divided by an annular support ring, and all arcuate plates can be spliced into an annular shape.
The first cylinder assembly and the second cylinder assembly include: a cylinder; the ejector rod is arranged in the cylinder, and one end of the ejector rod can extend out of or retract into the cylinder.
As shown in fig. 4 to 5, the support plate 180 detachably connects the first cylinder assembly 140 and the second cylinder assembly 140a, the installation groove 210 is provided below the support plate 180, the installation groove 210 is sleeved at one end of the push rod 151, the push rod 151 has a locking hole 211 in the width direction of the installation groove, and the push rod 151 has a through hole 152; the lock rod 212 can pass through the lock hole 211 and the through hole 152 to fix the jack 151 in the mounting groove 210. :
as shown in fig. 6, in another embodiment, a mounting groove 210 is provided below the support plate, the mounting groove 210 is sleeved at one end of the ejector rod 151, the mounting groove 210 has an internal thread, the ejector rod 151 has an external thread, and the internal thread and the external thread cooperate to fix the ejector rod 151 in the mounting groove 210.
As shown in fig. 7, in another embodiment, further includes: an expansion joint 210a provided in the longitudinal direction of the installation groove 210, the installation groove 210 further having an external thread; the fastening screw cap is sleeved on the mounting groove 210 and matched with the external thread of the mounting groove 210 to further lock the ejector rod 151 and the mounting groove 210. In another embodiment, the ejector 151 has a boss, the mounting groove 210 has a groove therein, and the boss can be engaged with the groove to tightly engage the support plate 180 with the ejector 151
Wherein the support plates 180, the peripheral support plates are first stretched open to a support position, and the inner support plates are then opened, without the stretching process and position interfering with the outer support plates. The support plate is stretched to form a fourth support ring, and the rigid support ring for friction stir welding is positioned at a set position by the second support ring and the third support ring according to a set travel by an air cylinder, so that the support plate is rigidly supported.
The invention provides a staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding and a welding device. The support plate is connected with the ejector rod through bolts, and in order to ensure the force transmission effect between the ejector rod and the support plate, a boss is arranged on the end face of the ejector rod and is tightly matched with a connecting device fixed on the support plate.
As shown in fig. 8-9, the working process of the staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding is taken as an example, and further description is given: the staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding is arranged on a U-shaped transformer, the distance between two displacers is adjustable, and a certain propping force can be applied to a workpiece, wherein one side displacers 321 are provided with the staggered spoke type telescopic tooling 100 for friction stir welding, which approximates to a cross manipulator structure, and arms are telescopic;
the two displacers share the positive and negative teeth bidirectional lead screw guide rail 310, the lead screw rotates, the displacers 321 and 322 can move oppositely or reversely, and the displacers are provided with force sensors;
preferably, the device further comprises a group of roller frames and a connecting positioner 322, wherein the rollers of the roller frames are in a whole long cylindrical form for easy understanding, only two end parts are drawn in the schematic diagram, the roller frames can assist in supporting the cylinder, and in addition, the device can be used as an external rigid fixing structure during friction stir welding to avoid the downward deflection of the cylinder in the vertical direction due to friction stir welding.
A method for adjusting a staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
the staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding is arranged on a position changing machine, the acting force between two cylinder sections arranged on the position changing machine is detected through a sensor arranged on the position changing machine, the gap between the two cylinder sections is calculated, and the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein D is f The unit is mm for the gap between two cylinder sections; f (F) to The unit is N, which is the acting force between two cylinder sections; b (B) 0 The Perot coefficient is the material of the shell ring, and the unit is N.mm; k (K) f Is a correction coefficient of 0.32; r is (r) c Is weight density in N/mm 3 ;。
According to acting force between two cylinder sections and cylinder section diameter, calculating the length of the cylinder assembly, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein L is 1 The length of the first cylinder assembly is in mm; f (F) to The unit is N, which is the acting force between two cylinder sections; d (D) f The unit is mm for the gap between two cylinder sections; d (D) 0 The diameter of the cylinder section is in mm; Γ -shaped structure k The shear pressure of the cylinder section is N; gamma isA correction coefficient of 0.14;
wherein L is 2 The unit is mm for the length of the second cylinder assembly; f (F) to The unit is N, which is the acting force between two cylinder sections; d (D) f The unit is mm for the gap between two cylinder sections; d (D) 0 The diameter unit of the cylinder section is mm; Γ is k The shear pressure of the cylinder section is N; gamma is a correction coefficient of 0.14, L k The original length of the cylinder is the unit of mm of the second cylinder assembly.
The tank car shell ring welded with the wave-proof plate ring is placed at a proper position of the roller frame, the U-shaped position shifters on two sides advance to a proper position through the track and clamp the shell ring, and the final position is determined according to the force sensor and then fixed. At this time, the two U-shaped transformers apply a certain value of pretightening force to the cylinder section. According to the circumferential seam position, the arm with the spoke type telescopic support frame extends to the circumferential seam position, and the cylinder is started to enable the support plate 180 to be in close contact with the circumferential seam. And (3) running the friction stir welding machine to the circumferential seam position, so that the welding machine is linked with the position changing machine to weld. After the welding is completed, the friction stir welded staggered spoke type telescopic tooling 100 is contracted and withdrawn.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed above, it is not limited to the details and embodiments shown and described, it is well suited to various fields of use for which the invention would be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and accordingly, the invention is not limited to the specific details and illustrations shown and described herein, without departing from the general concepts defined in the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. A method for adjusting a staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
the bearing is used for connecting the spoke type tool with the cross manipulator type positioner;
the bearing sleeve is rotatably sleeved on the bearing;
the first support ring is annular, is fixedly sleeved on the bearing sleeve and can rotate along with the bearing sleeve;
the first cylinder assemblies are arranged on the outer ring of the first supporting ring and distributed on the outer side of the first supporting ring at equal intervals along the circumferential array;
the second support ring is annular and is concentrically arranged with the first support ring, the second support ring is sleeved outside the first support ring, the second support ring is provided with a plurality of round holes, and the first cylinder assembly can pass through the round holes;
the third support ring is annular and is concentrically arranged with the second support ring, the third support ring is sleeved outside the second support ring, the third support ring is provided with a plurality of round holes, and the first cylinder assembly can pass through the round holes;
the plurality of support plates are arc-shaped plates and are detachably arranged outside the first cylinder assembly;
further comprises:
the second cylinder assemblies are arranged on the outer ring of the second supporting ring, are distributed on the outer side of the second supporting ring at equal intervals along the circumferential array, can penetrate through round holes of the third supporting ring and are detachably connected with the supporting plate;
wherein the first cylinder assembly and the second cylinder assembly are arranged at intervals;
the staggered spoke type telescopic tool for friction stir welding is arranged on a position changing machine, the acting force between two cylinder sections arranged on the position changing machine is detected through a sensor arranged on the position changing machine, the gap between the two cylinder sections is calculated, and the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein D is f Is the gap between two cylinder sections, F to B is the acting force between two cylinder sections 0 The Person coefficient, K of the shell ring material f To correct the coefficient r c Is the weight density;
according to acting force between two cylinder sections and cylinder section diameter, calculating the length of the cylinder assembly, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein L is 1 For the first cylinder assembly length, F to Is the acting force between two cylinder sections, D f Is the gap between two cylinder sections, D 0 Is the diameter of the cylinder section and Γ k The shearing pressure of the cylinder section is resisted, gamma is a correction coefficient and is 0.14;
wherein L is 2 For the second cylinder assembly length, F to Is the acting force between two cylinder sections, D f Is the gap between two cylinder sections, D 0 Is the diameter of the cylinder section and Γ k Is the shearing pressure of the cylinder section, gamma is the correction coefficient and is 0.14L k Is the original length of the cylinder of the second cylinder assembly.
2. The method of adjusting a staggered spoke type telescopic tooling for friction stir welding according to claim 1, wherein the support plates are divided by annular support rings, and the support plates can be spliced into an annular shape.
3. The method of adjusting a staggered spoke type telescoping tooling for friction stir welding according to claim 2, wherein the cylinder assembly comprises:
a cylinder;
the ejector rod is arranged in the cylinder, and one end of the ejector rod can extend out of or retract into the cylinder.
4. The method of adjusting a staggered spoke type telescoping tooling for friction stir welding according to claim 3, further comprising:
the mounting groove is arranged below the supporting plate, the mounting groove is sleeved at one end of the ejector rod, the mounting groove is provided with a locking hole, and the ejector rod is provided with a through hole;
and the locking rod can pass through the locking hole and the penetrating hole to fix the ejector rod in the mounting groove.
5. The method of adjusting a staggered spoke type telescoping tooling for friction stir welding according to claim 4, further comprising:
the mounting groove is formed below the supporting plate, the mounting groove is sleeved at one end of the ejector rod, the mounting groove is provided with internal threads, the ejector rod is provided with external threads, and the internal threads and the external threads are mutually matched to fix the ejector rod in the mounting groove.
6. The method of adjusting a staggered spoke type telescoping tooling for friction stir welding according to claim 5, further comprising:
the expansion joint is arranged on the mounting groove, and the mounting groove is also provided with external threads;
the fastening screw cap is sleeved on the mounting groove and matched with the external threads of the mounting groove, and the ejector rod and the mounting groove are further locked.
7. The method of adjusting a staggered spoke type telescoping tool for friction stir welding according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the carrier bar has a boss, the mounting groove has a groove therein, and the boss can be mated with the groove to mate the support plate and the carrier bar.
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