AU2005280168A1 - Pyrimidinylimidazoles as TGF-beta inhibitors - Google Patents

Description

WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 PYRIMIDINYLIMIDAZOLES AS TGF-BETA INHIBITORS [00011 This application claims priority to U.S. Serial No. 60/606,045, which was filed on August 31, 2004. The entire contents of the aforementioned application are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] TGFO (Transforming Growth Factor 0) is a member of a large family of dimeric polypeptide growth factors that includes, for example, activins, inhibins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) and mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). TGFO exists in three isoforms (TGFj31, TGF02, and TGF03) and is present in most cells, along with its receptors. Each isoform is expressed in both a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated fashion. Each TGF3 isoform is synthesized as a precursor protein that is cleaved intracellularly into a C-terminal region (latency associated peptide (LAP)) and an N-terminal region known as mature or active TGF#. LAP is typically non-covalently associated with mature TGF3 prior to secretion from the cell. The LAP-TGF3 complex cannot bind to the TGF#3 receptors and is not biologically active. TGFf is generally released (and activated) from the complex by a variety of mechanisms including, for example, interaction with thrombospondin- 1 or plasmin. [0003] Following activation, TGF# binds at high affinity to the type II receptor (TGF3RII), a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase. The ligand-bound type II receptor phosphorylates the TGF3 type I receptor (Alk 5) in a glycine/serine rich domain, which allows the type I receptor to recruit and phosphorylate downstream signaling molecules, Smad2 or Smad3. See, e.g., Huse, M. et al., Mol. Cell. 8: 671-682 (2001). Phosphorylated Smad2 or Smad3 can then complex with Smad4, and the entire hetero-Smad complex translocates to the nucleus and regulates transcription of various TGF#-responsive genes. See, e.g., Massague, J. Ann. Rev .Biochem. Med. 67: 773 (1998). [0004] Activins are also members of the TGF3 superfamily, which are distinct from TGF3 in that they are homo- or heterodimers of activin Oa or Ob. Activins signal in a manner similar to TGF , that is, by binding to a constitutive serine-threonine receptor kinase, activin type II receptor (ActRIB), and activating a type I serine-threonine receptor, Alk 4, to phosphorylate Smad2 or Smad3. The consequent formation of a hetero-Smad complex with Smad4 also results in the activin-induced regulation of gene transcription. [00051 Indeed, TGF3 and related factors such as activin regulate a large array of cellular processes, e.g., cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, control of mesenchymal -1- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 cell proliferation and differentiation, inflammatory cell recruitment, immunosuppression, wound healing, and extracellular matrix production. See, e.g., Massagu6, J. Ann. Rev .Cell. Biol. 6: 594-641 (1990); Roberts, A. B. and Sporn M. B. Peptide Growth Factors and Their Receptors, 95: 419-472 Berlin: Springer-Verlag (1990); Roberts, A. B. and Sporn M. B. Growth Factors 8:1-9 (1993); and Alexandrow, M. G., Moses, H. L. Cancer Res. 55: 1452-1457 (1995). Hyperactivity of TGF3 signaling pathway underlies many human disorders (e.g., excess deposition of extracellular matrix, an abnormally high level of inflammatory responses, fibrotic disorders, and progressive cancers). Similarly, activin signaling and overexpression of activin is linked to pathological disorders that involve extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis (see, e.g., Matsuse, T. et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 13: 17-24 (1995); Inoue, S. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 205: 441-448 (1994); Matsuse, T. et al, Am. J. Pathol. 148: 707 713 (1996); De Bleser et al., Hepatology 26: 905-912 (1997); Pawlowski, J.E., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 100: 639-648 (1997); Sugiyama, M. et al., Gastroenterology 114: 550-558 (1998); Munz, B. et al., EMBO J. 18: 5205-5215 (1999)), inflammatory responses (see, e.g., Rosendahl, A. et al., Am. J Repir. Cell Mol. Biol. 25: 60-68 (2001)), cachexia or wasting (see Matzuk, M. M. et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8817-8821 (1994); Coerver, K.A. et al, Mol. Endocrinol. 10: 534-543 (1996); Cipriano, S.C. et al. Endocrinology 141: 2319-27 (2000)), diseases of or pathological responses in the central nervous system (see Logan, A. et al. Eur. J Neurosci. 11: 2367-2374 (1999); Logan, A. et al. Exp. Neurol. 159: 504-510 (1999); Masliah, E. et al., Neurochem. Int. 39: 393-400 (2001); De Groot, C. J. A. et al, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 58: 174-187 (1999), John, G. R. et al, Nat Med. 8: 1115-21 (2002)) and hypertension (see Dahly, A. J. et al., Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 283: R757-67 (2002)). Studies have shown that TGF# and activin can act synergistically to induce extracellular matrix production (see, e.g., Sugiyama, M. et al., Gastroenterology 114: 550-558, (1998)). It is therefore desirable to develop modulators (e.g., antagonists) to members of the TGF# family to prevent and/or treat disorders involving this signaling pathway. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] The invention is based on the discovery that compounds of formula (I) are unexpectedly potent antagonists of the TGF# family type I receptors, Alk5 and/or Alk 4. Thus, compounds of formula (I) can be employed in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases such as fibrosis (e.g., renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and hepatic fibrosis), progressive cancers, or other diseases for which reduction of TGF# family signaling activity is desirable. [00071 In one aspect, a compound of the following formula: -2- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 (Ra)m N N

A

2 O X-Y-R 2 (I) R1 Al where R' can be heteroaryl. [0008] Each Ra, independently, can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, acyl, halo, hydroxy, amino, nitro, oxo, thioxo, cyano, guanadino, amidino, carboxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkylsulfanyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylsulfanyl, aroyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfanyl, or heteroaroyl. [0009] X can be cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or a bond. [0010] Y can be a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-, -S(O)p-O-, -O-S(O)p-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-, -N(RE)-C(O)-, -O-C(O)-N(RE)-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-O-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-O-, -O-N(RE )-C(O)-, -O-S(O)p-N(R')-, -N(Rk)- S(O),-O-, -S(O)p-N(e)-O-, -O-N(RE )-S(O)p-, -N(Rb )-C(O)-N(R )-, -N(R')-S(O)p-N(R')-, -C(O)-N(R,)-S(O)p-, -S(O)p-N(RE)-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(Rk)-S(O)p-N(Rc)_ -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(e)-, -N(e)-S(O),-N(R')-C(O)-, -N(e)-S(O)p-O-C(O)-, -S(O)p-N(R)-h -N(Rb)-S(O)p-, -N(Re)-, -S(O)p-, -0-, -S-, or -(C(Re)(RC))q-. Each of Rb and Rc , independently, can be hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl. p can be 1 or 2, and q can be 1-4. [00111 R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, cycloalkenyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, (heterocycloalkenyl)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or (heteroaryl)alkenyl. [0012] Each of A' and A 2 , independently, can be N or NR. It is to be understood that when A' is NR, A 2 is N, and vice versa. The variable, m, can be 0, 1, 2, or 3. In other words, the pyrimidinyl ring cand be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 Ra groups. Note that when m 2, two adjacent Ra groups can join together to form a 4- to 8-membered optionally substituted cyclic moiety. That is, the pyrimidinyl ring can fuse with a cyclic moiety to form a moiety, that can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including -3- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylthio, sulfoxy, sulfamoyl, oxo, or carbamoyl. [00131 Note also that if X is a bond, then Y is a bond; R 2 is hydrogen or alkyl; m is 1, 2, or 3; and at least one Ra is substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position (i.e., the position of the pyrimidinyl ring that is between the two nitrogen ring atoms). [00141 In an embodiment, X can be aryl or heteroaryl. For example, X can be an optionally substituted phenyl (e.g., alkyl or cyano). Y can be a bond, -N(Rb)-C(O)-, -N(R)-S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(R)-, -S(O)p-, -0-, -S(0) 2 -N(R )-, - N(R )-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-O-, -N(R)-C(O)-N(Rc)-, -C(O)-N(R)-S(O)p-N(Rc)-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(R)-. R 2 can be hydrogen, C 1

-

6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-Ci 4 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 14 alkyl. [0015] In an embodiment, X can be a 4- to 8-membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, or X can be a 4- to 8-membered bicyclic cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl. For example, X can be piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofaran, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1 ]octane, or 1 -aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. [00161 In an embodiment, X can be piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or pyrrolidinyl. The piperdinyl, piperazinyl, or pyrrolidinyl can be bonded to Y via its nitrogen ring atom. Y can be a bond, -C(O)O-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-, -S(0) 2 -, or -S(O) 2 -N(R)-, wherein R is hydrogen or C 14 alkyl. Alternatively, X can be cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and Y can be -N(Re)-C(O)-, -N(Rk)-S(O)2-, -C(O)-, -C(0)-0-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(e)-, -S(O)p-, -O-,

-S(O)

2 -N(Rb)-, - N(Rb)-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-O-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-O-, or -N(Re)-C(O)-N(R)-. [0017] In an embodiment, Y can be -N(Re)-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(0)2-, -C(O)-, -C(0)-O-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(R)-, -S(O)p-, -0-, -S(O) 2 -N(Rb)-, - N(R)-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-O-, -C(O)-N(Re)-O-, -N(Re)-C(O)-N(R)-, -CO)-N(R0)-S(O)p-N(R4)-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(Rb [0018] In an embodiment, X and Y are each a bond; R 2 can be hydrogen or C 1

.

6 alkyl (e.g., C 1 4 alkyl such as methyl or t-butyl); m can be 1 or 2 (e.g., m can be 1); at least one Ra is substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position and this Ra can be C 1 4 alkyl, C 3

.

6 cycloalkyl, or amino (e.g, -CH 3 , CF 3 , cyclopropyl, -NH 2 , -NH-C 14 alkyl, or -NH-cycloalkyl such as -NH-cyclopropyl). [0019] In an embodiment, R 2 can be hydrogen, C 1

-

6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C14 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 14 alkyl. In an embodiment, R 2 can be hydrogen, C 14 alkyl, phenyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, benzimidazolyl, -4- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 benzothiazolyl, naphthylmethyl, naphthylethyl, or -C1- 2 alkyl-pyridyl; each of which, independently, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, ethyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, sulfamoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, and alkylcarbonyloxy. [0020] In another embodiment, R 2 can be hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, benzyl or pyridylmethyl. For example, R2 can be hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, or trifluoromethyl. [0021] In an embodiment, R' can be benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, benzo-oxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, 2-oxo-benzooxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3,4-dihydro-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 3-oxo-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 1,1-dioxo-2,3-dihydro- benzo[b]thiophenyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or cinnolinyl. [00221 In an embodiment, m can be 0-2. [0023] In an embodiment, Ra can be substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position. [00241 In another embodiment, Ra can be Ci 4 alkyl, C 1 4 alkoxy, C1 4 alkylthio, halo, amino, aminocarbonyl, or alkoxycarbonyl. [00251 In an embodiment, A' can be N and A 2 is NR, or A' is NRb and A 2 is N; wherein R is hydrogen or C1 4 alkyl. [00261 In an embodiment, m can be 0-2; R1 can be heteroaryl; R2 can be hydrogen, C1- 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -C1 4 alkyl-aryl, or -C 14 alkyl-heteroaryl; X can be a 4- to 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; and Y can be -N(Rb)-C(O)-, -N(RE)-S(O)2-, -C(O)-, -C(0)-0-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(Rk)-, -S(O),-, -O-, -S(O)2-N(R)-, -N(Rb)-, -N(R)-C(O)-O-, -N(Re)-C(O)-N(R)-, -C(O)-N(R)-S(O)p-N(Rc)-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(R)hh [0027] In an embodiment, m can be 0-2; R1 can be heteroaryl; R 2 can be hydrogen, C1- 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -C1 4 alkyl-aryl, or -C1 4 alkyl-heteroaryl; X can be piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, bicyclo[2.2. 1 ]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.1joctane, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1 ]octane, or 1 -aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; and Y can be -N(R)-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(O) 2 -, -C(0)-, -C(0)-0-, -0-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-, -S(O),-, -0-, -S(O)2-N(R)-, - N(R)-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-0-, -N(R)-C(O)-N(R)-, -C(O)-N(R)-S(O)p-N(R")-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(R)-. [0028] In an embodiment, m can be 0-2; R1 can be heteroaryl; R 2 can be hydrogen, C1.

6 alkyl, -5- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 aryl, heteroaryl, -Ci 4 alkyl-aryl, or -C 1 4 alkyl-heteroaryl; and -X-Y- can be 0 0

N-SO

2 - N-C-O 02 / 0

N-SO

2 - , or N-C- 0 100291 In an embodiment, A can be N and A 2 can be NH. Alternatively, A' can be NH and A 2 can be N. R 2 can be hydrogen, Ci 4 alkyl, benzyl, or pyridylmethyl; m can be 1 and Ra can be substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position. [00301 In an embodiment, m can be 0-2; R 1 can be heteroaryl; R 2 can be hydrogen, C 1

_

6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-Cia alkyl, or heteroaryl-Ci 4 alkyl; X can be cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; and Y can be -N(R )-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(Re)-, -S(O),-, -0-, -S(O) 2 -N(R)-, - N(Rb)-, -N(R)-C(O)-O-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-N(R)-, -C(O)-N(RE)-S(O),-N(R')-, or -C(O)-O-S(O),-N(e)-. Each of R and R, independently, can be hydrogen or C 14 alkyl. A can be N and A2 can be NH, or alternatively, A' can be NH and A2 can be N. R 2 can be hydrogen, C 14 alkyl, benzyl, or pyridylmethyl; m can be 1 and Ra can be substituted at the 2-pyrimindyl position. [00311 In an embodiment, X and Y can each be a bond; R 2 can be hydrogen or Ci 4 alkyl; m can be 1; Ra can be -CH 3 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, -NH 2 , -NH-Ci 4 alkyl, or -NH-cycloalkyl; and R' can be benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, 2-oxo-benzooxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3,4-dihydro-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 3-oxo-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 1,1-dioxo-2,3-dihydro benzo[b]thiophenyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or cinnolinyl. [00321 The compound of formula (I) can be: [0033] 4-[4-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-2-yl] benzamide; [0034] 4-[4-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] benzonitrile; [0035] 4-[5-(2-methanesulfonyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] -6- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester; [00361 4-[5-(2-methoxy-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester; [00371 4-[5-(2-hydroxy-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylic acid methyl ester; [00381 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester; [00391 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid; [00401 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid amide; [0041] 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 -carboxylic acid hydroxyamide; [00421 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid methoxy-amide; [0043] 4-[5-(2-amino-pyrinidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid; [00441 {4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-carbamic acid benzyl ester; [00451 N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazol 2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-acetamide; [0046] N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol 2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-methanesulfonamide; [00471 N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazol 2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide; [0048] 4-[5-quinoxalin-6-yl-4-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-LH-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-ol; [0049] 4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol; [00501 6-[2-tert-butyl-5-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; (15686) 10051] 6-[5-(2-byclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; [0052] {4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl} -methanol; -7- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 [00531 6-[5-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-y1)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; [0054] 6-[2-tert-butyl-5-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; [00551 4-[5-quinoxalin-6-yl-4-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-y1)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-piperidine 1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester; [00561 4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-y)-5-quinoxalin- 6 -yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-piperidine-1 carboxylic acid benzyl ester; [0057] 6-[5-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-(1-methanesulfonyl-piperidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol 4-yl]-quinoxaline; [00581 4-[5-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1 -ol; [0059] 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-ajpyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid amide; [0060] 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1 -carboxylic acid; [0061] 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester; [00621 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-lH-imidazol-2-yl]-cyclohexanol; or [0063]4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan 1-ol. [00641 In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition includes a compound of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [00651 In another aspect, a method of inhibiting the TGF# signaling pathway in a subject includes administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I). [00661 In another aspect, a method of inhibiting the TGF# type I receptor in a cell, includes contacting said cell with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I). [00671 In another aspect, a method of reducing the accumulation of excess extracellular matrix induced by TGFP in a subject includes administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I). [00681 In another aspect, a method of treating or preventing fibrotic condition in a subject includes administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I). The fibrotic condition can be, for example, scleroderma, lupus nephritis, connective tissue disease, wound healing, surgical scarring, spinal cord injury, CNS scarring, acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis (such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, drug-induced lung injury, glomerulonephritis, diabetic -8- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 nephropathy, hypertension-induced nephropathy, alimentary track or gastrointestinal fibrosis, renal fibrosis, hepatic or biliary fibrosis (such as liver cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis), restenosis, cardiac fibrosis, opthalmic scarring, fibrosclerosis, fibrotic cancers, fibroids, fibroma, fibroadenomas, fibrosarcomas, transplant arteriopathy, or keloid. The fibrotic condition can be idiopathic in nature, genetically linked, or induced by radiation. [00691 In another aspect, a method of inhibiting growth or metastasis of tumor cells and/or cancers in a subject includes administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I). [00701 In another aspect, a method of treating a disease or disorder mediated by an overexpression of TGF#3 includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula (I). The disease or disorder can be, for example, demyelination of neurons in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral angiopathy, squamous cell carcinomas, multiple myeloma, melanoma, glioma, glioblastomas, leukemia, sarcomas, leiomyomas, mesothelioma, or carcinomas of the lung, breast, ovary, cervix, liver, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, prostate, and head and neck. [00711 An N-oxide derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each of the compounds of formula (1) is also within the scope of this invention. For example, a nitrogen ring atom of the imidazole core ring or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl substituent can form an oxide in the presence of a suitable oxidizing agent such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid or H202. [0072] A compound of formula (I) that is acidic in nature (e.g., having a carboxyl or phenolic hydroxyl group) can form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt such as a sodium, potassium, calcium, or gold salt. Also within the scope of the invention are salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as ammonia, alkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines, and N-methylglycamine. A compound of formula (I) can be treated with an acid to form acid addition salts. Examples of such acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, p-bromophenyl-sulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, and other mineral and organic acids well known to those skilled in the art. The acid addition salts can be prepared by treating a compound of formula (I) in its free base form with a sufficient amount of an acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid) to produce an acid addition salt (e.g., a hydrochloride salt). The acid addition salt can be converted back to its free base form by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous basic solution (e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or ammonia). -9- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Compounds of formula (1) can also be, e.g., in a form of achiral compounds, racemic mixtures, optically active compounds, pure diastereomers, or a mixture of diastereomers. [00731 Compounds of formula (I) exhibit surprisingly high affinity to the TGF3 family type I receptors, Alk 5 and/or Alk 4, e.g., with IC 50 and Ki values of less than 10 yM under conditions as described below in Examples 34 and 36, respectively. Some compounds of formula (I) exhibit IC 50 and Ki values of less than 1 pM (such as below 50 nM). [0074] Compounds of formula (I) can also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and include those that increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism, and/or alter rate of excretion. Examples of these modifications include, but are not limited to, esterification with polyethylene glycols, derivatization with pivolates or fatty acid substituents, conversion to carbamates, hydroxylation of aromatic rings, and heteroatom-substitution in aromatic rings. [0075] The present invention also features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) (or a combination of two or more compounds of formula (I)) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also included in the present invention is a medicament composition including any of the compounds of formula (I), alone or in a combination, together with a suitable excipient. [00761 The invention also features a method of inhibiting the TGF# family type I receptors, Alk 5 and/or Alk 4 (e.g., with an IC 50 value of less than 10 pM; such as, less than 1 LM; and for example, less than 5 nM) in a cell, including the step of contacting the cell with an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I). Also within the scope of the invention is a method of inihibiting the TGF# and/or activin signaling pathway in a cell or in a subject (e.g., a mammal such as a human), including the step of contacting the cell with or administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more of the compounds of formula (I). [0077] Also within the scope of the present invention is a method of treating a subject or preventing a subject from suffering a condition characterized by or resulted from an elevated level of TGF#6 and/or activin activity. The method includes the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more of a compound of formula (I). The conditions include an accumulation of excess extracellular matrix; a fibrotic condition (which can be induced by drug or radiation), e.g., scleroderma, lupus nephritis, connective tissue disease, wound healing, surgical scarring, spinal cord injury, CNS scarring, acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis (such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis), - 10 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury, drug-induced lung injury, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension-induced nephropathy, alimentary track or gastrointestinal fibrosis, renal fibrosis, hepatic or biliary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, cirrhosis due to fatty liver disease (alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatosis), primary sclerosing cholangitis, restenosis, cardiac fibrosis, opthalmic scarring, fibrosclerosis, fibrotic cancers, fibroids, fibroma, fibroadenomas, fibrosarcomas, transplant arteriopathy, and keloid); TGF#-induced growth or metastasis of tumor/cancer cells; and carcinomas (e.g, squamous cell carcinomas, multiple myeloma, melanoma, glioma, glioblastomas, leukemia, sarcomas, leiomyomas, mesothelioma, and carcinomas of the lung, breast, ovary, cervix, liver, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, prostate, and head and neck); and other conditions such as cachexia, hypertension, ankylosing spondylitis, demyelination in multiple sclerosis, cerebral angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease. [0078] As used herein, an alkyll" group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-8 (e.g., 1-6 or 1-4) carbon atoms. An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, and 2-ethylhexyl. An alkyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-carbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy. [0079] As used herein, an "alkenyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-6 or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to, allyl, isoprenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl. An alkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-carbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy. -11 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 [00801 As used herein, an "alkynyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-6 or 2-4) carbon atoms and has at least one triple bond. An alkynyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, propargyl and butynyl. An alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl carbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy. [00811 As used herein, an "amino" group refers to -NRXRY wherein each of Rx and R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl. When the term "amino" is not the terminal group (e.g., alkylcarbonylamino), it is represented by -NRx-. RX has the same meaning as defined above. [0082] As used herein, an "aryl" group refers to phenyl, naphthyl, or a benzofused group having 2 to 3 rings. For example, a benzofused group includes phenyl fused with one or two C 4 carbocyclic moieties, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, or fluorenyl. An aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl. [0083] As used herein, an "aralkyl" group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 14 alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. Both "alkyl" and "aryl" have been defined above. An example of an aralkyl group is benzyl. [0084] As used herein, a "cycloalkyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, -12- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbomyl, cubyl, octahydro-indenyl, decahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, and bicyclo[3.2.3]nonyl. A "cycloalkenyl" group, as used herein, refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4 8) carbon atoms having one or more double bond. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, 1,4-cyclohexa-di-enyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, hexahydro-indenyl, octahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, and bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl. A cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl. [00851 As used herein, a "heterocycloalkyl" group refers to a 3- to 10-membered (e.g., 4- to 8 membered) saturated ring structure, in which one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g., N, 0, or S. Examples of a heterocycloalkyl group include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, dioxolanyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydro-benzofuryl, octahydro-chromenyl, octahydro-thiochromenyl, octahydro-indolyl, octahydro-pyrindinyl, decahydro-quinolinyl, octahydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 2-oxa bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, anad 2,6-dioxa tricyclo[3.3. 1.0 3

,

7 ]nonyl. A "heterocycloalkenyl" group, as used herein, refers to a 3- to 10 membered (e.g., 4- to 8-membered) non-aromatic ring structure having one or more double bonds, and wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g., N, 0, or S. A heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, - 13 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl. [00861 A "heteroaryl" group, as used herein, refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring structure having 5 to 15 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g., N, 0, or S and wherein one ore more rings of the bicyclic or tricyclic ring structure is aromatic. Some examples of heteroaryl are pyridyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuryl, benzthiazolyl, xanthene, thioxanthene, phenothiazine, dihydroindole, and benzo[1,3]dioxole. A heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl. A "heteroaralkyl" group, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 1 .4 alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group. Both "alkyl" and "heteroaryl" have been defined above. [00871 As used herein, "cyclic moiety" includes cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which has been defined previously. [0088] As used herein, an "acyl" group refers to a formyl group or alkyl-C(=0)- where alkyll" has been defined previously. Acetyl and pivaloyl are examples of acyl groups. [0089] As used herein, a "carbamoyl" group refers to a group having the structure -0-CO NRRY or -NR-CO-0O-R wherein R and RY have been defined above and Rz can be alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl. [0090] As used herein, a "carboxy" and a "sulfo" group refer to -COOH and -SO 3 H, respectively. [0091] As used herein, an "alkoxy" group refers to an alkyl-0- group where "alkyl" has been defined previously. [0092] As used herein, a "sulfoxy" group refers to -O-SO-Rx or -SO-0-Rx, where Rx has been defined above. [0093] As used herein, a "halogen" or "halo" group refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. - 14 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 [00941 As used herein, a "sulfamoyl" group refers to the structure -S(O) 2 -NRR or -NRx S(O) 2 -Rz wherein R, RI, and R have been defined above. [00951 As used herein, a "sulfamide" group refers to the structure -NR -S(O) 2 -NRYRZ wherein R, RY, and Rz have been defined above. [0096] As used herein, a "urea" group refers to the structure -NRX-CO-NRYRz and a "thiourea" group refers to the structure -NRX-CS-NRYRz. R, R, and Rz have been defined above. [0097] As used herein, an effective amount is defined as the amount required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient, and is typically determined based on age, surface area, weight, and condition of the patient. The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described by Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep., 50: 219 (1966). Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, New York, 537 (1970). As used herein, "patient" refers to a mammal, including a human. 10098] An antagonist, as used herein, is a molecule that binds to the receptor without activating the receptor. It competes with the endogenous ligand(s) or substrate(s) for binding site(s) on the receptor and, thus inhibits the ability of the receptor to transduce an intracellular signal in response to endogenous ligand binding. [00991 As compounds of formula (I) are antagonists of TGF3 receptor type I (Alk5) and/or activin receptor type I (Alk4), these compounds are useful in inhibiting the consequences of TGF3 and/or activin signal transduction such as the production of extracellular matrix (e.g., collagen and fibronectin), the differentiation of stromal cells to myofibroblasts, and the stimulation of and migration of inflammatory cells. Thus, compounds of formula (I) inhibit pathological inflammatory and fibrotic responses and possess the therapeutic utility of treating and/or preventing disorders or diseases for which reduction of TGF# and/or activin activity is desirable (e.g., various types of fibrosis or progressive cancers). In addition, the compounds of formula (I) are useful for studying and researching the role of TGF# receptor type I (Alk5) and/or activin receptor type I (Alk4), such as their role in cellular processes, for example, signal transduction, production of extracellular matrix, the differentiation of stromal cells to myofibroblasts, and the stimulation of and migration of inflammatory cells. [0100] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. - 15 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 [01011 Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0102] In general, the invention features compounds of formula (1), which exhibit surprisingly high affinitiy for the TGFO family type I receptors, Alk 5 and/or Alk 4. Synthesis of the Compounds of formula (1) [0103] Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by a number of known methods from commercially available or known starting materials. In one method, compounds of formula (I) are prepared according to Schemes la, lb, or 1c below. Specifically, in Scheme la, optionally substituted 2-methylpyrimidine (II) is deprotonated by LDA before reacting with R I-substituted carboxylic acid methoxy-methyl-amide (V) to form an Rl-(6-methylpyrimidinyl)-ketone (III). R' has been defined above. The methoxy-methyl-amide can be prepared by reacting a corresponding acid chloride (i.e., R'-CO-Cl) with N, 0-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. The R'-(6-methylpyrimidinyl)-ketone (III) can then be treated with sodium nitrite in acetic acid to afford an a-keto-oxime (IV), which can undergo further reaction with an appropriate substituted (and optionally protected) aldehyde (VI) in the presence of ammonium acetate to yield a compound of formula (I). Scheme la (R2t RaN 1. LDA H3 R Ra MNaNO2 N~CN YH I /INO 2. RI OCH0 N N HOAc 0 (V)(I) 1. NH40Ac 0 ,OH H N (Ra)

X-Y-R

2 m R N R' mMV) R RX-Y-R2 0 N N 2. TiCI 3 , MeOH or I H P(OMe) 3 or P(OEt) 3 N N (IV) [01041 In another method, the above-described compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme lb below. Specifically, 1,1-dimethoxy-propan-2-one can first react with dimethoxymethyl-dimethyl-amine at an elevated temperature to produce the intermediate 4 - 16 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 dimethylamino-1,1-dimethoxy-but-3-en-2-one, which can then react with an Ra-substituted amidine to form an Ra-substituted pyrimidine-2-carbaldehyde (Ia). This carbaldehyde (Ila) can then reacted with aniline and diphenyl phosphite to form a resulting N,P-acetal, which can further couple with an R 1 -substituted aldehyde to produced an (R i-methyl)-pyrimidinyl-ketone (IIIa). See, e.g., Journet et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 39:1717-1720 (1998). Treatment of the (Rl methyl)-pyrimidinyl-ketone (Ia) with sodium nitrite in acetic acid produces an a-keto-oxime (IVa), which can undergo reaction with an appropriate substituted (and optionally protected) aldehyde (VI) to yield a compound of formula (I) as described in Scheme la above. Scheme lb NH SneatRa NH 2 ' R HBr/H 2 0 0 + 0/n0 1 0 0 N~ NaN 20 0 011 0, OPh R OPh 1. RI-CHO CHO PhNH 2 NH Cs 2

CO

3 0 NRN (PhO)2P( )H N N 2. HCI N N (lia) 1. NH 4 0Ac

RI

1 N. 1aN,'OH H X-Y-R 2

R

1 N NaNO0 (VI) I X-Y-R

HOAC/THF/H

2 0 N N 2. TiCN 3 , MeOH or Ra P(OMe)3 or P(OEt) 3 N N (IVa) Ra - 17 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 [0105.] In another method, the above-described compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme Ic below. Specifically, an (RI-methyl)-pyrimidinyl-ketone (IIIa) (described above) can be oxidized to form a pyrimidinyl-diketone (IVb), which can undergo reaction with an appropriate substituted (and optionally protected) aldehyde (VI) to yield a compound of formula (I) as described above. Scheme Ic N~ 0 (Ra)rn R NBS/DMSO, (R N R1 0 O (lila) (lVb) 1. NH 4 OAc H -J X-Y-R 2 a N (VI) N " X-Y--R 2 2. TiCI 3 , MeOH or

R

1 N P(OMe)3 or P(OEt) 3 H (1) [01061 If compound (VI) is in its protected form, appropriate deprotecting agents can be applied to the resulting compound after the coupling reaction of compound (IV) or (IVa) and compound (VI) to yield a compound of formula (I). See, e.g., T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1981), for suitable protecting groups. [01071 Alternatively, a compound of formula (I) can be prepared by reacting intermediate (IV) or (IVa) with an aldehyde (VII) to yield a further intermediate (VIII), which can then react with compound (IX) to yield a compound of formula (I). Note that moieties Y' and Y" are precursors of moiety Y. See Scheme 2 below. In addition, desired substitutions at Ra can be obtained by selecting, for example, the appropriate compound (Ila) intermediate. - 18- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Scheme 2 N N 0 (IV) (Ra)m R NOH 1. NH 4 0Ac or 0 R H X-Y' Ra \ X-Y' I:) N N NOH N (IVa) (Ra)m H__) N 2. TI 3 , MeOH N N 0 or (Vill) NK O (IVb) (Ra)m R N Y"-R2 (IX) (Ra m X-Y-R 2 N (I) [01081 In some embodiments, moiety X in compound (VII) is a nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl (e.g., piperidine). The nitrogen ring atom can be protected by a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Cbz, Boc, or FMOC) before coupling to compound (IV) or (IVa) and deprotected afterwards (see first step of Scheme 3) to yield compound (VIIIa). This compound can further react with various compounds (IX) to produce a compound of formula (I). See second steps of Scheme 3 below. It should be noted that compound (VIII) or compound (VIIIa) can be a compound of formula (I) as well. - 19 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Scheme 3 N 'N 0 (IV) (R 8 )m R 1. NH 4 0Ac NOH or H N-Cbz )1-3 (R R N o-1 Deprotection (using ( (Ra-m NOH (VII) R H N agentseg.,H2, Pd/C (I~a) (RH, __________' orHBrIHOAc) 2. TiCl., MeOH N , N or (Vill) N' 0 (IVb) (R")m R N NN

R

2

OC

O

CI (IX) (R R N ) O-i NaHCO3 N- ) .O 2 H N N (R) R R2N00 (IX) (R N 0 N-01-3 HaH1- 3 H (Villa) N N

R

2 COC (IX)or (R R N o 2 2COH (IX), DIEA or , N 13 2 R NN1-3

R

2 COOH (IX), N H coupling agent, e.g., HATU (I) R CHO (IX) (Ra R2R 1 N NaB(OAc) 3 H )m IN N-\ R 2 N N (I) [0109] Similarly, when moiety X in compound (VII) is a cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane), it can be further functionalized to form a compound of formula (I) as depicted in Schemes 4, 5a, 5b, and 5c below. - 20 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US20051030133 Scheme 4 N-. N 0 R' 1. NH 4 OAc NOH0R1_ Hb or 0 ~~~~NHCbz R 1 N n Hb N'N NOH (VII) Hji- Deprotection (using Nla W .RINe (il agents,e.g.,Hz, PdIC

R

1 2. TiCl3, MeCH (VI)orHBr/HOAc) 0 or 2SNRa N NHSO 2

R

2 0R 2 S0 2 CI OX N.M (IVb) (R). NlAr M' ).

N VIE [I1 H 0NN R~ H 0 R 2 OCOCI (IX) (R 1 N N-<i R N. N )-3 NaHC0 3 H NN (O R 1 N 0i NH 2 N n- N 2 m R1 N N.

R

2 NC0 (IX) (R)

N-<

0 R N N H DiEA N. N)1-3 H (Villa) [N N R~ (I)I(I) R 0C (I)or R' N n-1 N

R

2 COH (IO, DIEA or (~R R-i R~OOH (IX), coupling N H agent, e.g., HATU N,,-N CHO (I) (I) R 2 C0 () (R' N N -\ NaB(0Ac) 3 H 0- R-i -21- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US20051030133 Scheme 5a N-"N 0 (IV)(W NDH 1. NH 4 OAc or0 HA-/'O-Coome R' Nr\ N-5N NO (VII) ~ R )- V)CMe (A) pIa) (R'). N _______ 02. TiCI 3 ,MeOH N,,N H or N 0 (IVb) (RB).-N) K Deprotection m J ' - COOH (using reagents, H~' e.g., 1-iO1-)N N H (can be further modified according to Scheme 5b N~N below) (IV) (Ra) y R NOH 1. NH 4 0Ac or 0 N'-N NOH (VII) (Ra Rj N (B) (IIa) (Rem -__ ___ __ ___ _ 2. TiC13, MeOH HNN ~ or ) N~ 0 0 (Rem R 1 N NH(Rb)S0 2 CI I \>(S)0S0 2 NH(R) NN -22 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Scheme 5b (Ra) (R )R (1) m R COOH R 2 OH RmR2 N N N N (1) (I) m \?r~-COOH

R

2

NH

2 RmHR N N N N ()r N -COOH R2S2NH (RH O R H N NNRN ) (I) (R4 N CO 1R RH N > >-xCOOH RSO 2 NH(Rb)m H N ~NHS 2 R2 N N EDC, DMAP H) H N~ N (I) (I) (Ra)

R

1 mR \ _tC _OOH 1. HATUNH- 3 R (4) NNH 2. reducing agents ~

N,

(I) (I) (can be further modified according to Scheme 5c below) ICOON diphenylohosphorvlazide (Ra )m R N N ODIEA, benzyl alcohol, toluene NH (5) NN HN H O (I) (()

H

2 , Pd/C or (Ra N NH 2 HBr/HOAc N H N N (I) (can be further modified according to Scheme 5c below) - 23 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US20051030133 (Ra R'I COOH BH, 3 THF (R N HR 2

S

2 CI (6) H THF N DIEA, THF N. N N,,,N (R$) N NaCN (Ra N 1 N' NRR DMF -~ N-C H ' I N,, N 0Ne.,NH NaN 3 (R R' LICI I NH 4 CI HC!I iH 2 0 a)N, (R$~ R' N N H H- N -'N CO N-,ri HNN O (R 'IN (, 4'IN Trifluoroactic mr N>- 7 I 0---CO H A U NH, m f- 7C N2 an hydride (7) 4 H~ DMF Hi i Pyridine, THF (I) (1) (Ra ) R 1 N /\(a RI m j \-rJCN NaN 3 Nm r LiCI / NH 4 C NN N4oN H H - 24 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Scheme 5e 2

SO

2 C (IX) (Ra R NSO 2

R

2 DIEA \>I H N N (I)

R

2 0COCI (IX) (R R N 0 2 NaHCO 3 H N,- N (I) NH2 R 2 NCO (IX) R4 2 (I) N N IN

R

2 COCI (IX) or R N

R

2 COH (X), DIEA or R m N4 2 R'COOH (IX), coupling N agent, e.g., HATU H N N

R

2 CHO (IX) (Ra M R2R NaB(OAc) 3 H H N N (I) [01101 As is well known to a skilled person in chemistry, desired substitutions can be placed on the pyrimidinyl ring in the last steps of the synthesis. See Scheme 6 below, for example. Scheme 6 S,

-

HN . N"N NNN N"N H H 1 H: HN-< H N H 2 0 2 , NaWH 4

H

2 2 X-Y--Ra22 NW42 ----- X-Y-R2 1 N R1 N H 2 S04, MeOH R 1 N Reflux R (1) (I) (I) [01111 Compounds of formula (I) wherein Rb is not hydrogen can be prepared by known methods. For example, compounds of formula (I) wherein A' is N and A 2 is NH (or vice versa) -25- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 can be treated with R"I (e.g., alkyl iodide) and CsCO 3 to produce a compound of formula (I) wherein Rb is alkyl. See, e.g., Liverton, et al., J. Med. Chem., 42: 2180-2190 (1999). [0112] As will be obvious to a skilled person in the art, some starting materials and intermediates may need to be protected before undergoing synthetic steps as described above. For suitable protecting groups, see, e.g., T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1981). Uses of Compounds of formula (I) [0113] As discussed above, hyperactivity of the TGF# family signaling pathways can result in excess deposition of extracellular matrix and increased inflammatory responses, which can then lead to fibrosis in tissues and organs (e.g., lung, kidney, and liver) and ultimately result in organ failure. See, e.g., Border, W.A. and Ruoslahti E. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 1-7 (1992) and Border, W.A. and Noble, N.A. N. Engl. J. Med. 331: 1286-1292 (1994). Studies have been shown that the expression of TGFf3 and/or activin mRNA and the level of TGFO and/or activin are increased in patients suffering from various fibrotic disorders, e.g., fibrotic kidney diseases, alcohol induced and autoimmune hepatic fibrosis, myelofibrosis, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Elevated TGFP and/or activin is has also been demonstrated in cachexia, demyelination of neurons in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral angiopathy and hypertension. 101141 Compounds of formula (I), which are antagonists of the TGF3 family type I receptors Alk 5 and/or Alk 4, and inhibit TGF# and/or activin signaling pathway, are therefore useful for treating and/or preventing fibrotic disorders or diseases mediated by an increased level of TGF# and/or activin activity. As used herein, a compound inhibits the TGF# family signaling pathway when it binds (e.g., with an IC 50 value of less than 10 pM; such as, less than 1 pLM; and for example, less than 5 nM) to a receptor of the pathway (e.g., Alk 5 and/or Alk 4), thereby competing with the endogenous ligand(s) or substrate(s) for binding site(s) on the receptor and reducing the ability of the receptor to transduce an intracellular signal in response to the endogenous ligand or substrate binding. The aforementioned disorders or diseases include any condition (a) marked by the presence of an abnormally high level of TGF3 and/or activin; and/or (b) an excess accumulation of extracellular matrix; and/or (c) an increased number and synthetic activity of myofibroblasts. These disorders or diseases include, but are not limited to, fibrotic conditions such as scleroderma, glomerulonepbritis, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, hypertension-induced nephropathy, ocular or corneal scarring, alimentary track or gastrointestinal fibrosis, renal fibrosis, hepatic or biliary fibrosis, acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis (such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis), post - 26 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 infarction cardiac fibrosis, fibrosclerosis, fibrotic cancers, fibroids, fibroma, fibroadenomas, and fibrosarcomas. Other fibrotic conditions for which preventive treatment with compounds of formula (I) can have therapeutic utility include radiation-induced fibrosis, chemotherapy induced fibrosis, and surgically-induced scarring including surgical adhesions, laminectomy, and coronary restenosis. [0115] Increased TGF# activity is also found to manifest in patients with progressive cancers. Studies have shown that in many cancers, the tumor cells, stromal cells, and/or other cells within a tumor generally overexpress TGFO. This leads to stimulation of angiogenesis and cell motility, suppression of the immune system, and/or increased interaction of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix. See, e.g., Hojo, M. et al., Nature 397: 530-534 (1999) and Lammerts E. et al., Int. J. Cancer 102: 453-462 (2002). As a result, the tumors grow more readily, become more invasive and metastasize to distant organs. See, e.g., Maehara, Y. et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 17: 607-614 (1999) and Picon, A. et al., Cancer Epidemiol. Bionarkers Prev. 7: 497-504 (1998). Thus, compounds of formula (I), which are antagonists of the TGF# type I receptor and inhibit TGF# signaling pathways, are also useful for treating and/or preventing various cancers which overexpress TGF3 or benefit from TGF#'s above-mentioned pro-tumor activities. Such cancers include carcinomas of the lung, breast, liver, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, head and neck, pancreas, prostate, cervix as well as multiple myeloma, melanoma, glioma, and glioblastomas. [0116] Importantly, it should be pointed out that because of the chronic, and in some cases localized, nature of disorders or diseases mediated by overexpression of TGF3 and/or activin (e.g., fibrosis or cancers), small molecule treatments (such as treatment disclosed in the present invention) are favored for long-term treatment. [0117] Not only are compounds of formula (I) useful in treating disorders or diseases mediated by high levels of TGF3 and/or activin activity, these compounds can also be used to prevent the same disorders or diseases. It is known that polymorphisms leading to increased TGFf and/or activin production have been associated with fibrosis and hypertension. Indeed, high serum TGF3 levels are correlated with the development of fibrosis in patients with breast cancer who have received radiation therapy, chronic graft-versus-host-disease, idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis, veno-occlusive disease in transplant recipients, and peritoneal fibrosis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Thus, the levels of TGFO and/or activin in serum and of TGFO and/or activin mRNA in tissue can be measured and used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for disorders or diseases mediated by overexpression of TGFO and/or activin, and polymorphisms in the gene for TGFO that determine the production of TGFO and/or activin can also be used in predicting susceptibility to disorders or diseases. See, e.g., Blobe, - 27 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 G.C. et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 342(18): 1350-1358 (2000); Matsuse, T. et al., Am. J Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 13: 17-24 (1995); Inoue, S. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 205: 441-448 (1994); Matsuse, T. et al, Am. J. Pathol. 148: 707-713 (1996); De Bleser et al., Hepatology 26: 905-912 (1997); Pawlowski, J.E., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 100: 639-648 (1997); and Sugiyama, M. et al., Gastroenterology 114: 550-558 (1998). ADMINISTRATION OF COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (I) [01181 As defined above, an effective amount is the amount required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient. For a compound of formula (I), an effective amount can range, for example, from about 1 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg (e.g., from about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg). Effective doses will also vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, dependant on route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments including use of other therapeutic agents and/or radiation therapy. [01191 Compounds of formula (I) can be administered in any manner suitable for the administration of pharmaceutical compounds, including, but not limited to, pills, tablets, capsules, aerosols, suppositories, liquid formulations for ingestion or injection or for use as eye or ear drops, dietary supplements, and topical preparations. The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions include aqueous solutions of the active agent, in an isotonic saline, 5% glucose or other well-known pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Solubilizing agents such as cyclodextrins, or other solubilizing agents well-known to those familiar with the art, can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of the therapeutic compounds. As to route of administration, the compositions can be administered orally, intranasally, transdermally, intradermally, vaginally, intraaurally, intraocularly, buccally, rectally, transmucosally, or via inhalation, implantation (e.g., surgically), or intravenous administration. The compositions can be administered to an animal (e.g., a mammal such as a human, non-human primate, horse, dog, cow, pig, sheep, goat, cat, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, gerbil, or ferret, or a bird, or a reptile, such as a lizard). [01201 Optionally, compounds of formula (I) can be administered in conjunction with one or more other agents that inhibit the TGF3 signaling pathway or treat the corresponding pathological disorders (e.g., fibrosis or progressive cancers) by way of a different mechanism of action. Examples of these agents include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, nonsteroid and steroid anti-inflammatory agents, immunotherapeutics, chemotherapeutics, as well as agents that antagonize ligand binding or activation of the TGF# receptors, e.g., anti-TGF#, anti-TGFf3 receptor antibodies, or antagonists of the TGF3 type II receptors. Compounds of formula (I) can also be administered in conjunction with other treatments, e.g., radiation. -28- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims. Example 1 4-[1-Hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-ajpyridin-6-yl-1H imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester Synthesis of the title compound is described in parts (a)-(b) below. (a) 1-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-ethane-1,2-dione 2 oxime (IVa) [01211 Sodium nitrite (1.03 g, 15 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4 yl)-2-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-ethanone (prepared according to Scheme lb above) (2.5 g, 10 mmol) in a mixture of HOAc/THF/H 2 0 (6:4:1, 55 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0 'C for 1 hour and then room temperature for 1 hour. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Residue was dissolved in water and NaOH (3N) was added until the pH was greater than 8. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give 1.8 g (64%) of the title compound as a yellow foam. (b) 4-[1-Hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-ajpyridin-6-yl-1H imidazol-2-yI]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester [0122] 4-Formyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.170 g, 1.0 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-y)-2-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-ethane 1,2-dione 2-oxime (0.282 g, 1 mmol) and ammonium acetate (1.54 g, 20 mmol) in acetic acid (5 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The reaction mixture was then quenched with an ammonia/ice mixture. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give 0.400g (87%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. Example 2 4-[4-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-alpyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester [01231 Triethylphosphite (0.343 uL, 2.0 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-[l-hydroxy-4-(2 methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-lH-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.40 g, 0.87 mmol; see Example 1 above) in DMF (10 mL). The mixture was heated at 110 'C for 18 hours. The solvent was removed. The residue was portioned between ethyl acetate and brine. The organic layer was dried over - 29 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give a yellow oil. HPLC purification gave 0.30 g (77%) of the title compound as a yellow oil. 'H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 5 9.32 (s, lH), 8.69 (d, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz), 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.93 (in, 2H), 7.74 (d, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz), 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.15 (in, 6H), 1.99 (in, 6H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+l) 444.24. Example 3 4-[4-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-alpyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid [0124] Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.046 g, 1.12 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-[4 (2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.25 g, 0.56 mmol) in a mixture of THF/MeOH/H 2 0 (2/1/1, 4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 3 hours, and the solvent was removed. The residue was diluted with water (30 mL). Citric acid was added to the solution to make the pH lower than 7. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 0.180 g (75%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 'H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 5 9.29 (s, 1H), 8.65 (d, 1H, J = 5.4 Hz), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.91 (m, 2H), 7.67 (d, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.14 (in, 6H), 2.00 (in, 6H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+l) 430.28. Example 4 4-[4-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-alpyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid amide [01251 HATU (0.265 g, 0.70 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl) 5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-lH-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid (0.150 g, 0.35 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.1242 g, 1.75 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. NH 3 was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 10 minutes. The mixture was stirre for an additional 2 hours. The mixture was filtered, and DMF was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DMSO and the DMSO solution was filtered. HPLC purification of the DMSO solution gave 0.040 g (27%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 'H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 5 9.30 (s, 1H), 8.67 (d, 1H, J 6.0 Hz), 8.56 (s, 1H), 7.92 (in, 2H), 7.69 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.15 (in, 6H), 1.99 (m, 6H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+l) 429.25. Examle 5 4-[4-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1 01 - 30 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Synthesis of the title compound is described in parts (a)-(b) below. (a) 1-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-quinoxalin-6-yl-ethane-1,2-dione (IVb) [0126] To a solution of 2-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-quinoxalin-6-yl-ethanone (0.500 g, 1.9 mmol; prepared according to Scheme lb above)) in DMSO (5 mL) was added NBS (0.337 g, 1.9 mmol) and then stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The mixture was partitioned between ether and water. Ether was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 0.200 g (38%) of 1-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-quinoxalin-6-yl-ethane 1,2-dione as a yellow solid. (b) 4-[4-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan 1-01 [01271 4-Hydroxy-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbaldehyde (0.130 g, 0.86 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-quinoxalin-6-yl-ethane-1,2-dione (0.200 g, 0.72 mmol) and ammonium acetate (0.554 g, 7.2 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL). The mixture was reflux for 3 hours. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Reaction mixture was then quenched with ammonia/ice mixture. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. HPLC purification eluting with acetonitrile:water gave 0.06 g (20%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d4) 8 8.99 (m, 211), 8.63 (d, 1H, J = 5.8 Hz), 8.43 (d, 1H, J = 1.8 Hz), 8.25 (d, 1H, J= 8.7 Hz), 8.03 (m, 1H), 7.47 (d, 111, J = 5.7 Hz), 2.30 (in, 6H), 1.87 (in, 6H). MS (ES*) m/z (M+1) 413.28. Example 6 4-[1-Hydroxy-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol 2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester Synthesis of the title compound is described in parts (a)-(b) below. (a) 1-(6-Methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-methylsulfanyI-pyrimidin-2-yl)-ethane-1,2-dione 2 oxime (IV) [0128] Sodium nitrite (0.479 g, 6.9 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl) 2-(4-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-ethanone (1.2 g, 4.6 mmol; prepared according to Scheme 1 above) in a mixture of HOAc/THF/H 2 0 (6:4:1, 35 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0 0 C for 1 hour and then at room temperature for another hour. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Residue was dissolved in water, to which NaOH (3N) was added until pH was larger than 8. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give 1.3 g (98%) of the title - 31 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 oxime as a yellow foam. (b) 4-[1-Hydroxy-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H imidazol-2-ylJ-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester [01291 4-Formyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.72 g, 2.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-ethane 1,2-dione 2-oxime (0.6 g, 2.1 mmol) and ammonium acetate (3.1 g, 40 mmol) in acetic acid (30 mL). The mixture was reflux for 2 hours. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Reaction mixture was then quenched with ammonia/ice mixture. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to 0.9 g (92%) of the title methyl ester as a yellow solid. Example 7 4-[4-(6-Methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester [0130] Trimethylphosphite (1.0 mL, 9.7 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-[l-hydroxy-4-(6 methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.9 g, 1.93 mmol; see Example 6 above) in DMF (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 110'C for 18 hours. Solvent was removed to give a yellow oil. Column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate:hexanes (50:50) gave 0.8 g (97%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 'H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 8 12.25 (s, 1H), 8.51 (in, 1H), 7.71 (in, 2H), 7.59 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.22 (t, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.98 (in, 6H), 1.83 (in, 6H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+1) 450.15. Example 8 4-[5-(2-Methanesulfonyl-pyrhidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester [01311 Hydrogen peroxide (0.19 mL,6.68 mmol), 4N H 2 S0 4 (0.06 mL), and NaWO4H 2 0 (10 mg) were added to a solution of 4-[4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4 yl)-lH-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.60 g, 1.34 mmol; see Example 7 above) in methonal (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50*C for 10 hours. The mixture was then quenched with water and stirred for 30 minutes. Saturated Na 2

S

2

O

3 aqueous solution was added to neutralize the excess hydrogen peroxide. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate gave 0.5 g (91%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 5 8.98 (in, 1H), 8.43 (in, 1H), 8.22 (in, 1H), 8.09 (in, 1H), 7.84 (in, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 2.11 -32- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 (m, 6h), 1.99 (m, 6H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+1) 482.02. Example 9 4-[5-(2-Methanesulfonyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-H-imidazol- 2 -yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester [01321 4-[5-(2-Methanesulfonyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.30 g, 0.62 mmol; see Example 8 above) was dissolved in cyclopropylamine (10 mL) and the mixture was placed in a sealed tube. The mixture was heated at 80 0 C for 18 hours. Solvent was removed to give 0.285 g (99%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 'H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d 6 ) 6 8.56 (m, 111), 8.49 (m, 1H), 8.24 (m, 1H), 7.65 (m, 2H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 2.87 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.05 (m, 6H), 1.91 (m, 6H), 0.75 (m, 2H), 0.64 (m, 2H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+1) 459.17. Example 10 4-[5-(2-Cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yI)-1H-imidazol- 2 -yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid [0133] Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.10 g, 2.44 mmol) was added to 4-[5-(2 Cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin- 2 -yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.28 g, 0.61 mmol) in a mixture of THF/MeOH/H 2 0 (2/11, 5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 3 h. Solvent was removed. Residue was diluted with water (30 mL). Citric acid was added to the solution to make the pH lower than 7. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 0.27 g (99%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 'H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 6 8.50 (m, 1H), 8.29 (m, 2H), 7.66 (m, 1H), 7.30 (m, 1H), 2.75 (m, 1H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.07 (m, 6H), 1.97 (m, 6H), 0.86 (m, 2H), 0.62 (m, 2H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+1) 445.10. Example 11 4-[5-(2-Cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid amide [0134] HATU (0.17 g, 0.45 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-[5-(2-Cyclopropylamino pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo [2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.225 mmnol; see Example 10 above) and potassium carbonate (0.155 g, 1.13 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Ammonia was bubbled through the mixture for 10 minutes. The mixture was continued to stir for 2 hours. The mixture was then filtered and concentrated. HPLC purification eluting with acetonitrile:water gave 0.070 g (70%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. 'H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 8 - 33 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 8.50 (d, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz), 8.30 (m, 211), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.32 (d, 1HI, J= 5.7 Hz), 2.75 (m, 111), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.08 (m, 6H), 1.95 (m, 6H), 0.84 (m, 2H), 0.61 (m, 2H). MS (ES+) m/z (M+1) 444.21. [0135] The compounds listed in the following Table were prepared in an analogous manner to those described in the methods and examples above. - 34 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Example Chemical Name H-NMR MS Method (ES*) m/z (M+1) Ex. 12 4-[4-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) d 9.00 5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol- (m, 2H), 8.62 (d, 1H, J = 5.4 Hz), 2-yl]-cyclohexanol 8.46 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.28 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz), 8.06 (m, 1H), 387.1 Ex. 1 7.37 (m, 1H), 3.68 (m, 1H), 3.31 (m, 1H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.22 (m, 2H), 1.92 (m, 4H), 1.51 (m, 2H) Ex. 13 4-[5-Quinoxalin-6-yl-4-(2- (300 MHz, Methanol-c 4 ) d 8.97 trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)- (i, 2H), 8.87 (d, tH, J 6.0 Hz), 1H-imidazol-2-yl]- 8.37 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 8.20 (d, bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.06 (m, 1H), 467.35 Ex. 5 7.86 (d, 1H, J= 6.0 Hz), 2.26 (m, 6H), 1.85 (m, 6H) Ex. 14 4-[4-(2-Cyclopropyl-pyrimidin- (300 MHz, Methanokd 4 ) d 8.99 4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H- (m, 2H), 8.58 (d, 1H, J= 6.0 Hz), imidazol-2-yl]- 8.34 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 8.25 (d, bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.98 (m, 1H1), 439.41 Ex. 5 7.59 (d, IH, J = 6.0 Hz), 2.25 (m, 6H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 6H), 0.94 (m, 2H), 0.76 (m, 2H) Ex. 15 6-[2-tert-Butyl-5-(2- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) d 9.00 cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)- (im, 2H), 8.60 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline 8.38 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 8.26 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.00 (m, 1H), 371.35 Ex. 5 7.59 (d, 1H, J= 6.0 Hz), 2.14 (m, 1H), 1.61 (s, 9H), 0.94 (m, 2H), 0.77 (m, 2H) Ex. 16 6-[5-(2-Cyclopropyl-pyrimidin- (300 MHz, Methanol-cb) d 9.00 4-yl)-3H-iiidazol-4-yl]- (im, 2H), 8.80 (s, 1H), 8.58 (d, 1H, quinoxaline J = 6.0 Hz), 8.39 (d, 1H, J= 1.5 Hz), 8.28 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.05 315.18 Ex. 5 (m, 1H), 7.53 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 2.19 (m, 1H), 1.01 (m, 2H), 0.93 (m, 2H) Ex. 17 {4-[4-(2-Cyclopropyl- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) d 9.00 pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6- (i, 21), 8.58 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]- 8.35 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 8.25 (d, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}- 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.99 (m, 1H), 453.4 Ex. 5 methanol 7.49 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.59 (s, 2H), 2.13 (m, 6H), 1.69 (m, 1H), 1.64 (m, 6H), 0.95 (m, 2H), 0.79 (m, 2H) - 35 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Ex. 18 6-[5-(2-Trifluoromethyl- (300 MHz, Methanol- 4 ) d 8.97 pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4- (i, 2H), 8.88 (d, 1H, J 6.0 Hz), yl]-quinoxaline 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H, J = 1.5 343.15 Ex. 5 Hz), 8.23 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.13 (m, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H, J = 6.0Hz), 2.65 (s, 3H) Ex. 19 6-[2-tert-Butyl-5-(2- (300 MHz, Methanol-d4) d 8.99 trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)- (m, 2H), 8.91 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline 8.42 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 8.24 (d, 399.3 Ex. 5 1H, J =9.0 Hz), 8.06 (m, 1H), 7.84 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 1.58 (s, 9H) Ex. 20 4-[5-Quinoxalin-6-yl-4-(2- (300 MHz, Methanol-d4) d 8.98 trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)- (i, 21), 8.86 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 1H-imidazol-2-yl]-piperidine-1- 8.44 (d, 1H, J= 1.5 Hz), 8.26 (d, carboxylic acid benzyl ester 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.06 (d, 1H, J= 560.26 Ex. 5 1.5 Hz), 7.84 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.35 (m, 5H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.37 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.33 (m, 1H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 2.13 (m, 4H) Ex. 21 4-[4-(2-Cyclopropyl-pyrimidin- (300 MHz, Methanol- 4 ) d 8.81 4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-IH- n(m, 2H), 8.45 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), imidazol-2-yl]-piperidine-1- 8.25 (d, 1H, J = 1.5 Hz), 8.11 (d, carboxylic acid benzyl ester 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.83 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.56 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 532.38 Ex. 5 7.20 (m, 5H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 4.19 (i, 2H), 3.38 (m, 1H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 5H), 0.92 (m, 2H), 0.79 (m, 2H) Ex. 22 6-[5-(2-Cyclopropyl-pyrimidin- (300 MHz, Methanol- 4 ) d 8.99 4-yl)-2-(1-methanesulfonyl- (s, 21), 8.57 (d, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz), piperidin-4-yl)-311-iinidazol-4- 8.37 (d, 1H, J = 1.8 Hz), 8.26 (d, yl]-quinoxaline 1H, J = 8.7 Hz), 8.03 (dd, 1H, J= 2.1 Hz, 8.7 Hz), 7.58 (d, 1H, J = 476.47 Ex. 5 5.7 Hz), 3.93 (m, 2H), 3.21 (m, 3H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.10 (m, 5H), 0.98 (m, 2H), 0.86 (m, 2H) Ex. 23 4-[5-(2-Methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) d 9.28 4-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin- (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 8.65 (d, 1H, J 6-yl-1H-iinidazol-2-yl]- = 6.0 Hz), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.92 (m, 402.46 Ex. 5 bicyclo{2.2.2]octan-1-ol 2H), 7.65 (d, IH, J= 6.0 Hz), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.23 (m, 6H), 1.84 (m, 611) Ex. 24 4-[5-(2-Methoxy-pyrimidin-4- (300 MHz, Methanol- 4 ) 8 8.85 yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)- (d, 1H, J = 5.1 Hz), 8.61 (i, 1H), 1H-iinidazol-2-yl]- 8.44 (t, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.89 (m, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1- 1H), 7.77 (d, 1H, J= 7.5 Hz), 4.18 434.05 Ex. carboxylic acid methyl ester (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 9&10 2.10 (m, 6H), 1.98 (m, 6H) -36- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Ex. 25 4-[5-(2-Hydroxy-pyrimidin-4- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 6 8.21 yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)- (m, 3H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.37 (m, 1H-imidazol-2-yl]- 1H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 420.16 Ex. bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1- 2.00 (m, 6H), 1.87 (m, 6H) 9&10 carboxylic acid methyl ester Ex. 26 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino- (300 MHz, Acetone-d 6 ) 5 8.56 (m, pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl- 1H), 8.49 (m, 1H), 8.24 (m, 1H), pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2- 7.65 (m, 2H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 2.87 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1- (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.05 (m, 459.17 Ex. carboxylic acid methyl ester 6H), 1.91 (m, 6H), 0.75 (m, 2H), 9&10 0.64 (m, 2H). Ex. 27 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino- (300 MHz, Methanol-l 4 ) 8 8.49 pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl- (m, 1H), 8.30 (m, 2H), 7.66 (m, pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazol-2- 1H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 2.74 (i, iH), 460.19 Ex. y1]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1- 2.65 (s, 311), 2.07 (i, 6H), 1.93 9&10 carboxylic acid hydroxyamide (m, 6H), 0.85 (m, 2H), 0.61 (m, 2H). Ex. 28 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 8 8.49 pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl- (i, 1H), 8.30 (m, 2H), 7.67 (i, pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2- 1H), 7.31 (m, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1- 2.75 (i, 1H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.06 474.21 Ex. carboxylic acid methoxy-amide (m, 6H), 1.92 (m, 6H), 0.84 (m, 9&10 2H), 0.62 (m, 2H). Ex. 29 4-[5-(2-amino-pyrimidin-4-yl)- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 6 8.50 4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H- (d, 11H, J = 5.4 Hz), 8.42 (d, 1H, J imidazol-2-yl]- = 8.1 Hz), 8.34 (t, 11, J = 7.8 Hz), bicycloj!2.2.2]octane-1 - 7.68 (d, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.30 (d, 405.11 Ex. carboxylic acid 1H, J = 5.4 Hz), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.08 9&10 (m, 6H), 1.98 (m, 6H). Ex. 30 {4-[5-(2-Cyclopropylamino- (300 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) 3 8.14 pyrinidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl- (m, 1H), 7.73 (i, 2H), 7.31 (i, pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2- 51), 7.06 (i, 1H), 6.70 (m, 1H), yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}- 5.02 (s, 21), 2.60 (i, 1H), 2.54 (s, 550.15 Ex. carbamic acid benzyl ester 3H), 2.10 (m, 6H), 2.00 (m, 6H), 9&10 0.79 (m, 2H), 0.45 (m, 2H) Ex. 31 N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino- (300 MHz, Methanol-d4) 6 8.47 pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl- (i, 1H), 8.29 (m, 21), 7.69 (i pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2- 11), 7.35 (m, 11), 2.80 (s, 31), 458.24 Ex. yl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}- 2.65 (s, 31), 2.10 (i, 121), 1.36 9&10 acetamide (m, 1H), 0.85 (m, 2H), 0.62 (m, 2H). Ex. 32 N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino- (300 MHz, Methanol- 4 ) 6 8.50 pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl- (i, 11), 8.30 (m, 1H), 7.65 (m, pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2- 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.29 (m, 1H), yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}- 2.80 (s, 3H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.26 (m, 494.20 Ex. methanesulfonamide 1H), 2.10 (m, 12H), 0.84 (m, 2H), 9&10 0.61 (m, 2H). - 37 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 Ex. 33 N- {4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino- (300 MHz, Methanol-dt) 8 8.52 pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl- (d, 1H, J = 5.4 Hz), 8.31 (i, 1H), pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2- 7.66 (in, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.30 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}- (d, 1H, J= 5.4 Hz), 2.65 (s, 3H), 512.08 Ex. 2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide 2.26 (in, 1H), 2.15 (in, 12H), 0.84 9&10 (m, 2H), 0.60 (in, 2H). [0136] The TGFO inhibitory activity of compounds of formula (I) can be assessed by methods described in the following examples. Example 34 Cell-Free Assay for Evaluating Inhibition of Autophosphorylation of TGF# Type I Receptor [0137] The serine-threonine kinase activity of TGF3 type I receptor was measured as the autophosphorylation activity of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor containing an N-terminal poly histidine, TEV cleavage site-tag, e.g., His-TGF#RI. The His-tagged receptor cytoplasmic kinase domains were purified from infected insect cell cultures using the Gibco-BRL FastBac HTh baculovirus expression system. [01381 To a 96-well Nickel FlashPlate (NEN Life Science, Perkin Elmer) was added 20 pL of 1.25 pACi "P-ATP/25 pM ATP in assay buffer (50 mM Hepes, 60 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgC1 2 , 2 mM DTT, 5 mM MnC 2 , 2% glycerol, and 0.015% Brij* 35). 10 pL of each test compound of formula (I) prepared in 5% DMSO solution were added to the FlashPlate. The assay was then initiated with the addition of 20 pL of assay buffer containing 12.5 pmol of His-TGF#RI to each well. Plates were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature and the reactions were then terminated by a single rinse with TBS. Radiation from each well of the plates was read on a TopCount (Packard). Total binding (no inhibition) was defined as counts measured in the presence of DMSO solution containing no test compound and non-specific binding was defined as counts measured in the presence of EDTA or no-kinase control. [0139] Alternatively, the reaction performed using the above reagents and incubation conditions but in a microcentrifuge tube was analyzed by separation on a 4-20% SDS-PAGE gel and the incorporation of radiolabel into the 40 kDa His-TGFpRI SDS-PAGE band was quantitated on a Storm Phosphoimager (Molecular Dynamics). [0140] Compounds of formula (I) typically exhibited IC 50 values of less than 10 pM; some exhibited ICso values of less than 1 pM; and some even exhibited IC 50 values of less than 50 nM. Example 35 Cell-Free Assay for Evaluating Inhibition of Activin Type I Receptor Kinase Activity [0141] Inhibition of the Activin type I receptor (Alk 4) kinase autophosphorylation activity by -38- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 test compounds of formula (I) can be detennined in a similar manner to that described above in Example 34 except that a similarly His-tagged form of Alk 4 (His-Alk 4) is used in place of the His-TGF3RI. Example 36 TGF# Type I Receptor Ligand Displacement FlashPlate Assay [0142] 50 nM of tritiated 4-(3-pyridin-2-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-quinoline (custom-ordered from PerkinElmer Life Science, Inc., Boston, MA) in assay buffer (50 mM Hepes, 60 mM NaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM MnCl 2 , 2 mM 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), 2% Brij* 35; pH 7.5) was premixed with a test compound of formula (I) in 1% DMSO solution in a v-bottom plate. Control wells containing either DMSO without any test compound or control compound in DMSO were used. To initiate the assay, His-TGF# Type I receptor in the same assay buffer (Hepes, NaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , MnCl 2 , DTT, and 30% Brij* added fresh) was added to a nickel coated FlashPlate (PE, NEN catalog number: SMP 107), while the control wells contained only buffer (i.e., no His-TGF# Type I receptor). The premixed solution of tritiated 4-(3-pyridin-2-yl-lH-pyrazol-4-yl) quinoline and test compound of formula (I) was then added to the wells. The wells were aspirated after an hour at room temperature and radioactivity in wells (emitted from the tritiated compound) was measured using TopCount (PerkinElmer Lifesciences, Inc., Boston MA). Compounds of formula (I) typically exhibited Ki values of less than 10 sM; some exhibited Ki values of less than 1 pM; and some even exhibited Ki values of less than 50 nM. Example 37 Assay for Evaluating Cellular Inhibition of TGF# Signaling and Cytotoxicity [0143] Biological activity of the compounds of formula (I) was determined by measuring their ability to inhibit TGF#-induced PAI-Luciferase reporter activity in HepG2 cells. [01441 HepG2 cells were stably transfected with the PAI-luciferase reporter grown in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 gg/mL), L-glutamine (2 mM), sodium pyruvate (1 mM), and non-essential amino acids (lx). The transfected cells were then plated at a concentration of 2.5 x 10 4 cells/well in 96 well plates and starved for 3-6 hours in media with 0.5% FBS at 37 *C in a 5% CO 2 incubator. The cells were then stimulated with 2.5 ng/mL TGF3 ligand in the starvation media containing 1% DMSO either in the presence or absence of a test compound of formula (I) and incubated as described above for 24 hours. The media was washed out the following day and the luciferase reporter activity was detected using the LucLite Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay kit (Packard, cat. no. 6016911) as recommended. The plates were read on a Wallac Microbeta plate reader, the reading of which -39- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 was used to determine the IC 5 0 values of compounds of formula (I) for inhibiting TGF3-induced PAI-Luciferase reporter activity in HepG2 cells. Compounds of formula (I) typically exhibited

IC

5 0 values of less 10 uM. [0145] Cytotoxicity was determined using the same cell culture conditions as described above. Specifically, cell viability was determined after overnight incubation with the CytoLite cell viability kit (Packard, cat. no. 6016901). Compounds of formula (I) typically exhibited LD 2 5 values greater than 10 pM. Example 38 Assay for Evaluating Inhibition of TGFQ Type I Receptor Kinase Activity in Cells [01461 The cellular inhibition of activin signaling activity by the test compounds of formula (I) is determined in a similar manner as described above in Example 37 except that 100 ng/mL of activin is added to serum starved cells in place of the 2.5 ng/mL TGF#. Example 39 Assay for TGF#-Induced Collagen Expression Preparation ofhInmortalized Collagen Promotor-Green Fluorescent Protein Cells [01471 Fibroblasts are derived from the skin of adult transgenic mice expressing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) under the control of the collagen lA1 promoter (see Krempen, K. et al., Gene Exp. 8: 151-163 (1999)). Cells are immortalized with a temperature sensitive large T antigen that is in an active stage at 33 'C. Cells are expanded at 33 'C and then transferred to 37 'C at which temperature the large T antigen becomes inactive (see Xu, S. et al., Exp. Cell Res. 220: 407-414 (1995)). Over the course of about 4 days and one split, the cells cease proliferating. Cells are then frozen in aliquots sufficient for a single 96 well plate. Assay of TGF-induced Collagen-GFP Expression [01481 Cells are thawed, plated in complete DMEM (contains non-essential amino acids, ImM sodium pyruvate and 2mM L-glutamine) with 10 % fetal calf serum, and then incubated for overnight at 37 'C, 5% CO 2 . The cells are trypsinized in the following day and transferred into 96 well format with 30,000 cells per well in 50 pL complete DMEM containing 2 % fetal calf serum, but without phenol red. The cells are incubated at 37 'C for 3 to 4 hours to allow them to adhere to the plate. Solutions containing a test compound of formula (I) are then added to wells with no TGFO (in triplicates), as well as wells with 1 ng/mL TGF# (in triplicates). DMSO is also added to all of the wells at a final concentration of 0.1%. GFP fluorescence emission at 530 nm following excitation at 485 nm is measured at 48 hours after the addition of solutions containing a test compound on a CytoFluor microplate reader (PerSeptive Biosystems). The data are then expressed as the ratio of TGFI-induced to non-induced for each test sample. - 40 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 OTHER EMBODIMENTS [0149] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. -41-

Claims (53)

1. A compound of the following formula: (Ram N N A 2 X-Y-R 2 () Al or an N-oxide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is heteroaryl; each Ra, independently, is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, acyl, halo, hydroxy, amino, nitro, oxo, thioxo, cyano, guanadino, amidino, carboxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkylsulfanyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylsulfanyl, aroyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfanyl, or heteroaroyl; X is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or a bond; Y is a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -0-C(O)-, -S(O)p-O-, -O-S(O),-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-, -N(R)-C(O)-, -O-C(O)-N(RE)-, -N(Rk)-C(O)-0-, -C(0)-N(e)-O-, -O-N(Rk)-C(O)-, -O-S(O)p-N(RE)-, -N(e)- S(O),-O-, -S(0)p-N(Ra)-O-, -O-N(Rk)-S(O),-, -N(e)-C(O)-N(R )-, -N(RE)-S(O)p-N(R")-, -C(O)-N(Rk)-S(O)p-, -S(O)p-N(R0)-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(e)-S(O)p-N(Rc)-, -C(0)-O-S(0)p-N(e)-, -N(e)-S(O)p-N(Rc)-C(O)-, -N(RE)-S(O)p-O-C(O)-, -S(O)p-N(Rb)-, -N(Re)-S(O),-, -N(Re)-, -S(O),-, -0-, -S-, or -(C(Rb)(R'))q-, wherein each of R and Rc, independently, is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; p is 1 or 2; and q is 1-4; -42- WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, cycloalkenyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, (heterocycloalkenyl)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or (heteroaryl)alkenyl; each of A' and A 2 , independently, is N or NRb; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; provided that when >2, two adjacent Ra groups can join together to form a 4- to 8-membered optionally substituted cyclic moiety, and further provided that if X is a bond, then Y is a bond; R 2 is hydrogen or alkyl; m is 1, 2, or 3; and at least one Ra is substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is aryl or heteroaryl.

3. The compound of claim 2, wherein X is an optionally substituted phenyl.

4. The compound of claim 2, wherein Y is a bond, -N(Re)-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-, -S(O)p-, -0-, -S(0) 2 -N(Rb)-, - N(R)-, -N(R)-C(O)-O-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-N(Rc)-, -C(O)-N(R)-S(O)p-N(R)-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(R)

5. The compound of claim 2, wherein R 2 is hydrogen, C1- 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C1 4 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C1 4 alkyl.

6. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is a 4- to 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl.

7. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2. 1 ]octane, or 1 -aza-bicyclo[2.2.2] octane.

8. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or pyrrolidinyl.

9. The compound of claim 8, wherein the piperdinyl, piperazinyl, or pyrrolidinyl is bonded -43 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 to Y via its nitrogen ring atom.

10. The compound of claim 9, wherein Y is a bond, -C(O)O-, -C(O)-N(Re)-, -S(O) 2 -, or -S(O) 2 -N(RE)-, wherein Rb is hydrogen or C 14 alkyl.

11. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

12. The compound of claim 11, wherein Y is -N(Rb)-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(R)-, -S(O),-, -0-, -S(O) 2 -N(R )-, - N(R )-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-O-, -C(O)-N(Re)-O-, or -N(R )-C(O)-N(R)-.

13. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is -N(Rb)-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(0) 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -0-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(R)-, -S(O)p-, -0-, -S(0) 2 -N(R )-, - N(R )-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-O-, -C(O) N(Re)-O-, -N(Re)-C(O)-N(Rc)-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-S(O),-N(R)-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(R)

14. The compound of claim 1, wherein X and Y are each a bond; R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 . 6 alkyl; m is 1 or 2; and the Ra that is substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position is C 14 alkyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl, or amino.

15. The compound of claim 14, wherein R 2 is H or C 14 alkyl; m is 1; and R is -CH 3 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, -NH 2 , -NH-C 14 alkyl, or -NH-cycloalkyl.

16. The compound of claim 1, wherein R 2 is hydrogen, C 1 . 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-CI 4 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 14 alkyl.

17. The compound of claim 1, wherein R 2 is hydrogen, Ci 4 alkyl, phenyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, naphthylmethyl, naphthylethyl, or -C 1 . 2 alkyl-pyridyl; each of which, independently, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, ethyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, sulfamoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, and alkylcarbonyloxy. - 44 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133

18. The compound of claim 1, wherein R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, benzyl or pyridylmethyl.

19. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, benzo-oxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, 2-oxo-benzooxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3,4-dihydro-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 3-oxo-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 1,1-dioxo-2,3-dihydro- benzo[b]thiophenyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or cinnolinyl.

20. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 0-2.

21. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ra is substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position.

22. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ra is C 1 4 alkyl, C 14 alkoxy, C 14 alkylthio, halo, amino, aminocarbonyl, or alkoxycarbonyl.

23. The compound of claim 1, wherein Rb is hydrogen or C 14 alkyl.

24. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 0-2; R1 is heteroaryl; R2 is hydrogen, C 1 . 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -C 14 alkyl-aryl, or -C14 alkyl-heteroaryl; X is a 4- to 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; and Y is -N(Rb)-C(O)-, -N(RE)-S(O)2-, -C(O)-, -C(0)-0-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(RE)-, -S(O)p-, -O-, -S(O)2-N(R)-, -N(R)-, -N(Re)-C(O)-O-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-N(Rc)-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-S(O)p-N(R )-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(e)

25. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 0-2; R 1 is heteroaryl; R2 is hydrogen, C1.6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -C 1 4 alkyl-aryl, or -C 14 alkyl-heteroaryl; X is piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, - 45 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1] octane, or 1 -aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; and Y is -N(Re)-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(R)-, -S(O),-, -0-, -S(O)2-N(R)-, - N(R)-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-O-, -N(Rb)-C(O)-N(R)-, -C(O)-N(R)-S(O)p-N(Rc)-, or -C(O)-O-S(O),-N(RO)-.

26. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 0-2; R 1 is heteroaryl; R 2 is hydrogen, C 1 - 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -CI4 alkyl-aryl, or -C 1 4 alkyl-heteroaryl; and -X-Y- is 0 0 N-SO 2 - N - s02 N-SO 2 - , or N-C -0

27. The compound of claim 26, wherein A is N and A2 is NH, or A' is NH and A2 is N.

28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R 2 is hydrogen, C 14 alkyl, benzyl, or pyridylmethyl.

29. The compound of claim 28, wherein m is 1 and Ra is substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position.

30. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 0-2; R1 is heteroaryl; R 2 is hydrogen, C1. 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-Ci 4 alkyl, or heteroaryl-Ci 4 alkyl; X is cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; and Y is -N(Re)-C(O)-, -N(Rb)-S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(0)-0-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-, -S(O),-, -0-, -S(O) 2 -N(R)-, - N(Rb)-, -N(R)-C(O)-0-, N(R)-C(O)-N(R)-, -C(O)-N(Rb)-S(O),-N(R*)-, or -C(O)-O-S(O)p-N(R )-, wherein each of R and R, independently, is hydrogen or Ci 4 alkyl.

31. The compound of claim 30, wherein A' is N and A 2 is NH, or A' is NH and A 2 is N. - 46 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133

32. The compound of claim 31, wherein R 2 is hydrogen, CIA alkyl, benzyl, or pyridylmethyl.

33. The compound of claim 32, wherein m is 1 and Ra is substituted at the 2-pyrimidinyl position.

34. The compound of claim 1, wherein X and Y are each a bond; R 2 is hydrogen or C14 alkyl; m is 1; Ra is -CH 3 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, -NH 2 , -NH-CI4 alkyl, or -NH-cycloalkyl; and R 1 is benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, benzo-oxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, 2-oxo-benzooxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3,4-dihydro-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 3-oxo-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, 1,1-dioxo-2,3-dihydro benzo[b]thiophenyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or cinnolinyl.

35. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 4-[4-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] benzamide; 4-[4-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-5-(2-methylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] benzonitrile; 4-[5-(2-methanesulfonyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester; 4-[5-(2-methoxy-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester; 4-[5-(2-hydroxy-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-y] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1-carboxylic acid; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid amide; - 47 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid hydroxyamide; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-y)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2] octane-1 -carboxylic acid methoxy-amide; 4-[5-(2-amino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 -carboxylic acid; {4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct- 1-yl} -carbamic acid benzyl ester; N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-acetamide; N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-methanesulfonamide; N- {4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide; 4-[5-quinoxalin-6-yl-4-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol; 4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol; 6-[2-tert-butyl-5-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-y)-3H-imidazol-4-y]-quinoxaline; 6-[5-(2-byclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; {4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]oct- 1-yl} -methanol; 6-[5-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; 6-[2-tert-butyl-5-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; 4-[5-quinoxalin-6-yl-4-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-piperidine 1 -carboxylic acid benzyl ester; 4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-piperidine-1 carboxylic acid benzyl ester; 6-[5-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-(1-methanesulfonyl-piperidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol 4-yl]-quinoxaline; 4-[5-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-y)-4-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol; - 48 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid amide; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 -carboxylic acid; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-cyclohexanol; and 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan 1-01.

36. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-y)-H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo [2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-y)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid amide; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1 -carboxylic acid hydroxyamide; 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-y)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane- 1 -carboxylic acid methoxy-amide; 4-[5-(2-amino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2] octane- 1-carboxylic acid; N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-IH-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-acetamide; N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-methanesulfonamide; N-{4-[5-(2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1IH-imidazol-2 yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide; 6-[2-tert-butyl-5-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; 6-[5-(2-byclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; -49 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133 6-[2-tert-butyl-5-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; 6-[5-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-(1-methanesulfonyl-piperidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol 4-yl]-quinoxaline; 6-[5-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline; {4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]oct- 1-yl} -methanol; 4-[4-(2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan 1-ol; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-cyclohexanol; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid amide; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid; 4-[4-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester; and 4-[5-(2-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl] bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol.

37. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 35 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

39. A method of inhibiting the TGF# signaling pathway in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

40. A method of inhibiting the TGF3 signaling pathway in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 35. - 50 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133

41. A method of inhibiting the TGF3 type I receptor in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

42. A method of inhibiting the TGF3 type I receptor in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of claim 35.

43. A method of reducing the accumulation of excess extracellular matrix induced by TGF3 in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

44. A method of reducing the accumulation of excess extracellular matrix induced by TGF3 in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 35.

45. A method of treating or preventing fibrotic condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

46. A method of treating or preventing fibrotic condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 35.

47. The method of claim 45 or 46, wherein the fibrotic condition is induced by radiation.

48. The method of claim 45 or 46, wherein the fibrotic condition is selected from the group consisting of scleroderma, lupus nephritis, connective tissue disease, wound healing, surgical scarring, spinal cord injury, CNS scarring, acute lung injury, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury, drug-induced lung injury, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension-induced nepbropathy, alimentary track or gastrointestinal fibrosis, renal fibrosis, hepatic or biliary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, restenosis, cardiac fibrosis, opthalmic scarring, fibrosclerosis, a fibrotic cancer, a fibroid, fibroma, a fibroadenoma, a fibrosarcoma, transplant arteriopathy, and keloid. - 51 - WO 2006/026306 PCT/US2005/030133

49. A method of inhibiting growth or metastasis of tumor cells or cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

50. A method of inhibiting growth or metastasis of tumor cells or cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 35.

51. A method of treating a disease or disorder mediated by an overexpression of TGFO, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

52. A method of treating a disease or disorder mediated by an overexpression of TGFO, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim 35.

53. The method of claim 51 or 52, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of demyelination of neurons in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral angiopathy, squamous cell carcinomas, multiple myeloma, melanoma, glioma, glioblastomas, leukemia, sarcomas, leiomyomas, mesothelioma, and carcinomas of the lung, breast, ovary, cervix, liver, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, prostate, and head and neck. - 52 -