CN105899876A - 用于操作包括有孔火焰保持器的燃烧***的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于操作燃烧***的方法,所述方法包括将来自燃料和氧化剂源的燃料和氧化剂输出至有孔火焰保持器上。所述方法还包括在所述有孔火焰保持器中维持所述燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
Description
相关专利申请的交叉引用
本专利申请根据35USC 120要求于2014年2月14日提交的标题为“FUEL COMBUSTION SYSTEM WITH A PERFORATED REACTIONHOLDER(具有有孔反应保持器的燃料燃烧***)”的PCT申请No.PCT/US2014/016632(代理人案卷号2651-188-04)的优先权权益并且是其部分继续申请;该申请在不抵触本文的公开内容的程度上以引用方式并入。
发明内容
一个实施例是一种用于操作燃烧***的方法,所述燃烧***包括燃料和氧化剂源、以及被定位成接收来自燃料和氧化剂源的燃料和氧化剂的有孔火焰保持器。该方法包括从燃料和氧化剂源输出燃料和氧化剂,在有孔火焰保持器处接收燃料和氧化剂,并在有孔火焰保持器中维持燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
附图说明
图1为根据一实施例的用于操作包括有孔火焰保持器的燃烧***的过程的流程图。
图2为根据一实施例的包括有孔火焰保持器的燃烧器***的简化透视图。
图3为根据一实施例的图2的有孔火焰保持器一部分的侧剖面图。
图4为示出根据一实施例的用于操作包括图2和图3的有孔火焰保持器的燃烧器***的方法的流程图。
图5为根据一实施例的用于构造包括有孔火焰保持器的燃烧***的过程的流程图。
具体实施方式
在以下具体实施方式中,参考形成本文一部分的附图。除非在上下文中另外指明,否则在附图中类似的符号通常表示类似的部件。在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的前提下,可采用其他实施例和/或可进行其他更改。
图1为根据一实施例的用于操作包括有孔火焰保持器的燃烧***的过程100的流程图。在101,从燃料和氧化剂源中输出燃料和氧化剂。在103,在被定位成接收来自燃料和氧化剂源的燃料和氧化剂的有孔火焰保持器处接收燃料和氧化剂。在105,在有孔火焰保持器中支撑燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
根据一实施例,有孔火焰保持器包括输入表面、输出表面和在输入表面和输出表面之间延伸的多个穿孔。
根据一实施例,有孔火焰保持器将燃料和氧化剂接收至穿孔中。有孔火焰保持器在穿孔中支撑燃烧反应的大部分。根据一实施例,有孔火焰保持器在有孔火焰保持器中支撑燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应的80%或更多。
图2为根据一实施例的燃烧器***200的简化图,所述燃烧器***包括被配置成保持燃烧反应的有孔火焰保持器102。如本文所用,除非提供进一步的定义,否则术语有孔火焰保持器、有孔反应保持器、多孔火焰保持器和多孔反应保持器应被认为是同义的。发明人进行的实验显示,本文所述的有孔火焰保持器102可支撑非常洁净的燃烧。具体地讲,在***200的从中试到全尺寸规模的实验性使用中,氮氧化物(NOx)的输出经测量为从低的个位数百万分数(ppm)下降至堆叠下的NOx的检测不到(少于1ppm)浓度。在工业炉应用的典型堆叠温度(1400-1600°F)下,在3%(干燥)氧气(O2)浓度和检测不到的一氧化碳(CO)下测得这些显著的结果。此外,这些结果不需要任何特别的举措,诸如选择性催化还原(SCR)、选择性非催化还原(SNCR)、水/蒸汽注入、外部烟道气再循环(FGR)或常规燃烧器甚至为了接近此类洁净燃烧而可能需要的其他极端条件。
根据实施例,燃烧器***200包括被设置成将燃料和氧化剂输出到燃烧体积204中形成燃料和氧化剂混合物206的燃料和氧化剂源202。如本文所用,除非提供进一步的定义,否则术语燃烧体积、燃烧室、炉体积等应被认为是同义的。有孔火焰保持器102被设置在燃烧体积204中,并被定位成接收燃料和氧化剂混合物206。
图3为根据一实施例的图2的有孔火焰保持器102的一部分的侧剖面图300。参见图2和图3,有孔火焰保持器102包括限定多个穿孔210的有孔火焰保持器主体208,所述多个穿孔对齐以接收来自燃料和氧化剂源202的燃料和氧化剂混合物206。如本文所用,除非提供进一步的定义,否则在有孔火焰保持器102的上下文中,术语穿孔、孔、缝隙、细长缝隙等应被认为是同义的。穿孔210被配置成共同地保持由燃料和氧化剂混合物206支撑的燃烧反应302。
燃料可包括氢、烃类气体、汽化的烃类液体、雾化的烃类液体或粉状或粉碎的固体。燃料可以是单一种类或可包括气体、蒸汽、雾化液体和/或粉碎的固体的混合物。例如,在过程加热器应用中,燃料可包括燃料气体或来自该过程的副产物,该副产物包括一氧化碳(CO)、氢气(H2)和甲烷(CH4)。在另一种应用中,燃料可包括天然气(主要是CH4)或丙烷(C3H8)。在另一种应用中,燃料可包括2号燃料油或6号燃料油。发明人类似地设想了双燃料应用和灵活燃料应用。氧化剂可包括由空气携带的氧和/或可包括另一种氧化剂,该氧化剂为纯的或由载体气体携带。在本文中,术语氧化剂(oxidant)和助燃剂(oxidizer)应被认为是同义的。
根据一实施例,有孔火焰保持器主体208可由被设置成接收燃料和氧化剂混合物206的输入面212、背离燃料和氧化剂源202的输出面214、和限定有孔火焰保持器102的横向范围的外周表面216界定。由有孔火焰保持器主体208限定的所述多个穿孔210从输入面212延伸到输出面214。所述多个穿孔210可在输入面212处接收燃料和氧化剂混合物206。然后,燃料和氧化剂混合物206可在所述多个穿孔210内或附近燃烧,并且燃烧产物可在输出面214处或附近离开所述多个穿孔210。
根据一实施例,有孔火焰保持器102被配置成将大部分的燃烧反应302保持在穿孔210内。例如,在稳态基础上,由燃料和氧化剂源202输出到燃烧体积204中的燃料分子的一半以上可在有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212和输出面214之间被转化为燃烧产物。根据一另选的解释,可在有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212和输出面214之间输出由燃烧反应302输出的热量的一半以上。在标称操作条件下,穿孔210可被配置成共同将至少80%的燃烧反应302保持在有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212和输出面214之间。在一些实验中,发明人生成了明显全部包含在有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212和输出面214之间的穿孔210中的燃烧反应。根据一另选的解释,当燃烧是“按时间平均”时,有孔火焰保持器102可支撑输入面212和输出面214之间的燃烧。例如,在瞬态过程中,诸如在有孔火焰保持器102被充分加热前,或如果将过多(冷)负荷置于***上,则燃烧可能从有孔火焰保持器的输出面214稍微向下游行进。
虽然以便于描述的方式描述了“火焰”,但应当理解,在某些情况下,不存在可见火焰。燃烧主要出现在穿孔210中,但是燃烧热的“辉光”主要是有孔火焰保持器102本身的可见辉光。在其他情况下,发明人已注意到瞬态“吹气”,其中在位于有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212和燃料源218之间的区域中、在稀释区域Dp内瞬间点燃可见火焰。此类瞬态吹气通常持续时间很短,使得在按时间平均的基础上,燃烧的大部分是在有孔火焰保持器102的穿孔210中、在输入面212和输出面214之间发生。在另外的情况下,发明人注意到了发生在有孔火焰保持器102的输出面214上方的明显燃烧,但是燃烧的大部分仍发生在有孔火焰保持器中,如由来自有孔火焰保持器102的持续可见辉光(黑体辐射的可见波长尾)所证实的那样。
有孔火焰保持器102可被配置成接收来自燃烧反应302的热量并且将所接收的热量的一部分作为热辐射304输出到燃烧体积204之中或附近的热接收结构(例如炉壁和/或辐射段工作流体管)。如本文所用,除非提供进一步的定义,否则术语热辐射(thermal radiation)、红外线辐射、辐射热、热量辐射(heat radiation)等应被理解为大体上同义的。具体地讲,此类术语指的是主要在红外波长中的电磁能的黑体辐射。
具体参见图3,有孔火焰保持器102将所接收的热量的另一部分输出到在有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212处接收的燃料和氧化剂混合物206。有孔火焰保持器主体208可至少在穿孔壁308的热量接收区域306中接收来自(放热)燃烧反应302的热量。实验证据已向发明人表明,热量接收区域306的位置或至少对应于热接收最大速率的位置可沿着穿孔壁308的长度变化。在一些实验中,最大热接收量的位置明显在从输入面212到输出面214距离的1/3和1/2之间(即与输出面214相比离输入面212略近一些的位置)。发明人设想了,在其他条件下,热量接收区域306可位于距有孔火焰保持器102的输出面214更近的位置。最有可能的是,热量接收区域306(或就此而言,在下文中描述的热量输出区域310)没有清晰限定的边缘。为了便于理解,热量接收区域306和热量输出区域310将被描述为特定区域306、310。
有孔火焰保持器主体208可通过热容表征。有孔火焰保持器主体208可保持量对应于热容乘以温度上升的来自燃烧反应302的热量,并将来自热量接收区域306的热量传递至穿孔壁308的热量输出区域310。通常,热量输出区域310比热量接收区域306更靠近输入面212。根据一种解释,有孔火焰保持器主体208可通过热辐射将来自热量接收区域306的热量传递至热量输出区域310,在图中示为304。根据另一种解释,有孔火焰保持器主体208可通过热传导沿着热传导路径312将来自热量接收区域306的热量传递至热量输出区域310。发明人设想了,可在将来自热量接收区域306的热量传递至热量输出区域310的过程中同时使用辐射和传导热传递机制二者。以这种方式,即使在由常规火焰保持器支撑时燃烧反应将不稳定的条件下,有孔火焰保持器102仍可充当热源以维持燃烧反应。
发明人认为,有孔火焰保持器102使得燃烧反应302发生在与穿孔210的壁308相邻形成的热边界层314中。随着相对较冷的燃料和氧化剂混合物206接近输入面212,混合物流被分为分别流过各穿孔210的部分。随着越来越多的热量被传递至进入的燃料和氧化剂混合物206,热的有孔火焰保持器主体208将热量传递给流体,特别是在厚度渐增的热边界层314中。达到燃烧温度(例如燃料的自燃温度)后,在化学点火延迟时间经过期间反应物继续流动,在这期间发生燃烧反应302。因此,燃烧反应302被图示为发生在热边界层314中。随着流动的进行,热边界层314在合并点316处合并。理想的是,合并点316位于输入面212和限定穿孔210的末端的输出面214之间。在某一点,燃烧反应302使流动气体(和等离子体)输出至主体208的热量比接收自主体208的热量更多。热量在热量接收区域306处被接收,由主体208保持,并被传输至更靠近输入面212的热量输出区域310,热量在该热量输出区域被回收至冷反应物(以及任一所包括的稀释剂)以将它们升至燃烧温度。
在一个实施例中,所述多个穿孔210各自通过长度L来表征,长度L被定义为有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212和输出面214之间的反应流体传播路径长度。反应流体包括燃料和氧化剂混合物206(任选地包括氮气、烟道气、和/或其他“非反应性”物质)、反应中间体(包括表征燃烧反应的等离子体中的过渡态)和反应产物。
所述多个穿孔210可各自通过相对穿孔壁308之间的横向尺寸D来表征。发明人已发现,如果每个穿孔210的长度L是所述穿孔的横向尺寸D的至少4倍,则可在有孔火焰保持器102中维持稳定燃烧。在其他实施例中,长度L可为横向尺寸D的6倍。例如,已经在L为横向尺寸D的至少8倍、至少12倍、至少16倍和至少24倍的情况下进行实验。优选地,长度L长到足以使得在流经穿孔210的反应流体中与穿孔壁308相邻形成的热边界层314在有孔火焰保持器的输入面212和输出面214之间的穿孔210内会聚于合并点316处。在实验中发明人发现,L/D比率介于12至48之间时能很好地工作(即产生低NOx,产生低CO,并维持稳定燃烧)。
有孔火焰保持器主体208可被配置成在相邻穿孔210之间传输热量。在相邻穿孔210之间传输的热量可被选择为使得从第一穿孔210中的燃烧反应部分302输出的热量供应热量来稳定相邻穿孔210中的燃烧反应部分302。
具体参见图2,燃料和氧化剂源202还可包括被配置成输出燃料的燃料喷嘴218和被配置成输出包括氧化剂的流体的氧化剂源220。例如,燃料喷嘴218可被配置成输出纯的燃料。氧化剂源220可被配置成输出携带氧的助燃空气。
可由有孔火焰保持器支撑结构222保持有孔火焰保持器102,所述有孔火焰保持器支撑结构222被配置成使有孔火焰保持器102与燃料喷嘴218保持距离DD。燃料喷嘴218可被配置成发射所选择的燃料射流来挟带氧化剂,以随着燃料射流和氧化剂沿一定路径通过燃料喷嘴218和有孔火焰保持器102之间的稀释距离DD行进至有孔火焰保持器102而形成燃料和氧化剂混合物206。除此之外或作为另外一种选择,(特别是当鼓风机用于递送氧化剂助燃空气时),氧化剂或助燃空气源可被配置成挟带燃料并且燃料和氧化剂行进通过稀释距离DD。在一些实施例中,可提供烟道气再循环路径224。除此之外或作为另外一种选择,燃料喷嘴218可被配置成发射所选择的燃料射流,以随着燃料射流行进通过燃料喷嘴218和有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212之间的稀释距离DD而挟带氧化剂以及挟带烟道气。
燃料喷嘴218可被配置成通过一个或多个燃料孔口226发射燃料,所述燃料孔口具有被称为“喷嘴直径”的尺寸。有孔火焰保持器支撑结构222可支撑有孔火焰保持器102以在离燃料喷嘴218的距离是喷嘴直径的不止20倍的距离DD处接收燃料和氧化剂混合物206。在另一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102被设置成在离燃料喷嘴218的距离是喷嘴直径的100至1100倍的距离DD处接收燃料和氧化剂混合物206。优选地,有孔火焰保持器支撑结构222被配置成保持有孔火焰保持器102离燃料喷嘴218的距离是喷嘴直径的约200倍或更多。当燃料和氧化剂混合物行进的距离是喷嘴直径的约200倍或更多时,混合物充分匀化以使得燃烧反应输出最低NOx。
根据一实施例,燃料和氧化剂源202可另选地包括预混燃料和氧化剂源。预混燃料和氧化剂源可包括预混室(未示出)、被配置成输出燃料至预混室内的燃料喷嘴、以及被配置成输出助燃空气至预混室内的空气通道。阻焰器可设置在预混燃料和氧化剂源与有孔火焰保持器102之间,并被配置成阻止火焰回火至预混燃料和氧化剂源内。
无论是被配置用于挟带在燃烧体积204中还是用于预混,助燃空气源都可包括被配置成推动空气经过燃料和空气源202的鼓风机。
支撑结构222可被配置成例如从燃烧体积204的底部或壁(未示出)支撑有孔火焰保持器102。在另一个实施例中,支撑结构222从燃料和氧化剂源202支撑有孔火焰保持器102。作为另外一种选择,支撑结构222可从顶上部结构(诸如在向上点火***情况下的烟道)悬挂有孔火焰保持器102。支撑结构222可沿各个取向和方向支撑有孔火焰保持器102。
有孔火焰保持器102可包括单个有孔火焰保持器主体208。在另一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102可包括共同提供平铺的有孔火焰保持器102的多个相邻的有孔火焰保持器区段。
有孔火焰保持器支撑结构222可被配置成支撑所述多个有孔火焰保持器区段。有孔火焰保持器支撑结构222可包括金属超合金、胶粘材料(cementatious)和/或陶瓷耐火材料。在一个实施例中,所述多个相邻有孔火焰保持器区段可通过纤维增强耐火胶粘材料连接。
有孔火焰保持器102可具有在外周表面216的相对侧之间的宽度尺寸W,该宽度尺寸为输入面212和输出面214之间的厚度尺寸T的至少2倍。在另一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102可具有在外周表面216的相对侧之间的宽度尺寸W,该宽度尺寸为有孔火焰保持器的输入面212和输出面214之间的厚度尺寸T的至少3倍、至少6倍或至少9倍。
在一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102的宽度尺寸W可小于燃烧体积204的宽度。这可允许从有孔火焰保持器102上方至下方的烟道气循环路径224位于有孔火焰保持器102的外周表面216和燃烧体积壁(未示出)之间。
再次参见图2和图3,穿孔210可包括细长方形,这些细长方形中的每一个具有方形相对侧之间的横向尺寸D。在另一个实施例中,穿孔210可包括细长六边形,这些细长六边形中的每一个具有六边形相对侧之间的横向尺寸D。在另一个实施例中,穿孔210可包括中空圆柱体,这些中空圆柱体中的每一个具有对应于圆柱体直径的横向尺寸D。在另一个实施例中,穿孔210可包括截锥,这些截锥中的每一个具有绕从输入面212延伸至输出面214的长轴旋转对称的横向尺寸D。基于标准参考条件,穿孔210可各自具有等于或大于燃料淬熄距离的侧向尺寸D。
在一些实施例中,所述多个穿孔中的每一个具有介于0.05英寸和1.0英寸之间的侧向尺寸D。优选地,所述多个穿孔中的每一个具有介于0.1英寸和0.5英寸之间的侧向尺寸D。例如,所述多个穿孔可各自具有约0.2英寸至0.4英寸的侧向尺寸D。
有孔火焰保持器102的空隙率被定义为有孔火焰保持器102的一个区段中的所有穿孔210的总体积除以包括主体208和穿孔210的有孔火焰保持器的总体积。有孔火焰保持器102应具有介于0.10和0.90之间的空隙率。在一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102可具有介于0.30和0.80之间的空隙率。在另一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102可具有约0.70的空隙率。已发现,使用约0.70的空隙率对于产生非常低的NOx尤其有效。
有孔火焰保持器102可由纤维增强浇铸耐火材料和/或诸如硅酸铝材料的耐火材料形成。例如,有孔火焰保持器102可由莫来石或堇青石形成。除此之外或作为另外一种选择,有孔火焰保持器主体208可包括金属超合金,诸如铬镍铁合金或哈斯特洛伊耐蚀镍基合金。有孔火焰保持器主体208可限定出蜂窝结构。
发明人已发现,有孔火焰保持器102可由可得自美国南卡罗来纳州多拉维尔的应用陶瓷公司(Applied Ceramics,Inc.of Doraville,South Carolina)的陶瓷蜂窝体形成。
穿孔210可彼此平行并垂直于输入面212和输出面214。在另一个实施例中,穿孔210可彼此平行并与输入面212和输出面214成一角度形成。在另一个实施例中,穿孔210可彼此之间不平行。在另一个实施例中,穿孔210可彼此之间不平行且不相交。在另一个实施例中,穿孔210可以相交。主体308可为一体式的或可由多个区段形成。
在另一个并不一定优选的实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102可由挤出陶瓷材料形成的网状纤维形成。术语“网状纤维”指的是网状结构。
在另一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器102可包括捆绑在一起的多个管或筒。所述多个穿孔210可包括中空圆柱体,并任选地还可在捆绑的管之间具有孔隙空间。在一个实施例中,所述多个管可包括陶瓷管。耐火胶粘材料可被包括在管之间,并被配置成将管粘附在一起。在另一个实施例中,所述多个管可包括金属(例如超合金)管。可由环绕所述多个管并被布置成将所述多个管保持在一起的金属拉伸构件将所述多个管保持在一起。金属拉伸构件可包括不锈钢、超合金金属丝和/或超合金金属带。
有孔火焰保持器主体208可另选地包括堆叠的穿孔材料板,每个板均具有与在底下的板和压在上面的板的开口连接的开口。穿孔板可包括穿孔金属板、陶瓷板和/或膨胀板。在另一个实施例中,有孔火焰保持器主体208可包括不连续填料体,使得穿孔210在不连续填料体之间的孔隙空间中形成。在一个实例中,不连续填料体包括规整填料形状。在另一个实例中,不连续填料体包括随机填料形状。例如,不连续填料体可包括陶瓷拉西环、陶瓷贝尔鞍形填料、陶瓷矩鞍形填料、和/或金属环、或可由金属保持架保持在一起的其他形状(例如超级拉西环)。
发明人设想了对于为何包括有孔火焰保持器102的燃烧器***提供此类洁净燃烧的各种解释。
在一个方面,即使在由常规火焰保持器支撑时燃烧反应将不稳定的条件下,有孔火焰保持器102仍充当热源以维持燃烧反应。可利用该能力以使用比通常可行更贫乏的燃料与氧化剂混合物来支撑燃烧。因此,根据一实施例,在燃料流206接触有孔火焰保持器102的输入面212的点,燃料流206的平均燃料与氧化剂比率低于燃料流的燃料组分的(常规)燃烧下限-燃烧下限定义了当燃料/空气混合物在标准大气压下和25℃(77°F)环境温度下暴露于瞬时点火源时燃料/空气混合物将会燃烧的最低燃料浓度。
根据一种解释,由有孔火焰保持器支撑的燃料和氧化剂混合物可以比在常规燃烧器中提供稳定燃烧的混合物更加贫燃。与接近贫燃极限到富燃极限范围中心的混合物相比,接近燃料燃烧下限的燃烧通常在较低绝热火焰温度下燃烧。与较高火焰温度相比,较低火焰温度通常释出较低浓度的氮氧化物(NOx)。在常规火焰中,太贫的燃烧通常与堆叠下的高CO浓度相关联。相比之下,已发现,本文所述的有孔火焰保持器102和包括有孔火焰保持器102的***提供CO的基本完全燃烧(个位数ppm下至检测不到的浓度,具体取决于实验条件),同时支持低NOx。在一些实施例中,发明人实现了被理解为非常贫的混合物(尽管在堆叠下仅产生约3%或更低的测得O2浓度)的稳定燃烧。此外,发明人认为,穿孔壁308可充当燃烧流体的散热器。作为另外一种选择或除此之外,该效应可降低燃烧温度。
根据另一种解释,如果燃烧反应302发生在一个非常短的持续时间内,则可降低NOx的产生。快速燃烧使得反应物(包括氧和挟带的氮)暴露于NOx形成温度的时间短到不足以使NOx形成动力学导致NOx的显著产生。与常规火焰相比,反应物经过有孔火焰保持器所需的时间非常短。因此,与有孔火焰保持器燃烧相关联的低NOx产生可与反应物(和挟带的氮)经过有孔火焰保持器102所需的较短持续时间有关。
对于将CO氧化成二氧化碳(CO2)而言,因为CO氧化反应是相对较慢的反应,所以考虑到非常低的测得(实验和全尺寸规模)CO浓度,经过有孔火焰保持器的时间(可能加上从有孔火焰保持器102朝向烟道所经过的时间)显然是充足的并且处于足够高温。
图4为用于操作包括本文示出和所述的有孔火焰保持器的燃烧器***的方法400的流程图。为了操作包括有孔火焰保持器的燃烧器***,首先加热有孔火焰保持器至足够维持燃料和氧化剂混合物燃烧的温度。
根据简化描述,方法400从步骤402开始,其中将有孔火焰保持器预热至启动温度Ts。有孔火焰保持器上升至启动温度后,方法进行到步骤404,其中向有孔火焰保持器提供燃料和氧化剂,并由有孔火焰保持器保持燃烧。
根据更加详细的描述,步骤402从步骤406开始,其中向有孔火焰保持器提供启动能量。与提供启动能量同时或在提供启动能量后,决定步骤408确定有孔火焰保持器的温度T是否等于或高于启动温度Ts。只要有孔火焰保持器的温度低于其启动温度,该方法就在预热步骤402中的步骤406和408之间循环。在步骤408中,如果有孔火焰保持器的至少一个预定部分的温度T大于或等于启动温度,则方法400进行到总步骤404,其中向有孔火焰保持器提供燃料和氧化剂,并由有孔火焰保持器保持燃烧。
步骤404可被分解为其中的至少一些步骤可同时发生的若干分立的步骤。
从步骤408开始,向有孔火焰保持器提供燃料和氧化剂混合物,如步骤410所示。例如,可由包括单独的燃料喷嘴和助燃空气源的燃料和氧化剂源提供燃料和氧化剂。在这个方法中,沿着选定的一个或多个方向输出燃料和助燃空气,以使得由有孔火焰保持器的输入面接收燃料和助燃空气混合物。燃料可挟带助燃空气(或另选地,助燃空气可稀释燃料),以在为可保持在有孔火焰保持器的穿孔内的稳定燃烧反应选择的燃料稀释度,在有孔火焰保持器的输入面提供燃料和氧化剂混合物。
进行到步骤412,通过有孔火焰保持器保持燃烧反应。
在步骤414中,可从有孔火焰保持器输出热量。从有孔火焰保持器输出的热量可用于例如给工业过程提供动力、加热工作流体、发电或提供动力。
在任选的步骤416中,可感测燃烧的存在。发明人已使用并设想了各种感测方法。一般来讲,有孔火焰保持器所保持的燃烧是非常稳定的,并且对***没有不寻常的感测要求。可使用红外传感器、视频传感器、紫外传感器、带电物质传感器、热电偶、热电堆和/或其他已知的燃烧感测装置来执行燃烧感测。在步骤416的额外或替代变型中,如果燃烧在有孔火焰保持器中熄灭,则可提供引燃火焰或其他点火源来点燃燃料和氧化剂混合物。
进行到决定步骤418,如果感测到燃烧不稳定,则方法400可退出到步骤424,其中执行错误程序。例如,错误程序可包括关闭燃料流、重新执行预热步骤402、输出警报信号、点燃备用燃烧***或其他步骤。在步骤418中,如果确定有孔火焰保持器中的燃烧是稳定的,则方法400进行到决定步骤420,其中确定是否应当改变燃烧参数。如果没有燃烧参数要改变,则该方法循环(在步骤404中)回到步骤410,并继续燃烧过程。如果指示燃烧参数的改变,则方法400进行到步骤422,其中执行燃烧参数改变。燃烧参数改变后,该方法循环(在步骤404中)回到步骤410,并继续燃烧。
例如,如果遇到热量需求改变,则可安排改变燃烧参数。例如,如果需要较少热量(例如由于减少的电力需求、减少的动力需求或降低的工业过程生产量),则可在步骤422中减少燃料和氧化剂流速。相反地,如果热量需求增加,则可增加燃料和氧化剂流量。除此之外或作为另外一种选择,如果燃烧***处于启动模式,则可在步骤404中的循环的一次或多次重复中向有孔火焰保持器逐渐增加燃料和氧化剂流量。
再次参见图2,燃烧器***200包括操作地联接至有孔火焰保持器102的加热器228。如结合图3和图4所述,有孔火焰保持器102通过将热量输出至进入的燃料和氧化剂混合物206来操作。建立燃烧后,由燃烧反应提供该热量;但是建立燃烧前,由加热器228提供该热量。
发明人已使用并设想了各种加热装置。在一些实施例中,加热器228可包括被配置成支撑火焰的火焰保持器,所述火焰被设置成加热有孔火焰保持器102。燃料和氧化剂源202可包括被配置成发射燃料流的燃料喷嘴218和被配置成输出与燃料流相邻的助燃空气的空气源220。燃料喷嘴218和空气源220可被配置成输出待由助燃空气逐级稀释的燃料流。有孔火焰保持器102可被设置成接收支撑由有孔火焰保持器102在有孔火焰保持器102处于操作温度时稳定的燃烧反应的稀释的燃料和空气混合物206。相比之下,启动火焰保持器可被配置成在对应于不需要加热的有孔火焰保持器102提供稳定的情况下稳定的相对较富燃料和空气混合物的位置支撑启动火焰。
燃烧器***200还可包括操作地联接至加热器228和数据接口232的控制器230。例如,控制器230可被配置成控制启动火焰保持器致动器,所述启动火焰保持器致动器被配置成使启动火焰保持器在有孔火焰保持器102需要被预热时保持启动火焰并在有孔火焰保持器102处于操作温度(例如当T≥Ts时)下时不保持启动火焰。
设想了各种用于致动启动火焰的方法。在一个实施例中,启动火焰保持器包括机械致动钝体,其被配置成被致动拦截燃料和氧化剂混合物206以产生热再生涡流从而保持启动火焰;或被致动不拦截燃料和氧化剂混合物206以使燃料和氧化剂混合物206进入有孔火焰保持器102。在另一个实施例中,燃料控制阀、鼓风机和/或阻尼器可用于选择足以使启动火焰喷射稳定的燃料和氧化剂混合物流速;以及有孔火焰保持器102达到操作温度后,可增加流速以“喷出”启动火焰。在另一个实施例中,加热器可包括与控制器230操作地联接的,并被配置成向燃料和氧化剂混合物206施加电荷或电压的电源。导电启动火焰保持器可选择性地耦接至接地电压或被选择用于吸引燃料和氧化剂混合物206中的电荷的其他电压。发明人发现,电荷吸引导致导电启动火焰保持器保持启动火焰。
在另一个实施例中,加热器228可包括被配置成向有孔火焰保持器和/或燃料和氧化剂混合物206输出热量的电阻加热器。电阻加热器可被配置成加热有孔火焰保持器102至操作温度。加热器228还可包括电源和在控制器230的控制下可操作以将电源选择性地联接至电阻加热器的开关。
可通过各种方式形成电阻加热器228。例如,电阻加热器228可由螺纹穿过由有孔火焰保持器主体208限定形成的穿孔210的至少一部分的导线(得自瑞典哈尔斯塔哈马市的山特维克公司的山特维克材料技术部(Sandvik Materials Technology division of Sandvik AB ofHallstahammar,Sweden))形成。作为另外一种选择,加热器228可包括感应加热器、高能(例如微波或激光)束加热器、摩擦加热器或其他类型的加热技术。
设想了其他形式的启动装置。例如,加热器228可包括被配置成将脉冲点火输出至空气和燃料的放电点火器或热表面点火器。除此之外或作为另外一种选择,启动装置可包括引燃火焰装置,其被设置成点燃否则会进入有孔火焰保持器102的燃料和氧化剂混合物206。放电点火器、热表面点火器和/或引燃火焰装置可操作地联接至控制器230,该控制器230可在有孔火焰保持器102被充分加热以维持燃烧前使得放电点火器或引燃火焰装置在有孔火焰保持器102中或其上游维持燃料和氧化剂混合物206的燃烧。
燃烧器***200还可包括操作地联接至控制电路230的传感器234。传感器234可包括被配置成检测红外辐射或有孔火焰保持器102的温度的热传感器。控制电路230可被配置成响应于来自传感器234的输入控制加热装置228。任选地,燃料控制阀236可***作地联接至控制器230,并且被配置成控制燃料向燃料和氧化剂源202的流动。除此之外或作为另外一种选择,氧化剂鼓风机或阻尼器238可***作地联接至控制器230,并且被配置成控制氧化剂(或助燃空气)的流动。
传感器234还可包括操作地联接至控制电路230的燃烧传感器,该燃烧传感器被配置成检测由有孔火焰保持器102保持的燃烧反应的温度、视频图像和/或光谱特征。燃料控制阀236可被配置成控制从燃料源至燃料和氧化剂源202的燃料流。控制器230可被配置成响应于来自燃烧传感器234的输入控制燃料控制阀236。控制器230可被配置成控制燃料控制阀236和/或氧化剂鼓风机或阻尼器以控制加热器228的预热火焰类型,从而将有孔火焰保持器102预热至操作温度。控制器230可类似地控制燃料控制阀236和/或氧化剂鼓风机或阻尼器,以响应于通过数据接口232作为数据接收的热量需求变化来改变燃料和氧化剂混合物206流。
图5为根据一实施例的用于配置燃烧***的方法的流程图,所述燃烧***包括有孔火焰保持器和燃料喷嘴。在502,在燃烧体积中支撑有孔火焰保持器。在504,燃料喷嘴被定位在燃烧体积中。在506,燃料喷嘴和有孔火焰保持器被定位成彼此相距选定的距离,以使来自燃料喷嘴的燃料和氧化剂能够在有孔火焰保持器内燃烧。
根据一实施例,该方法包括用支撑结构支撑有孔火焰保持器。支撑结构可联接至限定燃烧体积的炉的壁、顶或底部。根据一实施例,支撑结构可包括金属超合金。根据一实施例,支撑结构可包括联接至炉的底部的一个或多个部分和联接至炉的壁的一个或多个部分。
根据一实施例,有孔火焰保持器包括多个连接在一起的瓷砖。支撑结构可包括支撑有孔火焰保持器的每个单独瓷砖的单独部分。根据一实施例,支撑结构可包括耐火砖。
根据一实施例,支撑结构可限定被选择为允许烟道气在燃烧体积内循环的缝隙。
根据一实施例,支撑结构在距燃料喷嘴的距离大于燃料喷嘴直径的100倍处支撑有孔火焰保持器。
根据一实施例,当配置燃烧***时,支撑结构和燃料喷嘴的位置被选择为使得有孔火焰保持器在被支撑结构支撑时将会与燃料喷嘴相距选定的距离。该选定距离被选择为使得,当从燃料和氧化剂源将燃料和氧化剂输出至有孔火焰保持器上时,有孔火焰保持器可在有孔火焰保持器中维持燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
根据一实施例,过程500包括:从燃料喷嘴输出燃料和氧化剂,在有孔火焰保持器处接收燃料和氧化剂,并在有孔火焰保持器中支撑燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
虽然本文已经公开了多个方面和实施例,但也可设想其他方面和实施例。本文所公开的各个方面和实施例出于说明性目的,而并非旨在进行限制,真实范围和精神由以下权利要求书指示。
权利要求书(按照条约第19条的修改)
1.一种方法,包括:
从燃料和氧化剂源输出燃料和氧化剂;
在有孔火焰保持器中接收所述燃料和氧化剂;以及
在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑所述燃料和氧化剂的大部分燃烧反应。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括从所述有孔火焰保持器输出热量。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑所述燃料和氧化剂的所述燃烧反应的80%或更多。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括用传感器感测所述燃烧反应。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中感测所述燃烧反应包括感测所述燃烧反应是否稳定。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,包括如果所述燃烧反应不稳定,则执行错误程序。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中执行所述错误程序包括将热量施加至所述有孔火焰保持器。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,包括如果所述燃烧反应稳定,则调节来自所述燃料源的燃料和氧化剂的输出。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
将所述有孔火焰保持器预热至阈值温度;以及
在所述有孔火焰保持器达到所述阈值温度后,输出所述燃料和氧化剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中将所述有孔火焰保持器预热至所述阈值温度包括支撑与所述有孔火焰保持器相邻的火焰、以及将热量从所述火焰传递至所述有孔火焰保持器。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中支撑与所述有孔火焰保持器相邻的所述火焰包括通过将电压施加至与所述有孔火焰保持器相邻定位的电导体而将所述火焰保持在所述电导体处。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,包括当所述有孔火焰保持器达到所述阈值温度时,移除所述火焰。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中预热所述火焰保持器包括使电流经过定位在所述有孔火焰保持器上或接近所述有孔火焰保持器的电阻器。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中输出所述燃料和氧化剂包括从燃料喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂的混合物。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,包括在从所述燃料喷嘴输出燃料和氧化剂的所述混合物前,预混所述燃料和氧化剂。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中输出所述燃料和氧化剂包括从多个喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括:
在所述燃料和氧化剂源近侧的输入表面;
远离所述燃料和氧化剂源的输出表面;以及
在所述输入表面和所述输出表面之间延伸的多个穿孔。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中接收所述燃料和氧化剂包括将所述燃料和氧化剂接收至所述多个穿孔中。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑所述大部分所述燃烧反应包括在所述穿孔中支撑所述大部分所述燃烧反应。
20.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括将来自所述有孔火焰保持器的热量传递至工作流体。
21.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
在所述有孔火焰保持器的主体中吸收来自所述有孔火焰保持器中的所述燃烧反应的热量;以及
通过将来自所述有孔火焰保持器的所述主体的热量传递至由所述有孔火焰保持器接收的燃料和氧化剂的所述混合物,在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑所述燃烧反应。
22.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
将所述有孔火焰保持器预热至阈值温度;
当所述有孔火焰保持器达到所述阈值温度时,将所述燃料和氧化剂输出至所述有孔火焰保持器上;以及
通过将来自所述有孔火焰保持器的热量传递至所述燃料和氧化剂,在所述有孔火焰保持器中引发所述燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述阈值温度对应于所述燃料和氧化剂会在所述有孔火焰保持器中燃烧的温度。
24.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中输出所述燃料和氧化剂包括从喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂,所述喷嘴具有直径D并被定位成离有孔火焰保持器的距离为所述直径D的100倍或更多。
25.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括通过将阻焰器定位于所述燃料和氧化剂源与所述有孔火焰保持器之间来抑制所述燃料和氧化剂的回火。
26.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括通过将所述有孔火焰保持器固定到联接至炉的壁、底部或顶的支撑结构,而在所述炉中支撑所述有孔火焰保持器。
27.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器的宽度是所述有孔火焰保持器的厚度的不止6倍,其中所述有孔火焰保持器的厚度对应于所述有孔火焰保持器的输入表面和输出表面之间的距离。
28.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括被定位成彼此接触的多个单独瓷砖。
29.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括输入表面、输出表面和在所述输入表面和所述输出表面之间延伸的多个穿孔,所述穿孔的宽度小于0.5英寸(12.7毫米)。
30.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包含耐火材料、纤维增强耐火材料、金属超合金、铬镍铁合金、哈斯特洛伊耐蚀镍基合金或陶瓷材料中的一种或多种。
31.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括捆绑在一起的多个管。
32.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中由所述有孔火焰保持器接收的所述燃料和氧化剂的混合物比没有所述有孔火焰保持器作用的情况下能维持稳定燃烧反应所需的所述燃料和氧化剂的混合物更贫。
33.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括由所述燃烧反应产生小于3ppm浓度的NOx。
34.一种方法,包括:
将有孔火焰保持器支撑在炉的燃烧体积中;
以及
将燃料喷嘴定位于所述燃烧体积中距所述有孔火焰保持器一定距离,所述距离被选择为使得从所述燃料喷嘴输出的燃料和氧化剂能够在如下条件下到达所述有孔火焰保持器:使所述有孔火焰保持器能够将所述燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应支撑在所述有孔火焰保持器中。
35.根据权利要求34所述的方法,其中支撑所述有孔火焰保持器包括用支撑结构支撑所述有孔火焰保持器。
36.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构联接至所述炉的壁。
37.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构联接至炉的底部。
38.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构包含金属超合金。
39.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构被配置成支撑所述有孔火焰保持器离所述燃料喷嘴所选择的所述距离。
40.根据权利要求35所述的方法,包括将所述有孔火焰保持器定位于所述支撑结构上。
41.根据权利要求34所述的方法,其中所选择的所述距离是所述燃料喷嘴直径的100倍以上。
42.根据权利要求34所述的方法,包括:
从所述燃料喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂;
在所述有孔火焰保持器处接收所述燃料和氧化剂;以及
在所述有孔火焰保持器中维持所述燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
Claims (42)
1.一种方法,包括:
从燃料和氧化剂源输出燃料和氧化剂;
在有孔火焰保持器中接收所述燃料和氧化剂;以及
在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑所述燃料和氧化剂的大部分燃烧反应。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括从所述有孔火焰保持器输出热量。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑所述燃料和氧化剂的所述燃烧反应的80%或更多。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括用传感器感测所述燃烧反应。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中感测所述燃烧反应包括感测所述燃烧反应是否稳定。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,包括如果所述燃烧反应不稳定,则执行错误程序。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中执行所述错误程序包括将热量施加至所述有孔火焰保持器。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,包括如果所述燃烧反应稳定,则调节来自所述燃料源的燃料和氧化剂的输出。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
将所述有孔火焰保持器预热至阈值温度;以及
在所述有孔火焰保持器达到所述阈值温度后,输出所述燃料和氧化剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中将所述有孔火焰保持器预热至所述阈值温度包括支撑与所述有孔火焰保持器相邻的火焰、以及将热量从所述火焰传递至所述有孔火焰保持器。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中支撑与所述有孔火焰保持器相邻的所述火焰包括通过将电压施加至与所述有孔火焰保持器相邻定位的电导体而将所述火焰保持在所述电导体处。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,包括当所述有孔火焰保持器达到所述阈值温度时,移除所述火焰。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中预热所述有孔火焰保持器包括使电流经过定位在所述有孔火焰保持器上或接近所述有孔火焰保持器的电阻器。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中输出所述燃料和氧化剂包括从燃料喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂的混合物。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,包括在从所述燃料喷嘴输出燃料和氧化剂的所述混合物前,预混所述燃料和氧化剂。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中输出所述燃料和氧化剂包括从多个喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括:
邻近所述燃料和氧化剂源的输入表面;
远离所述燃料和氧化剂源的输出表面;以及
在所述输入表面和所述输出表面之间延伸的多个穿孔。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中接收所述燃料和氧化剂包括将所述燃料和氧化剂接收至所述多个穿孔中。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑大部分所述燃烧反应包括在所述穿孔中支撑所述大部分所述燃烧反应。
20.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括将来自所述有孔火焰保持器的热量传递至工作流体。
21.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
在所述有孔火焰保持器的主体中吸收来自所述有孔火焰保持器中的所述燃烧反应的热量;以及
通过将来自所述有孔火焰保持器的所述主体的热量传递至由所述有孔火焰保持器接收的燃料和氧化剂的所述混合物,在所述有孔火焰保持器中支撑所述燃烧反应。
22.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
将所述有孔火焰保持器预热至阈值温度;
当所述有孔火焰保持器达到所述阈值温度时,将所述燃料和氧化剂输出至所述有孔火焰保持器上;以及
通过将来自所述有孔火焰保持器的热量传递至所述燃料和氧化剂,而在所述有孔火焰保持器中引发所述燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述阈值温度对应于所述燃料和氧化剂会在所述有孔火焰保持器中燃烧的温度。
24.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中输出所述燃料和氧化剂包括从喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂,所述喷嘴具有直径D并被定位成离有孔火焰保持器的距离为所述直径D的100倍或更多。
25.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括通过将阻焰器定位于所述燃料和氧化剂源与所述有孔火焰保持器之间来抑制所述燃料和氧化剂的回火。
26.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括通过将所述有孔火焰保持器固定到联接至炉的壁、底部或顶的支撑结构,而在所述炉中支撑所述有孔火焰保持器。
27.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器的宽度是所述有孔火焰保持器的厚度的不止6倍,其中所述有孔火焰保持器的厚度对应于所述有孔火焰保持器的输入表面和输出表面之间的距离。
28.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括被定位成彼此接触的多个单独瓷砖。
29.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括输入表面、输出表面和在所述输入表面和所述输出表面之间延伸的多个穿孔,所述穿孔的宽度小于0.5英寸。
30.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包含耐火材料、纤维增强耐火材料、金属超合金、铬镍铁合金、哈斯特洛伊耐蚀镍基合金或陶瓷材料中的一种或多种。
31.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有孔火焰保持器包括捆绑在一起的多个管。
32.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中由所述有孔火焰保持器接收的所述燃料和氧化剂的混合物比在没有所述有孔火焰保持器作用的情况下能维持稳定燃烧反应所需的所述燃料和氧化剂的混合物更贫。
33.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括由所述燃烧反应产生小于3ppm浓度的NOx。
34.一种方法.包括:
将有孔火焰保持器支撑在炉的燃烧体积中;以及
将燃料喷嘴定位于所述燃烧体积中距所述有孔火焰保持器一定距离,所述距离被选择为使得从所述燃料喷嘴输出的燃料和氧化剂能够在如下条件下到达所述有孔火焰保持器,即该条件使所述有孔火焰保持器能够将所述燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应支撑在所述有孔火焰保持器中。
35.根据权利要求34所述的方法,其中支撑所述有孔火焰保持器包括用支撑结构支撑所述有孔火焰保持器。
36.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构联接至所述炉的壁。
37.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构联接至炉的底部。
38.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构包含金属超合金。
39.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述支撑结构被配置成支撑所述有孔火焰保持器离所述燃料喷嘴所选择的所述距离。
40.根据权利要求35所述的方法,包括将所述有孔火焰保持器定位于所述支撑结构上。
41.根据权利要求34所述的方法,其中所选择的所述距离是所述燃料喷嘴的直径的100倍以上。
42.根据权利要求34所述的方法,包括:
从所述燃料喷嘴输出所述燃料和氧化剂;
在所述有孔火焰保持器处接收所述燃料和氧化剂;以及
在所述有孔火焰保持器中维持所述燃料和氧化剂的燃烧反应。
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PCT/US2014/016632 WO2014127311A1 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2014-02-14 | Fuel combustion system with a perforated reaction holder |
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CN201480003679.8A Expired - Fee Related CN104884868B (zh) | 2013-02-14 | 2014-02-14 | 用于具有穿孔火焰稳定器的燃烧器的启动方法和机构 |
CN201580003787.XA Expired - Fee Related CN105874273B (zh) | 2013-02-14 | 2015-02-17 | 包括非平面有孔火焰保持器的燃烧器*** |
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EP (5) | EP2956720A4 (zh) |
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2014
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- 2014-02-14 CA CA2892236A patent/CA2892236A1/en not_active Abandoned
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