CN106615665B - Preparation method of silage - Google Patents
Preparation method of silage Download PDFInfo
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- CN106615665B CN106615665B CN201611248058.3A CN201611248058A CN106615665B CN 106615665 B CN106615665 B CN 106615665B CN 201611248058 A CN201611248058 A CN 201611248058A CN 106615665 B CN106615665 B CN 106615665B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of feed processing, and particularly relates to a preparation method of silage, which specifically comprises the following steps: (1) preparing fermentation liquor; (2) preparing raw materials; (3) ensiling treatment: spreading a film on the wall of the cellar, then filling the ensiling mixture into the cellar, sequentially spreading the ensiling mixture with the thickness of 5-8cm, pouring fermentation liquor, tamping, spreading the ensiling mixture upwards, and repeating the method until the cellar is filled and then the cellar is sealed. The invention is simple and convenient to operate; the silage not only keeps the nutrients of the silage raw materials, but also has good mouthfeel.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention belongs to the technical field of feed processing, and particularly relates to a preparation method of silage.
[ background of the invention ]
The silage is a coarse fodder obtained by cutting green fodder with water content of 65-75%, and forming acidic environment through fermentation of anaerobic lactobacillus under sealed anoxic condition to inhibit propagation of various mixed bacteria. The silage is sour and fragrant in smell, soft and juicy, good in palatability, rich in nutrition and beneficial to long-term storage, is an excellent feed source for herbivorous animals such as cattle and sheep, and is one of the main methods for solving the problem of lack of fresh pasture in winter in livestock production. The silage is prepared by carrying out anaerobic fermentation on green feed, and the production principle is that the mass propagation of lactic acid bacteria is promoted in an anaerobic environment, so that soluble sugar is converted into lactic acid and is accumulated to a certain concentration; after the lactobacillus ferments and decomposes the saccharides, the generated carbon dioxide further removes air, and the secreted lactic acid enables the feed to be weakly acidic (the pH value is 3.5-4.2), and can effectively inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, thereby effectively inhibiting putrefying bacteria and enabling nutrient substances in the silage to be stored for a long time.
At present, most silage is produced by directly cutting, compacting and sealing forage grass (common sweet sorghum stems, corn straws and the like). Because the number of lactic acid bacteria carried by the plants is limited, the rapid formation of lactic acid fermentation is difficult, so that the activity time of spoilage bacteria is too long, the pH value of the silage is slowly reduced, the nutrition loss of the silage is too large, and even the silage is rotten. In order to enable the lactic acid bacteria to become dominant bacteria quickly and accelerate the pH reduction speed of the silage, so that the nutrient loss of the silage is reduced, the quality of the silage is improved, and people add additives such as the lactic acid bacteria, organic acid and related products in the silage process and obtain good effects. However, a great number of agricultural and sideline products produced by the planting industry and the processing in the south of China, namely whole banana stems and leaves, waste cassava residues, bagasse and the like, can not be successfully processed into silage for animal feeding. Therefore, the development of the feed resources and the improvement of the current production situation have important significance and value for the livestock production of vast farmers and the social material supply and resource conservation.
[ summary of the invention ]
The invention aims to: the preparation method of the silage is provided, and the operation is simple and convenient; the silage not only keeps the nutrients of the silage raw materials, but also has good mouthfeel.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of silage specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing fermentation liquor: mixing 1-2 parts of honey, 0.5-0.9 part of cellulase, 0.3-0.8 part of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1-0.2 part of lipase, 0.2-0.5 part of pectinase, 0.1-0.4 part of amylase and 10-20 parts of water according to parts by weight to prepare fermentation liquor for later use;
(2) preparing raw materials:
a. cutting the stems and leaves of the whole banana, and mechanically extruding and dehydrating until the water content is 70% for later use;
b. carrying out aerobic fermentation on the waste cassava residues, and then drying the waste cassava residues until the water content is less than 45% for later use;
c. drying bagasse until the water content is less than 30% for later use;
d. preparing the following raw materials into a nutritional additive by weight parts, specifically 3-8 parts of corn straws, 5-8 parts of potato skins, 1-3 parts of mint leaves, 1-8 parts of taro scalps, 3-9 parts of chestnut shells, 1-5 parts of urea, 3-5 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 1-3 parts of white carbon black, 0.1-0.5 part of sodium selenite and 0.1-0.3 part of ferrous sulfate;
e. mixing the raw materials for standby in the steps a, b, c and d to obtain an ensiling mixture;
(3) ensiling treatment: spreading a film on the wall of the cellar or the pool, then filling the silage mixture into the cellar or the pool, sequentially spreading the silage mixture with the thickness of 5-8cm, tamping, spreading the silage mixture upwards, and repeating the method until the cellar or the pool is filled and then the cellar or the pool is sealed.
In the present invention, it is further explained that the ensiling treatment can also be carried out by means of mechanical bagged ensiling or human bagged ensiling; the mechanical bagged silage is obtained by operating silage mixture according to the requirements of a bagging machine; the human-type bagged silage is prepared by manually loading silage mixture into silage bags, compacting and sealing.
In the invention, it is further explained that in the step e, the weight ratio of the whole plant banana stems, leaves, waste cassava dregs, bagasse and the nutritional additives in the silage mixture is 55-75: 15-25: 10-20: 1-5.
In the invention, it is further explained that in the step a, the length of the whole plant banana stem and leaf is cut into pieces of 2-5 cm.
In the present invention, it is further specified that, in the step b, the waste cassava residues are exposed to air during aerobic fermentation, and the fermentation time is 24 to 72 hours.
In the present invention, it is further specified that, in step c, the bagasse has a length of 1 to 2 cm.
In the invention, it is further explained that in the step (3), when the fermentation liquor is poured after the silage mixture with the thickness of 5-8cm is paved, the weight ratio of the silage mixture to the fermentation liquor is 80-100: 1-3.
In the present invention, it is further explained that the nutritional additives specifically include, by weight, 5 parts of corn stalks, 6 parts of potato skins, 2 parts of mint leaves, 4 parts of taro skins, 7 parts of chestnut shells, 4 parts of urea, 4 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 2 parts of white carbon black, 0.35 part of sodium selenite, and 0.2 part of ferrous sulfate.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the preparation method is simple and easy to operate, and has great popularization; the silage obtained by the invention is loose and non-sticky, is glossy and yellow, has obvious sweet taste and strong comfortable feeling, the ammonia nitrogen/total ammonia content reaches less than 5 percent, the total acid content reaches 1.89 to 2.45 percent, the water-soluble carbohydrate reaches 56.6 to 72.4 percent, the pH value is 3.5 to 3.7, the main nutrition of the feed is not lost but increased, because the added nutritional additive contains a large amount of organic matters, the added mint leaves are generally used in medicines or spices, but a large amount of free amino acids such as lipid, ketone, alanine, glutamic acid, asparagine and the like can promote the growth of flora and the substance nutrients, the nutritional additive comprises dry materials, wet materials and mineral substances, the added fermentation liquor consists of a plurality of enzymes and zymogens, the components of each material are different (the fiber content is high, the fat content is high, the fruit quality and the like), the proportion of the existing beneficial flora and harmful flora is different, the flora composed of the added fermentation liquor is added according to the characteristics of the materials, so that the beneficial flora quickly occupies the dominant position, the fermentation liquor can quickly ferment the materials to increase the acid content of the materials and inhibit the growth of the harmful flora, the content of the harmful aspergillus flavus is suppressed and quickly reduced, the beneficial flora such as lactobacillus and the like is greatly propagated, and metabolites can be generated to inhibit fungal strains or degrade mycotoxin into compounds with no toxicity or low toxicity, so that the harm of the mycotoxin is reduced, the feed can not only preserve the nutrition of the feed, but also additionally add organic nutrients, mineral nutrients and enrich the nutrients of the silage. The silage is compacted in the cellar, so that the air in the silage material is greatly reduced, and the mildew phenomenon is avoided. The molasses added in the fermentation can further promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria, the air-less lactic acid bacteria can also propagate in a large amount under the anaerobic condition, various enzymes fully decompose the materials, and the materials are fully fermented under the fermentation action of the lactic acid bacteria, so that the fermentation effect is ensured, and the nutrients of the silage can be greatly increased.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
All of the features disclosed in this specification, or all of the steps in any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations of features and/or steps that are mutually exclusive.
Any feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract) may be replaced by alternative features serving equivalent or similar purposes, unless expressly stated otherwise. That is, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
Example 1:
a preparation method of silage specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing fermentation liquor: mixing 1 part of honey, 0.5 part of cellulase, 0.3 part of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1 part of lipase, 0.2 part of pectinase, 0.1 part of amylase and 10 parts of water according to parts by weight to prepare fermentation liquor for later use;
(2) preparing raw materials:
a. cutting the stems and leaves of the whole banana into pieces with the length of 2cm, and mechanically extruding and dehydrating the pieces until the water content is 70 percent for later use;
b. exposing the waste cassava residues to air during aerobic fermentation for 24 hours, and drying until the water content is less than 45% for later use;
c. drying bagasse with the length of 1cm until the water content is less than 30% for later use;
d. preparing the following raw materials into a nutritional additive in parts by weight, specifically 3 parts of corn straws, 5 parts of potato skins, 1 part of mint leaves, 1 part of taro scalps, 3 parts of chestnut shells, 1 part of urea, 3 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 1 part of white carbon black, 0.1 part of sodium selenite and 0.1 part of ferrous sulfate;
e. and c, mixing the raw materials for standby in the steps a, b, c and d according to the weight ratio of 55: 15: 10: 1, mixing to obtain an ensiling mixture;
(3) ensiling treatment: spreading a film on the wall of the cellar, then filling the ensiling mixture into the cellar, sequentially spreading the ensiling mixture with the thickness of 5-8cm, pouring fermentation liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the ensiling mixture to the fermentation liquor is 80:1, then tamping, spreading the ensiling mixture upwards, and repeating the method until the cellar is filled up and sealed.
Example 2:
a preparation method of silage specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing fermentation liquor: mixing 2 parts of honey, 0.9 part of cellulase, 0.8 part of lactic acid bacteria, 0.2 part of lipase, 0.5 part of pectinase, 0.4 part of amylase and 20 parts of water according to parts by weight to prepare fermentation liquor for later use;
(2) preparing raw materials:
a. cutting the stems and leaves of the whole banana plant to 5cm, mechanically extruding and dehydrating until the water content is 70% for later use;
b. exposing the waste cassava residues to air during aerobic fermentation for 72 hours, and drying until the water content is less than 45% for later use;
c. drying bagasse with the length of 2cm until the water content is less than 30% for later use;
d. preparing the following raw materials by weight into a nutritional additive, specifically 8 parts of corn straws, 8 parts of potato skins, 3 parts of mint leaves, 8 parts of taro scalps, 9 parts of chestnut shells, 5 parts of urea, 5 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 3 parts of white carbon black, 0.5 part of sodium selenite and 0.3 part of ferrous sulfate;
e. b, mixing the raw materials for standby in the steps a, b, c and d according to a weight ratio of 75: 25: 20: 5 mixing to obtain an ensiling mixture;
(3) ensiling treatment: spreading a film on the wall of the pool, then filling the silage mixture into the pool, sequentially spreading the silage mixture with the thickness of 8cm, pouring fermentation liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the silage mixture to the fermentation liquor is 100:3, then tamping, spreading the silage mixture upwards, and repeating the method until the pool is filled and then the ground pool is sealed.
Example 3:
a preparation method of silage specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing fermentation liquor: mixing 1.5 parts of honey, 0.7 part of cellulase, 0.5 part of lactic acid bacteria, 0.15 part of lipase, 0.3 part of pectinase, 0.25 part of amylase and 16 parts of water according to parts by weight to prepare fermentation liquor for later use;
(2) preparing raw materials:
a. cutting the stems and leaves of the whole banana into pieces with the length of 4cm, and mechanically extruding and dehydrating the pieces until the water content is 70 percent for later use;
b. exposing the waste cassava residues to air during aerobic fermentation for 48 hours, and drying until the water content is less than 45% for later use;
c. drying bagasse with the length of 2cm until the water content is less than 30% for later use;
d. preparing the following raw materials by weight into a nutritional additive, specifically 5 parts of corn straws, 6 parts of potato skins, 2 parts of mint leaves, 4 parts of taro skins, 7 parts of chestnut shells, 4 parts of urea, 4 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 2 parts of white carbon black, 0.35 part of sodium selenite and 0.2 part of ferrous sulfate;
e. b, mixing the raw materials for standby in the steps a, b, c and d according to the weight ratio of 60: 20: 15: 3, mixing to obtain an ensiling mixture;
(3) ensiling treatment: spreading a film on the wall of the cellar, then filling the ensiling mixture into the cellar or the pool, sequentially spreading the ensiling mixture with the thickness of 7cm, pouring fermentation liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the ensiling mixture to the fermentation liquor is 95:2, then tamping, spreading the ensiling mixture upwards, and repeating the method until the cellar is filled and sealed.
Comparative example 1:
the procedure was as in example 3 except that step d was omitted.
Comparative example 2:
the specific steps are basically the same as those in the embodiment 3, and the difference is that the fermentation liquor is prepared by mixing 0.7 part of cellulase and 0.5 part of lactic acid bacteria and 16 parts of water.
Comparative example 3: the specific procedure is essentially the same as in example 3, except that the ensiling treatment: pouring the silage mixture into the fermentation liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the silage mixture to the fermentation liquor is 95:2, and then operating according to the requirements of a bagging machine
Comparative example 4: the specific steps are basically the same as the embodiment 3, but the difference is that the silage mixture is poured into the fermentation liquor, the weight ratio of the silage mixture to the fermentation liquor is 95:2, and then the silage mixture is manually placed into a silage bag, compacted and sealed.
Taking 500g of silage out of 30 days after the cellar is sealed in examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-4, detecting in a laboratory, and determining the content of crude protein by a GB/T6432 Kjeldahl method; measuring the content of crude fat by a GB/T6433 Soxhlet extraction method; determining dry matter content by adopting a GB/T6435 high-temperature drying method; measuring energy by using a bomb calorimeter; the neutral detergent fiber content was determined by the VanSoest method. The silage obtained in examples 1-3 is tested to have less than 5% loss of main nutrients (crude protein, crude fat, dry matter, energy, neutral detergent fiber); the silage obtained in comparative example 1 has a loss of 23% of the main nutrients (crude protein, crude fat, dry matter, energy, neutral detergent fibres); the silage obtained in comparative example 2 has a loss of 12% of the main nutrients (crude protein, crude fat, dry matter, energy, neutral detergent fibres).
The silage is taken out from the 30 days after the cellar is sealed in the examples 1-3 and the comparative examples 1-2, the cows are raised, 10 cows are taken in each group, the variety of each cow is the same, the gestation time and the lactation time are similar, the body weight of the cow is 150-152 kg milk production period, 3 cows are eaten in one day, 10 jin are eaten, and the milk yield of the test cow in 7 days in the test period is shown in the following table.
| Item | Every day milk/kg |
| Example 1 | 21.3 |
| Example 2 | 22.1 |
| Example 3 | 21.8 |
| Comparative example 1 | 18.1 |
| Comparative example 2 | 19.2 |
| Comparative example 3 | 21.2 |
| Comparative example 4 | 21.3 |
As can be seen from the table, the silage obtained by the method has obvious advantages in milk yield compared with the comparative ratio when used for feeding dairy cows.
The above description is intended to describe in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made within the technical spirit of the present invention should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A preparation method of silage is characterized in that: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing fermentation liquor: mixing 1-2 parts of honey, 0.5-0.9 part of cellulase, 0.3-0.8 part of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1-0.2 part of lipase, 0.2-0.5 part of pectinase, 0.1-0.4 part of amylase and 10-20 parts of water according to parts by weight to prepare fermentation liquor for later use;
(2) preparing raw materials:
a. cutting the stems and leaves of the whole banana, and mechanically extruding and dehydrating until the water content is 70% for later use;
b. carrying out aerobic fermentation on the waste cassava residues, and then drying the waste cassava residues until the water content is less than 45% for later use; the waste cassava residues are exposed to the air during aerobic fermentation, and the fermentation time is 24-72 hours;
c. drying bagasse until the water content is less than 30% for later use;
d. preparing the following raw materials into a nutritional additive by weight parts, specifically 3-8 parts of corn straws, 5-8 parts of potato skins, 1-3 parts of mint leaves, 1-8 parts of taro scalps, 3-9 parts of chestnut shells, 1-5 parts of urea, 3-5 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 1-3 parts of white carbon black, 0.1-0.5 part of sodium selenite and 0.1-0.3 part of ferrous sulfate;
e. mixing the raw materials for standby in the steps a, b, c and d to obtain an ensiling mixture;
the weight ratio of the whole banana stem leaves, the waste cassava residues, the bagasse and the nutritional additive in the silage mixture is 55-75: 15-25: 10-20: 1-5;
(3) ensiling treatment: spreading a film on the wall of the cellar or the pool, then filling the ensiling mixture into the cellar or the pool, sequentially spreading the ensiling mixture with the thickness of 5-8cm, pouring fermentation liquor, tamping, spreading the ensiling mixture upwards, and repeating the method until the cellar or the pool is filled and then the cellar or the pool is sealed; when the fermentation liquor is poured after the silage mixture with the thickness of 5-8cm is paved, the weight ratio of the silage mixture to the fermentation liquor is 80-100: 1-3.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the step a, the length of the whole plant banana stem and leaf is 2-5cm after being cut.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: in step c, the length of the bagasse is 1-2 cm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the nutritional additive is prepared from, by weight, 5 parts of corn straws, 6 parts of potato skins, 2 parts of mint leaves, 4 parts of taro skins, 7 parts of chestnut shells, 4 parts of urea, 4 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 2 parts of white carbon black, 0.35 part of sodium selenite and 0.2 part of ferrous sulfate.
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| CN105795098B (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2019-12-24 | 广西中粮生物质能源有限公司 | Cassava residue feed and preparation method thereof |
| CN105248861A (en) * | 2015-11-16 | 2016-01-20 | 广西武宣金泰丰农业科技发展有限公司 | Cassava straw silage and preparation method thereof |
| CN105410350A (en) * | 2015-11-26 | 2016-03-23 | 全椒县同创养羊专业合作社 | Composite silage suitable for south and preparation method of composite silage |
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