CN106900437A - A kind of method that utilization rice crab makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether - Google Patents
A kind of method that utilization rice crab makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method that utilization rice crab makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, the method is for the serious problem of existing rice field pollution of area source, the theory of rice, rice crab symbiosis is supported according to rice crab farming, crab, river crab is delivered into rice field, the method mainly includes that juvenile crab concentrates temporarily foster management, seedling cultivation of rice management, river crab puts rice field management in a suitable place to breed and river crab is concentrated and fattens management, whole technical process is since seedlings of milieu crab prepares with paddy rice seed selection breeding, until the listing of river crab packaging and rice harves terminate.The method can substantially reduce the nitrogen concentration of the rice field water surface, play and purify water, prevent and treat the effect of rice field pollution of area source, and increase river crab specification yield to a certain extent, with significant environmental benefit and economic benefit, the win-win of Rice Cropping, culture of Chinese mitten crab, ecological environment is realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method that utilization rice crab makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, belong to non-point source pollution control technique
Field.
Background technology
Paddy rice likes high temperature, not strict to growth soil environment requirement, and its seed can germinate and grow, essentialspecies in water
South China area is implanted in, is one of main cereal crops of China.In traditional Rice Cropping pattern, only with list in paddy field
Based on rice cultivation, but in recent years, paddy rice frequently suffers from disease, insect pest, crop smothering, in order to ensure the yield of paddy rice, chemical fertilizer, agriculture
The usage amount of medicine also sharp increase, unnecessary chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals causes zonal face source dirty with rice field water into lake river
Dye, greatly harm is caused to local ecological environment.
River crab scientific name Eriocheir sinensis, the Yu Jiang that often lives in caves, river, the mud bank of lakes and marhshes, nocturnalism, with fish, shrimp, spoil
It is food with cereal.The characteristics of river crab has Fresh ＆ Tender in Texture, nutritious, is the food simply being loved by people, with higher
Economic worth, so the culture fishery development of river crab is swift and violent, but by pond, the independent cultivating river crab of lake stable breeding often
Polluted water, the cap of destruction ecological environment are buckled.In order to reduce cultivating river crab to pond, the pollution in lake, development is new
Type culture of Chinese mitten crab technology is extremely urgent.
The pollution of area source in Rice Cropping and culture of Chinese mitten crab agricultural production process is solved the problems, such as, it is very urgent, especially
It is the middle nitrogen content severe overweight in rice field, by detection, rice field surface water is generally bad V classes water quality, purification difficulty is larger.
The content of the invention
For the serious problem of existing rice field pollution of area source, the present invention provides one kind and makees prevention and control farmland face source altogether using rice crab
The method of pollution.The method is mainly utilized in introducing river crab in rice field, increases rice field diversity of organism, according to rice crab farming,
The theory that crab supports rice, rice crab makees altogether, combines the planting industry of original contradiction and culture fishery, by two kinds of different productions
Place merges, and combines paddy rice and culture of Chinese mitten crab, using river crab in the pattern of paddy field aquaculture controlling rice field face source dirty
Dye.
The present invention takes into account the economic benefit of paddy rice and river crab while rice field pollution of area source is prevented and treated.
In order to realize the purpose of foregoing invention, the following technical scheme that the present invention is used：
The method for putting river crab in a suitable place to breed to control agricultural non -point pollution using rice field, mainly includes 4 management phases, i.e. juvenile crab collection
In temporarily support management, seedling cultivation of rice management, river crab puts rice field management in a suitable place to breed and river crab is concentrated and fattens management, whole technical management link from
Seedlings of milieu crab prepares and paddy rice seed selection breeding starts, and terminates to rice harves and river crab packaging listing.
Juvenile crab mentioned above concentrates temporarily foster management phase, mainly can deliver rice to juvenile river crab from purchasing seedlings of milieu crab
Untill field；Described seedling cultivation of rice management phase, mainly preparing from paddy rice seed selection can be with transplanting rice field to rice seedling；Institute
The river crab stated puts rice field management phase in a suitable place to breed, mainly can deliver rice field to river crab is fished for before rice field harvests from river crab；It is described
River crab concentrate fatten management phase, mainly from river crab deliver fatten pond to river crab list.
Described juvenile crab is concentrated during temporarily supporting management and should be noted item：
Seedlings of milieu crab should neat specification, physique healthy and strong, body colour gloss, it is disease-free without wound, appendage it is complete；
Seedlings of milieu crab temporarily support place should plumbing convenience, slope ratio, appropriate depth, wherein the depth of water is not less than 50cm, and builds
There are escaping-preventing facilities and crab island；
Before seedlings of milieu crab delivers temporarily foster place, it should juvenile crab is carried out disinfection using limewash；
Seedlings of milieu crab is concentrating temporarily foster period, and crude protein content is fed to river crab more than 38% dregs of beans.
Described seedling cultivation of rice should be noted item during managing：
The rice varieties of local natural environmental condition should be selected to be adapted to, made preparations for sowing by every mu of 6~8kg, nursery
It is preceding seed rice dried, screened, being sterilized, being soaked, the technical finesse such as vernalization, and during carrying out nursery rice seedling water, fertilizer, insect pest
Management；
Described river crab is delivered during rice field manages and should be noted item：
It is main to include that building river crab prevents before rice seedling can be with transplanting rice field, it should carry out engineering construction to rice field
Escape facility and reinforce ridge；
Rice seedling uses wide-narrow row planting, and away from 17cm, away from 10cm, rice seedling spacing in the rows is 10cm to narrow row to wherein wide row；
Rice seedling is completed after period of seedling establishment, and new water is injected to rice field, water level is maintained at 10~20cm, and use raw stone
Ash carries out disinfection to rice field, is adjusted water quality to rice field using biomass, water quality of paddy field is met dissolved oxygen more than 5mg/L,
PH value is less than 1mg/L in 7.5~8.5 scopes, ammonia-nitrogen content；
After water quality of paddy field meets requirement, juvenile river crab is fished for from temporary place of supporting, rice field is uniformly delivered in many places；
The feeds such as dregs of beans, corn, wheat are fed to river crab；
Fertilization of rice adheres to the principle controlled nitrogen, steady phosphorus, mend potassium, enrich farm manure, based on organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer, wherein
If the tillering stage of paddy rice, boot stage must impose urea, every mu should not exceed 3kg, and it is high to avoid the shelling of river crab
The peak phase；
For rice pest, it should to put prevention first, use no or little agricultural chemicals, forbid applying organophosphorus insecticide.
Described river crab concentrates the item fattened and be should be noted during management：
Before rice harves, river crab in rice field is carried out all to fish for, and temporarily foster place concentration is fattened to concentrate dispensing, period pair
River crab feeds small fish, spiral shell, freshwater mussel and tankage, untill river crab can list.
Concentrated during fattening with river crab during juvenile crab is concentrated and temporarily supports, during river crab dispensing rice field, it is necessary to daily to temporarily foster
Place and rice field are patrolled, and prevent river crab sick or natural enemy enters rice field and temporarily foster place.
Outstanding feature of the invention：
Rice field is conducive to the recovery of bio-diversity in rice field so that in paddy ecosystem due to introducing river crab species
Biological chain is complete, and river crab can freely walk in rice field so that aeration more preferably, can promote rice seedling to give birth in rice field
Long, river crab is Omnivore in addition, can take food weeds in rice field, can control crop smothering；
The purification function of rice terrace itself is weaker, and rice field is put river crab in a suitable place to breed and can significantly reduce the nitrogen concentration of the rice field water surface, right
Water quality of paddy field has good catharsis, with significant environmental benefit；
River crab is poor to the tolerance of ammonia nitrogen, peasant in order to reduce the death of river crab, the economic effect higher to obtain river crab
Benefit, therefore the input amount of rice terrace Pesticides chemical fertilizer is reduced, not only pollution of area source can be reduced from source, while reducing rice kind
Plant cost and the organic rice that secures good health；
Secondly, the inventive method is it can be considered that rice growing season and river crab growth stage nonsynchronous feature, first collect juvenile crab
In temporarily support, after rice seedling completes period of seedling establishment in rice field, then juvenile crab is delivered into rice terrace, and before paddy rice maturation, by river crab
Fish for, do concentration and fatten management, the specification and yield of river crab can be increased, and then improve the economic benefit of river crab.
The method can promote south China Rice Cropping, culture of Chinese mitten crab, ecological environment win-win, dirty to administer rice field face source
Contaminate and purify water, there is provided the technological approaches of a suitable China's actual conditions and region feature.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the FB(flow block) that rice crab makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution method altogether.
Fig. 2 is that rice field water inlet contrasts block diagram with Soil surface water total nitrogen concentration.
Fig. 3 is that rice field water inlet and Soil surface water ammonium nitrogen concentration contrast block diagram.
Fig. 4 is that rice field water inlet and Soil surface water nitrate contrast block diagram.
In Fig. 1, dotted box 1 represents that juvenile crab concentrates temporarily foster management phase, dotted box 2 to represent seedling cultivation of rice management rank
Section, dotted box 3 represents rice field culture of Chinese mitten crab management phase, and dotted box 4 represents that river crab pond concentrates to fatten and temporarily supports management.
In fig. 2, Roman number II, III, IV and V represent water standard respectively.
Specific embodiment
Further is made to technical scheme, implementation process and principle etc. with reference to specific embodiments and the drawings
Detailed elaboration.
Embodiment 1：Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province Eryuan County rice crab symbiosis preventing and treating agricultural non -point pollution demonstration project.
Seedlings of milieu crab and rice paddy seed is carried out mid-March to prepare, wherein seedlings of milieu crab must neat specification, system it is healthy and strong,
Body colour gloss, disease-free complete without wound, appendage, Chu's round-grained rice 28 of the suitable Dali locality natural environmental condition of rice paddy seed selection.
As shown in figure 1, after purchasing seedlings of milieu crab, start that seedlings of milieu crab concentrate from mid-March temporarily to support management (1),
Untill mid-June, juvenile crab can deliver rice field.
Juvenile crab is concentrated during temporarily supporting management (1) and should be noted item：
Seedlings of milieu crab temporarily supports that place selection plumbing is convenient, slope than in, the rice field pond of appropriate depth, wherein requiring temporarily to support
The depth of water in region is not less than 50cm, and builds escaping-preventing facilities and crab island；
Before seedlings of milieu crab delivers temporarily foster place, it should juvenile crab is carried out disinfection using limewash；
Seedlings of milieu crab feeds dregs of beans of the crude protein content more than 38% during temporarily supporting；
Maintenance personnel must carry out inspection management to seedlings of milieu crab daily, prevent river crab sick or natural enemy enters temporarily foster field
Institute.
As shown in figure 1, start to carry out paddy rice seedling management (2) from mid-March, until late May paddy rice can be transplanted
Untill rice transplanting.
Item is should be noted during seedling cultivation of rice management (2)：
Carry out purchasing No. 28 seed rice of Chu's round-grained rice by every mu of 6~8kg, need to dry seed rice before nursery, screen, sterilize,
The technical finesses such as immersion, vernalization, and during carrying out nursery rice seedling water, fertilizer, Pest management.
As shown in figure 1, since rice seedling transplanting rice field, until rice harves for river crab puts rice field management (3) in a suitable place to breed.
Item is should be noted during rice field culture of Chinese mitten crab management (3)：
Before rice transplanting, engineering construction is carried out to rice field, build river crab escaping-preventing facilities and reinforce ridge, and water inlet is set
And delivery port；
Rice seedling uses wide-narrow row planting, and away from 17cm, away from 10cm, rice seedling spacing in the rows is 10cm to narrow row to wherein wide row；
Rice seedling is completed after period of seedling establishment, and new water is injected to rice field, water level in paddy field is maintained at 10~20cm, is then made
Rice field is carried out disinfection with quick lime, biomass to rice field regulating water quality, water quality is met dissolved oxygen more than 5mg/L, pH is 7.5
~8.5 scopes, ammonia-nitrogen content is less than 1mg/L；
Then river crab is fished for from the storage pond, holding pond pool, rice field is uniformly delivered in many places；
The feeds such as dregs of beans, corn, wheat are fed to river crab；
To fertilization of rice using control nitrogen, steady phosphorus, the principle mended potassium, enrich farm manure, it should be with organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer
Main, wherein the tillering stage of paddy rice, boot stage impose urea and are then no more than 3kg for every mu, and should avoid the shelling peak period of river crab；
For rice pest, it should to put prevention first, use no or little agricultural chemicals, forbid applying organophosphorus insecticide；
During rice harves, the full fringe of paddy rice loses green, and glume 95% turns yellow, and the grain of rice bleaches, and hand pressure is indeformable；
During river crab puts rice field in a suitable place to breed, one monitoring point is set in rice field water inlet, three monitorings are uniformly arranged in rice field
Point, each monitoring point sampling mode is this Its Adjacent Waters multiple spot biased sample, for testing before and after river crab puts rice field in a suitable place to breed, rice
The change of water in field matter；
Rice field water sample test index is total nitrogen concentration, wherein, total nitrogen clears up uv-spectrophotometric using alkaline chitinase
Method (GB11894-89).
As shown in figure 1, since river crab input pond is fished in rice field, listing can be packed for river crab concentration is fattened to river crab
Management (4).
River crab is concentrated during fattening management (4) and should be noted item：
Before rice harves, river crab in rice field is carried out all to fish for, and concentrate dispensing concentration to fatten place, river crab is fed
Small fish, spiral shell, freshwater mussel and tankage, concentration are fattened untill river crab can list.
Rice field manages (3) and river crab is concentrated and fattens management (4) period to concentrate temporary foster management (1), river crab to put in a suitable place to breed in juvenile crab, must
Temporary foster place and rice field must be patrolled daily, prevent river crab sick or natural enemy enters temporarily foster place and rice field.
In order to test the effect that rice crab makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution and improvement water quality method altogether, by paddy field water quality supervision
The data of measuring point record, draw the block diagram that total nitrogen concentration is changed over time in Fig. 2 rice field water inlets and Soil surface water, Fig. 3 rice fields
Nitrate nitrogen is dense in ammonium nitrogen concentration is changed over time in water inlet and Soil surface water block diagram and Fig. 4 rice fields water inlet and Soil surface water
The block diagram that degree is changed over time, in the present embodiment, early August, progressively shifts river crab from rice field, to August base on the 22nd
This transfer is finished.
As shown in Fig. 2 at the experiment initial stage, it is higher to measure rice field water inlet total nitrogen concentration, up to 2.92mg/L, water quality
It is poor, belong to bad V classes water, but the same time measures Soil surface water for 0.88mg/L (II is between Group III water)；Pushing away over time
Move, water inlet total nitrogen concentration is changed greatly, but is kept at IV classes water to the level of V class water, and Soil surface water total nitrogen concentration is maintained
Within 1mg/L, II is maintained between Group III water；From early August to August 22 days, as gradually fishing for for river crab is transferred out of
Rice field, Soil surface water is presented total nitrogen concentration and the trend for rising, August data display on the 22nd is presented, and influent concentration is 2.72mg/L (bad V
Class water), Soil surface water concentration is also up to 1.95mg/L (between IV to V class water).
This result of the test illustrates that river crab is put in rice field in a suitable place to breed has good catharsis to water quality of paddy field, can be net by bad V classes water
Change to II between Group III water, after river crab is progressively transferred out of rice field, paddy field water water quality runs down, and gradually rises to IV
To between V class water, illustrate that the purification function of rice terrace itself is weaker, purification of the river crab to water quality of paddy field serves Main Function.
As shown in figure 3, at the experiment initial stage, rice field water inlet ammonium nitrogen concentration puts into apparently higher than Soil surface water, June river crab
After in rice field, Soil surface water ammonium nitrogen concentration gradually steady decrease, although risen as the ammonium nitrogen concentration of water inlet rebounds on July 4
It is high and slightly rise, but Soil surface water ammonium nitrogen concentration is still within 0.08mg/L；In August part, gradually fished for river crab and turned
After shifting, Soil surface water ammonium nitrogen concentration is raised immediately, and peak is reached within 22nd to August, is 0.183mg/L.
There is one layer of water layer on rice field surface, makes bottom Zinc fractions anaerobic environment, and ammonium nitrogen is albumen under anaerobic
What the decomposition of matter and soil mineralization effect were produced, activity of the river crab in rice field has fluffing action to rice field surface, makes Soil surface water
Oxygen content with soil increases, and reduces anaerobic condition, and this should after river crab delivers rice field, cause Soil surface water ammonium nitrogen concentration
The main cause of reduction.
This result of the test illustrates that rice field itself can produce a certain amount of ammonium nitrogen, and the input of river crab can be notable in rice field
Soil surface water ammonium nitrogen concentration is reduced, and the activity of river crab can be controlled within 0.08mg/L the concentration of ammonium nitrogen.
As shown in Figure 4, Soil surface water nitrate is similar with the variation tendency of ammonium nitrogen concentration, when river crab delivers rice field
Phase, within 0.5mg/L, after river crab fishes for transfer, Soil surface water nitrate gradually rises Soil surface water nitrate, to 8
The moon 22, up to 2.6mg/L, the rising of nitrate of intaking during this period is probably to cause Soil surface water nitrate to raise
Main cause.
This result of the test illustrates that river crab delivers rice field and can significantly reduce Soil surface water nitrate, and the activity of river crab can
Controlled within 0.5mg/L with by nitrate；Still further aspect, river crab fish for transfer make rice Soil surface water ammonium nitrogen and
The synchronous rising of nitrate, the rising with Soil surface water total nitrogen concentration is consistent.
By in Dali Eryuan County Rice Cropping region test spread the method control agricultural non -point pollution and improvement rice field
Effects of Water Quality significantly, in addition, also with preferable economic benefit, main performance it is following some：
River crab is fattened after being fished for from rice field by concentration first, can increase the specification and yield of river crab, can be significantly improved
The economic benefit of cultivating river crab peasant household；
Secondly river crab excreta can supply rice seedling as fertilizer, reduce Paddy fields amounts, it is to avoid agricultural chemicals
Use, agricultural cost is reduced, while the organic rice that secures good health, can improve the economic benefit of rice Planting household.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of method that utilization rice crab makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, its feature mainly include juvenile crab concentrate temporarily support management,
Rice field management is put in seedling cultivation of rice management, river crab in a suitable place to breed and river crab is concentrated and fattens management, and whole technical management link is accurate from seedlings of milieu crab
Standby and paddy rice seed selection breeding starts, and terminates to rice harves and river crab packaging listing, and specific administration detail is as follows：
(1) juvenile crab is concentrated and temporarily supports management：Purchase neat specification, physique healthy and strong, body colour gloss, the disease-free river complete without wound, appendage
Juvenile crab kind, is carried out disinfection using lime water to seedlings of milieu crab, then delivers uniform temporarily foster place, dregs of beans is fed to river crab, directly
To rice field can be delivered；
(2) seedling cultivation of rice management：Rice paddy seed is purchased by every mu of 6~8kg, seed rice dried before nursery, is screened, sterilized,
The technical finesses such as immersion, vernalization, and water, fertilizer, the Pest management of rice shoot are carried out, until rice shoot can be with transplanting rice field；
(3) river crab puts rice field management in a suitable place to breed：Before rice transplanting, carry out engineering construction to rice field, build river crab escaping-preventing facilities and
Reinforce ridge, after rice seedling uses wide-narrow row planting, rice seedling to turn green, new water injected to rice field, make water level keep 10~
20cm, and rice field is carried out disinfection and regulating water quality, river crab is then delivered, the feeds such as dregs of beans, corn, wheat are fed to river crab,
During paddy growth, fertilising should be with prevention using control nitrogen, steady phosphorus, the principle mended potassium, enrich farm manure, rice pest
It is main；
(4) river crab is concentrated and fattens management：Before rice harves, the river crab in rice field is carried out all to fish for, and concentrate dispensing temporary
Place is supported, small fish, spiral shell, freshwater mussel and tankage are fed to river crab, concentration is fattened until river crab sells listing.
2. the method that a kind of utilization rice crab according to claim 1 makees prevention and control widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area altogether, it is characterised in that institute
The temporarily foster place stated should plumbing it is convenient, slope ratio, appropriate depth, the depth of water are not less than 50cm, and build escaping-preventing facilities and crab island.
3. the method that a kind of utilization rice crab according to claim 1 makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, it is characterised in that institute
The juvenile crab stated is concentrated during temporarily supporting management, feeds the dregs of beans of river crab, and its crude protein content have to be larger than 38%.
4. the method that a kind of utilization rice crab according to claim 1 makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, it is characterised in that institute
The wide-and narrow-row rice planting patterns stated, away from 17cm, away from 10cm, rice seedling spacing in the rows is 10cm to narrow row to wide row.
5. the method that a kind of utilization rice crab according to claim 1 makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, it is characterised in that institute
The rice field stated should use lime disinfection before river crab is put in a suitable place to breed, and it is big that biomass regulating water quality, wherein water quality must are fulfilled for dissolved oxygen
In 5mg/L, pH value is less than 1mg/L in 7.5~8.5 scopes, ammonia-nitrogen content.
6. the method that a kind of utilization rice crab according to claim 1 makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, it is characterised in that institute
During the Paddy fields stated, it should based on organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer, the wherein tillering stage of paddy rice, boot stage imposes urea then
Every mu is no more than 3kg, and should avoid the shelling peak period of river crab.
7. the method that a kind of utilization rice crab according to claim 1 makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, it is characterised in that institute
The rice pest management stated, uses no or little agricultural chemicals, forbids applying organophosphorus insecticide.
8. the method that a kind of utilization rice crab according to claim 1 makees prevention and control agricultural non -point pollution altogether, it is characterised in that institute
The juvenile crab stated concentrates temporarily foster management, river crab to put in a suitable place to breed, and rice field is managed and river crab is concentrated during fattening management, it is necessary to daily to support field to temporary
Institute and rice field are patrolled, and prevent river crab sick or natural enemy enters temporarily foster place and rice field.
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| CN109619001A (en) * | 2019-01-09 | 2019-04-16 | 天津市水生动物疫病预防控制中心 | A kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method |
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