CN102206783B - Molten steel alloying cored wire and method - Google Patents
Molten steel alloying cored wire and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN102206783B CN102206783B CN2011101209932A CN201110120993A CN102206783B CN 102206783 B CN102206783 B CN 102206783B CN 2011101209932 A CN2011101209932 A CN 2011101209932A CN 201110120993 A CN201110120993 A CN 201110120993A CN 102206783 B CN102206783 B CN 102206783B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a molten steel alloying cored wire and a molten steel alloying method, which can improve the recovery rate of vanadium, prevent wire lockage and breakage, and facilitates feeding the cored wire. The cored wire comprises a core layer and a skin, wherein the core layer contains a vanadium nitride alloy and an aluminum metal. The method mainly comprises the following steps of: adding a calcium-silicon alloy into the core layer of the cored wire; and feeding the cored wire into the molten steel. By adding the calcium-silicon alloy into the core layer, the free oxygen content in the molten steel can be reduced, and the possibility of combining vanadium and oxygen is reduced, so that more vanadium participates in alloying to improve the recovery rate of the vanadium.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of be used to the realize cored-wire of molten steel vanadium, nitrogen alloying and the method that is used to realize molten steel vanadium, nitrogen alloying.
Background technology
Alloy of vanadium nitride is a kind of novel alloy additive, can substitute the production that vanadium iron is used for microalloyed steel.Alloy of vanadium nitride makes an addition to the comprehensive mechanical performances such as intensity, toughness, ductility and thermal fatigue resistance that can improve steel in the steel, and makes steel have good weldability.Reaching under the same intensity, adding vanadium nitride and practice thrift vanadium add-on 30~40%, and then reduced cost.Alloy of vanadium nitride can be used for structure iron, TS, and pipe line steel is in reinforcing bar and the cast iron.Alloy of vanadium nitride is applied to can carry out effective vanadium, nitrogen microalloying simultaneously in the high-strength low-alloy steel, and what promote carbon in the steel, vanadium, nitrogen compound separates out more effective performance sedimentation reinforcement and crystal grain thinning effect.
Because directly that alloy of vanadium nitride is lower with the recovery that block-shape morphology adds in the molten steel, so mainly method realization molten steel vanadium, nitrogen alloying in the prior art through feeding cored-wire in molten steel.This method is broken with physical method bulk or spherical alloy of vanadium nitride, packs into cored-wire with iron sheet or sheetmetal again, and alloy of vanadium nitride forms the sandwich layer of cored-wire, and iron sheet or sheetmetal form the crust of cored-wire; Then above-mentioned cored-wire is fed in the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device, make molten steel vanadium, nitrogen alloying.This kind method vanadium, the nitrogen alloying element recovery are higher, and vanadium recovery is 88~95%, and nitrogen recovery is 70~90%.But not enough below this kind method exists: vanadium recovery is still lower, and the fluctuating range of vanadium recovery and nitrogen recovery is bigger, influences the stability of quality product.
In addition, one Chinese patent application 200610020447.0 discloses a kind of cored-wire that is used to realize molten steel vanadium, nitrogen alloying, and this cored-wire comprises steel crust and the sandwich layer of being processed by alloy of vanadium nitride.This cored-wire also the problems referred to above can occur when reality is used.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention solves provides a kind of cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying that improves vanadium recovery.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is: be used for the cored-wire of molten steel alloying, comprise sandwich layer, said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, and said sandwich layer also contains silicocalcium.
Further be: the alloy of vanadium nitride of said sandwich layer and silicocalcium all are powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
Further be: said sandwich layer also contains the iron alloy additive, said alloy of vanadium nitride, and the content of silicocalcium and iron alloy additive is by weight percentage: alloy of vanadium nitride: 50%~90%; Silicocalcium: 10%~40%; The iron alloy additive: 0~40%, wherein, said iron alloy additive is at least a in the following alloy: ferro-titanium; Ferrocolumbium, ferro-vanadium.
Further be: the iron alloy additive of said sandwich layer is a powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
The present invention also provides a kind of method that is used for the molten steel alloying, and this method can improve the recovery of vanadium.
This method may further comprise the steps:
A, make cored-wire, comprise the sandwich layer of making cored-wire and sandwich layer is wrapped to form cored-wire through crust, wherein, the sandwich layer of said cored-wire contains alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium;
B, the cored-wire that steps A is processed feed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device.
Further be: the alloy of vanadium nitride of the sandwich layer in the said steps A and silicocalcium all are powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
Further be: the sandwich layer in the said steps A also contains the iron alloy additive, said alloy of vanadium nitride, and the content of silicocalcium and iron alloy additive is by weight percentage: alloy of vanadium nitride: 50%~90%; Silicocalcium: 10%~40%; The iron alloy additive: 0~40%, wherein, said iron alloy additive is at least a in the following alloy: ferro-titanium; Ferrocolumbium, ferro-vanadium.
Further be: the iron alloy additive of said sandwich layer is a powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
Further be: among the said step B, on one side cored-wire is fed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device, on one side ladle is rocked.
Further be: among the said step B, on one side cored-wire is fed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device, on one side to cored-wire and molten steel contact area winding-up rare gas element.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: in cored-wire feeding molten steel process; Because the avidity of silicon, calcium and oxygen is far above the avidity of vanadium and oxygen, thus silicon, calcium at first with molten steel in free oxygen combine, thereby the free oxygen level of molten steel is significantly reduced; This is with regard to corresponding vanadium and the oxygen bonded possibility of having reduced; Thereby make more vanadium participate in alloying, and then improved the recovery of vanadium, and the fluctuating range of the recovery of vanadium is less.Vanadium recovery can be increased to 96% to 98%.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram of cored-wire.
Be labeled as among the figure: 1-crust, 2-sandwich layer.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is further specified.
As shown in Figure 1, the cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying of the present invention comprises sandwich layer 2, and said sandwich layer 2 contains alloy of vanadium nitride, and said sandwich layer 2 also contains silicocalcium.In cored-wire feeding molten steel process; Because the avidity of silicon, calcium and oxygen is far above the avidity of vanadium and oxygen, thus silicon, calcium at first with molten steel in free oxygen combine, thereby the free oxygen level of molten steel is significantly reduced; This is with regard to corresponding vanadium and the oxygen bonded possibility of having reduced; Thereby make more vanadium participate in alloying, and then improved the recovery of vanadium, and the fluctuating range of the recovery of vanadium is less.Vanadium recovery can be increased to 96% to 98%.Above-mentioned silicocalcium can be the silicocalcium of the trades mark such as Ca28Si60 or Ca30Si35.
Fuse into fast in the molten steel for the ease of alloy of vanadium nitride, also quick and oxygen reaction for the ease of silicocalcium, the alloy of vanadium nitride of said sandwich layer and silicocalcium all are powder, the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
For when improving vanadium recovery, also be convenient to other alloying element is added molten steel, also contain the iron alloy additive in the sandwich layer 2 of above-mentioned cored-wire; Said alloy of vanadium nitride, the content of silicocalcium and iron alloy additive is by weight percentage: alloy of vanadium nitride: 50%~90%, silicocalcium: 10%~40%; The iron alloy additive: 0~40%, wherein, said iron alloy additive is at least a in the following alloy: ferro-titanium; Ferrocolumbium, ferro-vanadium.The weight percent of above-mentioned iron alloy additive is: 0~40%, that is to say that the content of iron alloy additive can be zero.Cored-wire adopts the said ratio mode; Can improve the recovery of vanadium through the adding of silicocalcium on the one hand, can guarantee that on the other hand the feeding efficient of alloy of vanadium nitride is higher; If silicocalcium too high levels; Then the content of alloy of vanadium nitride is corresponding lower, can make the feeding efficient of alloy of vanadium nitride lower, so the content of alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium should be controlled in the reasonable proportioning scope.In addition, when not containing the iron alloy additive in the cored-wire, just only contain alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium, then alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium can be alloy of vanadium nitride by weight percentage: 60%~90%, and silicocalcium: 10%~40%.
For the ease of above-mentioned iron alloy additive is fused in the molten steel, also be convenient to the making of the sandwich layer 2 of cored-wire, the iron alloy additive of said sandwich layer 2 is a powder, the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
The method that is used for the molten steel alloying of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
A, make cored-wire, comprise the sandwich layer 2 of making cored-wire and sandwich layer 2 is wrapped to form cored-wire through crust 1, wherein, the sandwich layer 2 of said cored-wire contains alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium;
B, the cored-wire that steps A is processed feed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device.
Adopt aforesaid method,, reduce the content of free oxygen in the molten steel through the reaction of silicon, calcium and oxygen; Can improve the recovery of vanadium, in addition, in the cored-wire course of processing; Alloy of vanadium nitride can be uniformly mixed to form sandwich layer with silicocalcium, forms cored-wire through sheetmetal or iron sheet parcel sandwich layer then; Can also for: silicocalcium as skin, alloy of vanadium nitride adopts the form of silicocalcium parcel alloy of vanadium nitride to process sandwich layer as internal layer, the crust of being processed by sheetmetal or iron sheet in silicocalcium layer external parcel then forms cored-wire.
In the aforesaid method, fuse into fast in the molten steel for the ease of alloy of vanadium nitride, also quick and oxygen reaction for the ease of silicocalcium, the alloy of vanadium nitride of the sandwich layer 2 in the said steps A and silicocalcium all are powder, the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
In the aforesaid method,, also be convenient to other alloying element is added molten steel for when improving vanadium recovery; Sandwich layer 2 in the said steps A also contains the iron alloy additive, said alloy of vanadium nitride, and the content of silicocalcium and iron alloy additive is by weight percentage: alloy of vanadium nitride: 50%~90%; Silicocalcium: 10%~40%; The iron alloy additive: 0~40%, wherein, said iron alloy additive is at least a in the following alloy: ferro-titanium; Ferrocolumbium, ferro-vanadium.On the basis of the above, for the ease of above-mentioned iron alloy additive is fused in the molten steel, also be convenient to the making of the sandwich layer of cored-wire, the iron alloy additive of said sandwich layer is a powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.In addition, but above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride, iron alloy additive, silicocalcium uniform mixing are processed the sandwich layer of cored-wire, through sheetmetal or iron sheet parcel sandwich layer, form cored-wire then; Also can be alloy of vanadium nitride and iron alloy additive uniform mixing and process the internal layer of sandwich layer, silicocalcium is as the skin of sandwich layer, and the crust of being processed by sheetmetal or iron sheet in silicocalcium layer external parcel then forms cored-wire.
In order to improve the flowability of slag on the basis of the above, help cored-wire and feed fast in the molten steel, reduce the loss of cored-wire at the slag layer, among the said step B, on one side cored-wire is fed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device, on one side ladle is rocked.Through ladle is rocked, can improve the flowability of slag, be convenient to feed cored-wire, help preventing that cored-wire from card line and broken string taking place, also can improve the recovery of vanadium and nitrogen.
In addition, in order to be convenient to that further cored-wire is fed in the molten steel, among the said step B, on one side with cored-wire through the molten steel in the Yarn feeding device feeding ladle, on one side to cored-wire and the molten steel contact area rare gas element of jetting.Through to cored-wire and molten steel contact area winding-up rare gas element, can improve the flowability of the slag in this zone on the one hand, can prevent that on the other hand the slag beyond this zone from compiling towards this zone flows; Especially ladle is being rocked in the process; Other regional slag might through near the rare gas element of cored-wire, jetting, can effectively guarantee the quick feeding of cored-wire towards flowing near the cored-wire; And can prevent that cored-wire from card line or broken string taking place, and also can improve the recovery of vanadium and nitrogen.
Embodiment one:
Be used for the cored-wire of molten steel alloying, comprise sandwich layer, said sandwich layer is made up of alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium; The weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 90%, and silicocalcium: 10%, alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium all are powder; Particle diameter is below the 2mm; The sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 12mm, and vanadium recovery is 96%.
Embodiment two:
Be used for the cored-wire of molten steel alloying, comprise sandwich layer, said sandwich layer is made up of alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium; The weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 65%, and silicocalcium: 35%, alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium all are powder; Particle diameter is below the 3mm; The sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 12mm, and vanadium recovery is 97.8%.
Embodiment three:
The cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying; Comprise sandwich layer, said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium and ferro-vanadium, and the weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium and ferro-vanadium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 80%; Silicocalcium: 10%, ferro-vanadium: 10%.Alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium and ferro-vanadium all are powder, and particle diameter is below the 3mm, and the sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 13mm, and vanadium recovery is 96.5%.
Embodiment four:
The cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying; Comprise sandwich layer, said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium and ferro-titanium, and the weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium and ferro-titanium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 80%; Silicocalcium: 10%, ferro-titanium: 10%.Alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium and ferro-titanium all are powder, and particle diameter is below the 3mm, and the sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 13mm, and vanadium recovery is 96.5%.
Embodiment five:
The cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying; Comprise sandwich layer, said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium and ferrocolumbium, and the weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium and ferrocolumbium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 80%; Silicocalcium: 10%, ferrocolumbium: 10%.Alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium and ferrocolumbium all are powder, and particle diameter is below the 3mm, and the sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 13mm, and vanadium recovery is 96.5%.
Embodiment six:
The cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying; Comprise sandwich layer; Said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium and ferro-titanium, and the weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium and ferro-titanium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 70%, and silicocalcium: 15%; Ferrocolumbium: 5%, ferro-titanium: 10%.Alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium and ferro-titanium all are powder, and particle diameter is below the 3mm, and the sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 13mm, and vanadium recovery is 96.9%.
Embodiment seven:
The cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying; Comprise sandwich layer; Said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium and ferro-vanadium, and the weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium and ferro-vanadium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 60%, and silicocalcium: 30%; Ferrocolumbium: 5%, ferro-vanadium: 5%.Alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium and ferro-vanadium all are powder, and particle diameter is below the 3mm, and the sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 13mm, and vanadium recovery is 97.5%.
Embodiment eight:
The cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying; Comprise sandwich layer; Said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferro-titanium and ferro-vanadium, and the weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferro-titanium and ferro-vanadium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 65%, and silicocalcium: 10%; Ferro-titanium: 5%, ferro-vanadium: 20%.Alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferro-titanium and ferro-vanadium all are powder, and particle diameter is below the 3mm, and the sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 13mm, and vanadium recovery is 96.7%.
Embodiment nine:
The cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying; Comprise sandwich layer, said sandwich layer contains alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium, ferro-titanium and ferro-vanadium, and the weight proportion of above-mentioned alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium, ferro-titanium and ferro-vanadium is: alloy of vanadium nitride: 55%; Silicocalcium: 15%; Ferrocolumbium: 5%, ferro-titanium: 5%, ferro-vanadium: 20%.Alloy of vanadium nitride, silicocalcium, ferrocolumbium, ferro-titanium and ferro-vanadium all are powder, and particle diameter is below the 3mm, and the sandwich layer external packets is wrapped with the crust that cold rolled strip is processed, and the external diameter of whole cored-wire is 13mm, and vanadium recovery is 97.2%.
Claims (8)
1. the cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying comprises sandwich layer (2), and said sandwich layer (2) contains alloy of vanadium nitride; It is characterized in that: said sandwich layer (2) also contains silicocalcium, and said sandwich layer (2) also contains the iron alloy additive, said alloy of vanadium nitride; The content of silicocalcium and iron alloy additive is by weight percentage: alloy of vanadium nitride: 50%~90%, and silicocalcium: 10%~40%, iron alloy additive: 0~40%; Wherein, Said iron alloy additive is at least a in the following alloy: ferro-titanium, ferrocolumbium, ferro-vanadium.
2. the cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: the alloy of vanadium nitride of said sandwich layer (2) and silicocalcium all are powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
3. the cored-wire that is used for the molten steel alloying as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: the iron alloy additive of said sandwich layer (2) is a powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
4. adopt the method that is used for the molten steel alloying of the described cored-wire of claim 1, it is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
A, make cored-wire, comprise the sandwich layer (2) of making cored-wire and sandwich layer (2) is wrapped to form cored-wire through crust (1), wherein, the sandwich layer of said cored-wire (2) contains alloy of vanadium nitride and silicocalcium; Sandwich layer (2) also contains the iron alloy additive, said alloy of vanadium nitride, and the content of silicocalcium and iron alloy additive is by weight percentage: alloy of vanadium nitride: 50%~90%; Silicocalcium: 10%~40%; The iron alloy additive: 0~40%, wherein, said iron alloy additive is at least a in the following alloy: ferro-titanium; Ferrocolumbium, ferro-vanadium;
B, the cored-wire that steps A is processed feed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device.
5. the method that is used for the molten steel alloying as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that: the alloy of vanadium nitride of the sandwich layer in the said steps A (2) and silicocalcium all are powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
6. the method that is used for the molten steel alloying as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that: the iron alloy additive of said sandwich layer (2) is a powder, and the particle diameter of said powder is smaller or equal to 5mm.
7. the method that is used for the molten steel alloying as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that: among the said step B, on one side cored-wire is fed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device, on one side ladle is rocked.
8. like any described method that is used for the molten steel alloying in the claim 4 to 7, it is characterized in that: among the said step B, on one side cored-wire is fed the molten steel in the ladle through Yarn feeding device, on one side to cored-wire and molten steel contact area winding-up rare gas element.
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CN102828000A (en) * | 2012-10-08 | 2012-12-19 | 侯巍 | Metallurgical V-N microalloying and compound deoxidation cored wire |
CN104060043A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-24 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Core spun yarn and application thereof, vanadium nitrogen alloyed molten steel and preparation method thereof, and vanadium-nitrogen microalloyed steel |
CN104046728A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-17 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Cored wire, its application, vanadium and nitrogen alloyed molten steel, preparation method of vanadium and nitrogen alloyed molten steel, and vanadium and nitrogen micro-alloyed steel |
CN104060030A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-24 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Core spun yarn and application thereof, vanadium nitrogen alloyed molten steel and preparation method thereof, and vanadium nitrogen microalloyed steel |
CN104046722A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-17 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Cored wire, its application, vanadium and nitrogen alloyed molten steel, preparation method of vanadium and nitrogen alloyed molten steel, and vanadium and nitrogen micro-alloyed steel |
CN104046724A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-17 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Cored wire, its application, vanadium and nitrogen alloyed molten steel, preparation method of vanadium and nitrogen alloyed molten steel, and vanadium and nitrogen micro-alloyed steel |
CN104060035A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-24 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Core spun yarn and application thereof, vanadium nitrogen alloyed molten steel and preparation method thereof, and vanadium nitrogen microalloyed steel |
CN104060038A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-24 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Core spun yarn and application thereof, vanadium nitrogen alloyed molten steel and preparation method thereof, and vanadium nitrogen microalloyed steel |
CN104060042A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-09-24 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Core spun yarn and application thereof, vanadium nitrogen alloyed molten steel and preparation method thereof, and vanadium nitrogen microalloyed steel |
CN108456817A (en) * | 2018-04-24 | 2018-08-28 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | A kind of nitro-alloy and preparation method thereof |
CN112080609B (en) * | 2020-09-29 | 2024-05-17 | 沈阳钢中宝科技有限公司 | Composite nitrogen cored wire for steelmaking and preparation and use methods thereof |
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CN1818086A (en) * | 2006-03-09 | 2006-08-16 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院 | Core-spun yarn for realizing molten steel vanadium and nitrogen alloying |
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